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PAPERBACK list:$50.75 Web:$45.68 add to cart PDF BOOK your price: $39.00 add to cart Rights & Permissions Free Resources PDF EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Display this book on your site! Related Titles Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients) Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 2001 Other Related Titles Underutilized Resources as Animal Feedstuffs (1983) Board on Agriculture (BOA) Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Page 121   E-mail  Facebook  Digg  Stumble  Twitter More Page 121 Front Matter (R1-R18) Overview (1-4) 1. Industrial Food Processing Wastes (5-45) 2. Nonfood Industrial Wastes (46-68) 3. Forest Residues (69-120) 4. Animal Wastes (121-177) 5. Crop Residues (178-210) 6. Aquatic Plants (211-226) Appendix Tables (227-254)

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Animal Wastes INTRODUCTION Excreta contain several nutrients that are capable of being utilized when the material is recycled by feeding. Nitrogen, which is present in both protein and nonprotein forms, is a major constituent, and others are cal- cium and phosporus. Certain vitamins are synthesized in the intestine and appear in the excrete. The excrete also has energy value. Coprophagy was recognized as a normal physiological phenomenon in rabbits (Madsen, 1939), and is natural in many wild and domestic species (Bjhornhog and Sjoblom, 1977~. The first documented evidence of the importance of intestinal bacterial synthesis in nutrition was probably the work of Osborne and Mendel (1914), demonstrating that feeding 1 percent feces from normally fed rats to rats on a purified diet prevented death. Bohstedt et al. (1943) found that cow manure had nutritional value for pigs, in addition to the grain it contained. Fuller (1956) reported that hydrolyzed poultry litter was as effective as fish meal in achieving Growth from commercial type broiler diets. Utilization of animal wastes as feedstuffs is not a new phenomenon. In 1925 Evvard and Henness reported that on the average one pig following 1.9 steers recovered the equivalent of 142 kg of corn during the 120-day feeding period. There have been a number of previous reviews on feeding animal waste (Anthony, 1971; Bhattacharya and Taylor, 1975; Blair and Knight, 1973; For~tenot and Jurubescu, 1980; Smith and Wheeler, 19791. 121

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1 22 UNDERUTILIZED RESOURCES AS ANIMAL FEEDSTUFFS QUANTITY Van Dyne and Gilbertson (1978) estimated that 112 million tons of manure dry matter were voided by farm animals in the United States in 1974, of which about 50 percent is recoverable. The quantities produced and col- lectable by classes of animals are shown in Table 29. Although cattle wastes account for about 80 percent of the total, only 41 percent is re- coverable. Virtually all of the poultry waste is collectable. These estimates are lower than those of Heichel (1976), who estimated that 300 million tons of animal waste dry matter were produced per year, of which 50 percent was collectable. Other estimates were approximately 2 billion tons on a fresh basis (Taiganides and Stroshine, 1971; Wadleigh, 19681. As- suming a dry-matter content of 15 percent, this represents 300 million tons of dry matter. The amount of animal-waste dry matter available annually in Canada . is estimated to be 24 million tons (Pequegnat, 19754. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS The wastes from farm livestock are of two types, solid and liquid. Gen- erally, these are collected separately, unless automated systems involving pits are used. Poultry do not excrete urine separately, and the waste in this case is a semisolid mixture of feces and urine. Because of the different systems of urinary excretion in livestock and poultry, a large part of the urinary nutrients tend to be lost from livestock wastes and retained with poultry wastes. Table 30 shows a partition of the nitrogen between feces and urine of various farm animals. An addi- tional factor preventing loss of nitrogen in poultry waste is the form in which nitrogen is excreted in the urine, namely insoluble uric acid. Wastes containing bedding or floor litter tend to be drier and may contain absorbed urinary waste. In the case of deep litter from poultry houses, the waste is frequently very dry and dusty. Handling of raw wastes tends to be difficult since they are either very wet or very dry. In this report, cattle waste is defined as the solid waste from beef or dairy cattle. This waste may contain litter bedding material and appreciable levels of soil if animals are housed on dirt lots. Swine wastes from con- finement herds are generally collected into pits and are frequently treated by a variety of aerobic systems to reduce odor and biological oxidation demand (BOD). Poultry wastes are generally of two types, with or without litter material. The latter, from caged birds, is referred to in this report as caged layer waste. Commonly, it contains shed feathers, spilled feed, broken eggs, etc., in addition to excretory products. Litter waste is from birds grown

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Animal Wastes 123 TABLE 29 Livestock and Poultry Waste Production in the United States, 1974 Manure (1,000 tons, dry basis) Class of Animal Production Collectable Beef cattle (range)52,0571,897 Feeder cattle16,42816,000 Dairy cattle25,21020,358 Hogs13,3605,538 Sheep3,7961,700 Laying hens3,3743,259 Turkeys1,251983 Broilers2,0862,434a Total111,56252,169 aIncludes litter. SOURCE: Van Dyne and Gilbertson (1978). under floor-raising systems and contains bedding material such as peanut or rice hulls, wood shavings, sawdust, or straw. Usually litter is obtained from broiler and turkey houses. Generally it contains some feathers and spilled feed. This type of waste is referred to in this report as poultry litter waste. NUTRITIVE VALUE Chemical Composition of Animal Wastes Composition of animal wastes is shown in Appendix Tables 1 to 5. Most of the data refer to processed wastes, since raw wastes are generally unsuitable in recycling systems. One notable feature of all of these wastes is variability in composition due to dietary regime, length of time before collecting, admixture with bedding, processing method, etc. Gilbertson et al. (1974) have outlined some of the factors affecting the nutrient and energy composition of beef cattle feedlot waste fractions. Mean compositions of animal wastes (based on the data in Appendix Tables 1 to S) are shown in Tables 31 to 34. They are characterized as having a relatively high content of crude protein (high nonprotein nitrogen) and a level of true protein that may be similar to that of the common feed grains. Other proximate constituents present at relatively high levels in

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124 UNDERUTILIZED RESOURCES AS ANIMAL FEEDSTUFFS TABLE 30 Distribution of Nitrogen in Feces and Urine from Livestock Total Nitrogen (Jo) Species Feces Urine Beef cattle 50 50 Dairy cattle 60 40 Sheep 50 50 Swine 33 67 Poultry 25 75 SOURCE: Smith (1973). animal wastes are ash and fiber. Ether extract values are generally low. These features result in a relatively low level of available energy in animal wastes. The high ash content suggests that animal wastes are potentially good sources of minerals. Phosphorus is a valuable constituent. These features indicate that animal wastes are more suited to recycling systems involving ruminants, since ruminants possess a digestive tract capable of efficiently utilizing fiber and nonprotein nitrogen. The wastes possessing the highest nutritive value appear to be broiler litter and layer waste. The main difference in composition between raw and processed wastes is in moisture content; many of the processed wastes are low in moisture. Some volatile components, such as nitrogen, are also lower in some processed wastes because of losses during heating. In general, on a dry- matter basis, processed wastes share many of the characteristics of raw wastes. Nutrient Utilization Newton et al. (1977) conducted a nutritional evaluation of wastelage, a term introduced by Anthony (1970) to denote a mixture of fermented or ensiled cattle waste and a foodstuff such as forage containing 57 percent fresh cattle waste. Apparent digestibility of a control diet consisting of corn, Bermuda grass, and urea was 76.1 percent and did not differ sig- nificantly from that of a wastelage diet that was 73.7 percent. Dry-matter digestibility of fermented waste (by extrapolation) was 57.7 percent, ni- trogen digestibility was 34.2 percent, crude fiber digestibility was 31.6 percent, and digestibility of nitrogen-free extract was 83.5 percent. Harps- ter et al. (1978) reported that nitrogen retention and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, nitrogen-free extract, and energy

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125 IC ~ ~ = Cd LU ~ ~ U) 4 - C~ Cal 3 Cal in; ._ ¢ o Cal o . ._ Cal o o m ¢ EM ~ _ . ~= a ~ .= ~ lo,, 00 O Cal 1~- ~ 1 z~ ~- . . ~ I ~ ~ ~ ^ Z . ~ O _` a_ C) O O Cal if ~ _ 00 1 ~ . - r~ - 1 1 1 1 00 - r~ 00 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ Via Hi ~so \~:) 1 ~Us 1 ~V) so ~O Cal Cal O 00 ~ . . . . ~c~ ~oO ---- -- ~c~oo oo -o--~ ~ ..... .. ~c~ ~r~ oo ~ov~ ~ ~ioo ~O -- ~- )- -- o . . . .. O r ~ c ~r~ a ~0 - ~oo . . . . . . . - = o _ ~ ~r~ oo ~ O r~ . . . . . o u ~ ~oo ~oo oo oo oo ~ ~ ~ ~ c~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 a~ 3 c, ;^ ~, ~ a' ~ 3 ~- ~ C, ~ 3 ~ oa 3 ~ 3 ~ o ~ o o V CQ ~ ~ ~ .' Ct ~ I

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126 - - ~_ - oc _' A_ Cal ._ Cal Cal a' Cal Ct Ct . _ o o ._ ._4 Cal o o , ~-~ ... o-o V°_ ~_ _` Ct to in o- ~ i, ~ 1 ¢ o 1 ... . anoo oo _` At: _ _` - _ - ~ is, _` ~ ., 1 ~o ~ .... o _ 1-1- 1 1 1 o ~_- , .... _ ~_o rat ~1 _~ .... O ~Calrat O _- , _ _ m=, ~o ~ 1 1 ~o o~ ~c ~O ~C' ~1 - o - ~- - 1 . o o o 1 v ' c~ ~ o ~ c,4 o oo ~oo ~oo oo ~ ..... oc~ooo o ~c ~oo- o ~c ~o ~oo . . . . . . . - ~- ~ - - oo r~ ~o o - ~ ~ . . . . . . . ~oo ~ c ~ 0 0 ~ cr 0 . . . . . . . oo oo ~o ~ ~ _ _I ~-) _ _ _ ,7 3 a~ 3 ~ ~ c, ~ <,, ~ 3 c, ·~ ~ <,, ~ P~ ~ Q 0) Ct5 ~ Cd O ~ O J ~ o ~ 3 ~ e~ V ~V V

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Animal Wastes 127 TABLE 33 Mean Additional Mineral Composition of Animal Wastes Type of Sm Th U Yb Sb As Br F1 Al Cd Pb Resource (%) (%) (%) (%) (Jo) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) . Swine waste (processed) Cage layer waste (processed) Broiler litter Broiler litter (processed) 19.4 s4.4 1.0 12.1 2.2 18.7 35 .8s 3.0 6.2 were lower in steers when the diet consisted entirely of ensiled cattle waste. Addition of high-moisture corn increased the means for these pa rameters. Lucas et al. (1975) reported that dehydrated cattle waste had a dry- matter digestibility of 16.6 percent and that the metabolizable energy value was 0.485 Mcal/kg dry matter. Thorlacius (1976) reported a nutritional evaluation of dehydrated cattle waste using sheep. Diets containing 0, 50, or lOO percent waste were compared. During the final lO days of a digestibility trial, intake of dry matter was 2,632, 2,277, and 2,050 g for the three diets, respectively; dry-matter digestibility was 62.7, 51.7, and 26.7 percent, respectively; and nitrogen digestibility of the three diets was 70.9, 62.6, and 42.2 percent, respectively. Lipstein and Bornstein ~ 1971 ~ investigated the value of dried cattle waste for broiler chickens. It was concluded that the waste had little or no value as a source of energy or protein. Littlefield et al. (1973) found that cattle waste was of some value as a dietary source of yolk pigment for laying hens. Faruga et al. (1974) also reported the yolk color was improved with cattle waste in the diet of laying hens. With 0, 3, 6, and 9 percent dehydrated waste in the diet, feed intake per dozen eggs was 5.83, 5.49, 6.03, and 5.20 kg or 0.99, 0.94, 1.04, and 0.88 kg digestible crude protein/kg eggs, respectively. Metabolizable energy was 14.16, 13.66, 15.36, and 13.59 Mcal/kg eggs, respectively. The nutritional value for poultry of a protein fraction of cattle waste obtained by a commercial process (Cereco) was reported by Kienholz et al. (19751. Estimated me- tabolizable energy value (poultry) of the product was 2.3 Mcal/kg. Hennig et al. (1972) conducted a nutritional evaluation of dehydrated swine waste using cattle and sheep. With sheep, digestibility of waste nitrogen in a pelleted diet was 57.4 percent. Cattle fed pellets containing 40 percent swine waste plus 1 kg hay daily ate on average 6.13 kg pellets

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128 _` Cal ._ Cal en _' V) Cd ._ o o . _ Cal o o .~ no . _ sol en C) <: o ._ ~ _` , =: ~ ~ _' .. o o oo 1 1 o .. o o -~ o o ~, o o + ~ C~ _` ^~ ~, C~ _` ^~ ~, o ~ ~, o o oo o o 1 o oo~ .. oo a~ o U~ .. oo C~ .. oo C~ o oo o .. oo C~ o~ .. oo _ U~ .. o_ C~oo .. oo _4 o _ - o o ~oo o o o o -~ .. oo -~ .. oo ~4 o ~-~ ... ooo ooo o ... ooo - oooo ~ . ~ w ~o- o ooo~ _ a~ ~- ~oo~ < ~o oooo . oo ~a~ ~ o , a ~o- ~= - ~ ~-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a' ~ c~ C~0 v S ~v~ C~ c~ ~ cn o 3 ~ 3 ~ ~ c, ~ 3 c, ~ <, =4 ° ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ et, o ~ o ~ o -= v ~m m

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Animal Wastes 129 daily and gained 1.1 kg daily. Flachowsky ~ 1975) fed mixtures of pelleted feed containing 30 or 50 percent swine waste to growing bulls. After a period of adjustment the diets were accepted readily and consumption of the test diets was 7.58 and 8.20 kg dry matter/head/day, respectively. Solids obtained from semiliquid swine waste were found to have a lower energy value than the waste itself, and the feeding value was estimated to be similar to that of medium quality hay. Flachowsky (1977) also reported on another experiment on the nutritional value of the undissolved fraction of swine waste. Intake was depressed when the waste represented 50 percent of the diet, which was attributed to the high iron content of the diet (2,002 mg/kg). Pearce (1975) found that the dry-matter digesti- bility of swine waste was about 29 percent when fed to steers or sheep at levels up to 45 percent of the diet as a replacement for hay. Kornegay et al. (1977) reported that the digestibility of the components of swine waste when fed to growing gilts were energy, 46.7 percent; dry matter, 48 percent; crude protein, 60.1 percent; crude fiber, 40.9 percent; ether extract, 54.1 percent; nitrogen-free extract, 45.9 percent; and ash, 31.6 percent. Jentsch et al. (1977) investigated the energy value of pelleted swine waste with young bulls and mature sheep. Digestibility was only slightly reduced when the level of waste in the diet was raised from 25 to 42 percent. Addition of waste to the diet increased the proportion of butyric acid in rumen fluid in both species. Olden and Dinius (1976) investigated the nutritive value for cattle of cage layer waste dehydrated and processed to recover compounds for industrial and medical use. Diets did not differ in digestibility of dry matter or acid detergent fiber when they contained O or 10.5 percent waste. Nitrogen retention was 30.1 percent with the waste diet, 34.1 percent with 3 percent uric acid in the diet, and 41.4 percent with 3.5 percent sodium urate in the diet. Rumen fluid pH was between 6.7 and 7.1 with all diets and was not affected by treatment. With up to 15 percent waste in the diet there was no significant difference in digestibility of dry matter, fiber energy, or nitrogen or in nitrogen retention. With dairy cows, Kristensen et al. (1976) reported that the digestibility of organic matter in dehydrated layer waste was 60 to 65 percent. Silva et al. (1976) conducted a digestibility trial with dairy cows fed diets containing up to 30 percent dehydrated layer waste. Digestibility of energy declined from 59.5 percent with the control to 54.8 percent with the diet containing 30 percent waste, and crude protein digestibility dropped from 59.2 to 53.1 percent. Digestibility of dry matter with the two diets was 58.5 and 39 percent, respectively. Including 10 percent waste in the diet had a slight effect on digestibility of dry matter and crude protein, and there was no marked reduction until the level of inclusion reached 20 percent.

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1 30 UNDERUTILIZED RESOURCES AS ANIMAL FEEDSTUFFS Guedas (1966, 1967) reported on the digestibilities of diets containing O or 80 percent dehydrated layer waste with sheep. Mean digestibility of the waste diet was crude protein, 69.9 percent; crude fiber, 29.9 percent; and nitrogen-free extract, 71.4 percent. It was calculated that uric acid represented about 8 percent of the absorbed nitrogen. Parigi-Bini (1969) reported that the metabolizable energy value of dehydrated layer waste for sheep was 2.22 Mcal/kg. With O or 32 percent waste in the diet, apparent digestibilities were, respectively, dry matter, 87.5 and 80.5 per- cent; crude protein, 85.0 and 77.9 percent; crude fiber, 59.4 and 46.7 percent; ether extract, 85.7 and 78.7 percent; and nitrogen-free extract, 93.1 and 89.1 percent. Neither rumen pH nor the molar proportions of volatile fatty acids in rumen liquor were affected. Diets containing 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100 percent dehydrated layer waste were fed to sheep (Lowman and Knight, 1970~. Metabolizable energy value of the waste was estimated to be 1.74 Mcal/kg dry matter. Values calculated for the diets containing 100 percent waste and 100 percent barley were, respectively, dry matter, 56.6 and 77.9 percent; organic matter, 66.5 and 80.7 percent; energy, 60.3 and 80.0 percent; nitrogen, 77.2 and 68.4 percent; and copper, 24.2 and 51.0 percent. Tinnimit et al. (1972) fed diets in which dehydrated layer waste or soybean meal supplied 40 to 65 percent of total protein to sheep averaging 31 kg. When waste was increased in the diet from a level of 20 to 80 percent, dry-matter digestibility fell from 74 to 58 percent, and organic- matter digestibility fell from 77 to 68 percent. It was calculated that the digestible dry matter in dehydrated layer waste was about the same as that in low-quality alfalfa hay but that digestible organic matter was about 1.25 times greater. Bohme (1973) reported that with sheep the digestibility of organic matter in dehydrated layer waste was 67 percent. The digestible energy value of the waste was estimated to be 2.304 Mcal/kg dry matter and TDN value was estimated at 51 .4 percent. With 30 percent dehydrated layer waste in the diet, Hennig et al. (1975) reported that crude protein digestibility of the waste by sheep was 83 percent and that digestible crude protein content was 33 percent (dry-matter basis). Digestibility of dehy- drated layer waste for sheep was estimated by Salo et al. (1975) as follows: organic matter, 62.8 percent; crude protein, 76.9 percent; ether extract, 33.1 percent; crude fiber, 31.7 percent; and nitrogen-free extract, 57.5 percent. Metabolizable energy value was estimated to be 1.58 Mcal/kg. High values for digestibility of organic matter in sheep fed dehydrated layer waste were reported by Zgajnar (19754. The diets contained 0, 15, 25, or 35 percent waste. The effect of raising the level of waste in the diet was to lower the organic-matter digestibility of waste from 97.6 to 84 percent. Digestibility for crude protein increased from 68.6 to 77.9 percent and for nitrogen-free extract from 79.9 to 87.6 percent as the level

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Animal Wastes 131 of waste was increased from 15 to 35 percent. Digestibility of crude fiber was 85.5 percent when the diet contained 25 percent waste, and it was lower with the other levels. Smith and Lindahl (1977) found that lambs digested the dietary nutrients equally well when the diet contained alfalfa or dehydrated layer waste, except that ash was 43 percent less digestible in waste diets. Swingle et al. (1977) found that the dry-matter intake of sheep was not affected when dehydrated poultry waste, cottonseed meal, or urea provided over 85 percent of total dietary nitrogen. About 35 percent of the absorbed nitrogen was retained with the diet containing cottonseed meal, whereas 16 percent was retained with the diet containing dehydrated layer waste or urea. Using dehydrated layer waste ensiled with corn forage, Goering and Smith ~ 1977) found that digestibility of dry matter by sheep was 63 percent; it was 64 percent with a control diet containing soybean meal. Organic- matter digestibility was the same at 65 percent. Daily organic matter consumed was 35 and 28 g/Wkg075, respectively. Smith and Calvert (1976) compared dehydrated broiler waste and soy- bean meal as nitrogen supplements for sheep. Digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, and nitrogen were not significantly different at 65.4 and 65.2 percent, 66.4 and 65.4 percent, and 53.7 and 57.9 percent, respec- tively. Poultry litter waste was evaluated as a nutrient by several investigators. Bhattacharya and Fontenot (1965) found with sheep that the digestibility of crude protein in broiler litter was 64.8 to 67.1 percent. Apparent di- gestibilities of peanut hull and wood shaving broiler litter with sheep were: crude protein, 70.4 to 73.5 percent; crude fiber, 66.1 to 71.5 percent; ether extract, 56.3 to 62.7 percent; nitrogen-free extract, 68.6 to 74 per- cent; dry matter, 61.5 to 66.1 percent; and energy, 63.1 to 64.8 percent (Bhattacharya and Fontenot, 19661. Geri et al. (1970a,b,c) reported that the production of volatile fatty acids in vitro from litter waste was similar to that from common feedstuffs, with a tendency towards an increased proportion of propionic acid. Protein digestibility of the waste was esti- mated to be at least 87 percent. Cross et al. ~ 1978) found with beef steers that blood plasma urea nitrogen was about 50 percent higher with a diet containing 50 percent broiler litter silage than with a control diet, but that plasma and rumen fluid values were within normal physiological ranges. Muftic et al. (1968) fed a diet containing 80 percent poultry litter waste to dairy cows and reported that digestibilities were: dry matter, 60.3 percent; crude protein, 63.8 percent; true protein, 62 percent; nonprotein nitrogen, 71.4 percent; fiber, 26.6 percent; and nitrogen-free extract, 69.9 percent. Digestible crude protein of the litter was estimated to be 16.2 percent and starch equivalent was 35.8 percent.

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Animal Wastes 167 Allred, J. N., J. W. Walker, V. C. Beat, and F. W. Germaine. 1967. A survey to determine the Salmonella contamination rate in livestock and poultry feeds. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 151:1857. Andersen, H. R., M. Sorensen, J. Lykkeaa, and K. Kousgaard. 1976. Feeding Dried Poultry Waste for Intensive Beef Production. 443. Beret. Forsoegslab., Statens Husdry- brugsudvalg. Anthony, W. B. 1966. Utilization of animal waste as feed for ruminants. Pp. 109-112 in Management of Farm Animal Wastes: Proceedings National Symposium. Publ. SP-0366. St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Anthony, W. B. 1969. Cattle manure: Reuse through wastelage feeding. Pp. 293-296 in Livestock Waste Management and Pollution Abatement: Proceedings International Sym- posium on Livestock Wastes, Columbus, Ohio. St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Anthony, W. B. 1970. Feeding value of cattle manure for cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 30:274. Anthony, W. B. 1971. Cattle manure as feed for cattle. ASAE Pub. Proc. 271:293. Anthony, W. B., and R. R. Nix. 1962. Feeding potential of reclaimed fecal residue. J. Dairy Sci. 45: 1538. Association of American Feed Control Officials. 1982. Model Regulation for Processed Animal Waste Products as Animal Feed Ingredients. Official Publication, Association of American Feed Control Officials. p. 63. Batsman, V. 1973. Dried poultry droppings in feed for cattle. Molochnoe-Myasn. Skotovod. (Kiev) 6:28. Berbeci, C., C. Rarinca, and D. Georgescu. 1975. Use of dried fowl droppings in the intensive fattening of lambs. Lucr. Stiint. Inst. Cercet. Nutr. Anim. 4:107. Berryman, C. 1970. The problem of disposal of farm wastes with particular reference to maintaining soil fertility. P. 19 in Proceedings Symposium on Farm Wastes. Institute of Water Pollution Control, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Bevill, A. F., L. G. Biehl, M. Marshfield, and G. Koritz. 1978. Sulfonamide residues. Proceedings 27th Annual Texas A&M University Swine Shortcourse, April 3-5. Bhargava, K. K., and J. B. O'Neil. 1975. Evaluation of dehydrated poultry waste from cage reared broilers as a feed ingredient for broilers. Poult. Sci. 54:1506. Bhattacharya, A. N., and J. P. Fontenot. 1965. Utilization of different levels of poultry litter nitrogen by sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 24:1174. Bhattacharya, A. N., and J. P. Fontenot. 1966. Protein and energy value of peanut hull and wood shaving poultry litters. J. Anim. Sci. 25:367. Bhattacharya, A. N., and J. C. Taylor. 1975. Recycling animal waste as a feedstuff: A review. J. Anim. Sci. 41:1438. Biely, J., R. Soong, L. Seier, and W. H. Pope. 1972. Dehydrated poultry waste in poultry rations. Poult. Sci. 51:1502. Biely, J., and P. Stapleton. 1976. Recycled dried poultry waste in chick starter diets. Br. Poult. Sci. 17:5. Bjornhog, G., and L. Sjoblom. 1977. Demonstration of coprophagy in some rodents. Swed. Agric. Res. 7:105. Blair, R. 1974. Evaluation of dehydrated poultry waste as a feed ingredient for poultry. Fed. Proc. 33: 1934. Blair, R., and K. M. Herron. 1982. Growth performance of broilers fed diets containing processed poultry wastes. Br. Poult. Sci. 23:279. Blair, R., and D. W. Knight. 1973` Recycling animal wastes. 1. The problems of disposal, and regulatory aspects of recycled wastes. 2. Feeding recycled wastes to poultry and livestock. Feedstuffs 45(10):32, 45(12):31.

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168 UNDERUTILIZED RESOURCES AS ANIMAL FEEDSTUFFS Bohme, H. 1973. The possible use of dried poultry excrete in feeding. Landwirtsch. Forsch. 28:43. Bohstedt, G., R. H. Grummer, and O. B. Ross. 1943. Cattle manure and other carriers of B-complex vitamins in rations for pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 2:373. Borgioli, E., and M. Tocchini. 1969. Research on the use of sterilized poultry litter on beef-bullocks feeding. Aliment. Anim. 13:263. Bosman, S. W. 1973. Chicken litter in fattening rations for cattle and sheep. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 3:57. Boubedja, M., and H. Marx. 1974. Studies on cattle fattening diets containing poultry litter. Food Sci. Technol. Abstr. 1975. 7 6S756. Boyer, C. I., Jr., D. W. Bruner, and J. A. Brown. 1958. Salmonella organisms isolated from poultry feed. Avian Dis. 2:396. Boyer, C. I., Jr., S. Narotsky, D. W. Bruner, and J. A. Brown. 1962. Salmonellosis in turkeys and chickens associated with contaminated feed. Avian Dis. 6:43. Bressler, G. O., and E. L. Bergman. 1971. Solving the poultry manure problem econom- ically through dehydration. ASAE Proc. 271:81. Brugman, H. H., H. C. Dickey, B. E. Plummer, and J. Gooten. 1967. Drug residues in lamb carcasses fed poultry litter. J. Anim. Sci. 26:915. (Abstr.) Bucholtz, H. F., H. E. Henderson, J. W. Thomas, and H. C. Zindel. 1971. Dried animal waste as a protein supplement for ruminants. ASAE Publ. PROC-271:308. Bull, L. S., and J. T. Reid. 1971. Nutritive value of chicken manure for cattle. ASAE Proc. 271:297. Caldertone, S. H., and H. A. Wilson. 1976. Some Microbial, Drying, and Odor Reduction Studies of Poultry Wastes. Bull. Agric. Exp. Stn., Univ. W. Va. No. 646T. Calvert, C. C. 1973. Feed additive residues in animal manure processed for feed. Feedstuffs 45(17):32. Calvert, C. C. 1975. Arsenicals in animal feeds and wastes. In Arsenical Pesticides. ACS Symp. Ser. No. 7:70. Calvert, C. C. 1976. Systems for the indirect recycling by using animal and municipal wastes as a substrate for protein production. P. 245 in M. Chenost, ed. Proceedings of the Technical Consultation on New Feed Resources. Rome: FAO. Calvert, C. C. 1979. Use of animal excrete for microbial and insect protein synthesis. J. Anim. Sci. 48:178. Calvert, C. C., and L. W. Smith. 1972. Arsenic in milk and blood of cows fed organic arsenic compounds. J. Dairy Sci. 55:706. (Abstr.) Calvert, C. C., and L. W. Smith. 1976. Heavy metal differences in tissues of dairy steers fed either cottonseed meal or dehydrated poultry excrete supplements. Proc. Annul Meet., Am. Dairy Sci. Assoc. 127. (Abstr.) Carriere, J. A. J., D. C. Alexander, and K. A. McKay. 1968. The possibility of producing tuberculin sensitivity by feeding poultry litter. Can. Vet. 9:178. Caswell~ L. F., J. P. FQntenot, and K. E. Webb, Jr. 1975. Effect of processing method · . - ~ . . ~ 1_ _ 1 _ 1 .. _ _ _ _ 1 ~ :, ~ ~: 1: _ ~ ~: ~ _ on pasteurlzatlon ana nitrogen componenls o~ Droller 1ltter anu ol1 11lLI-~eI1 ULlilt~LlU11 by sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 40:750. Caswell, L. F., J. P. Fontenot, and K. E. Webb, Jr. 1978. Fermentation and utilization of broiler litter ensiled at different moisture levels. J. Anim. Sci. 46:547. Cenni, B., G. Jannella, and B. Colombani. 1969. Poultry litter for feeding table poultry. Ann. Fac. Med. Vet. Pisa, Univ. Studi Pisa 22:276. Chang, T. S., J. E. Dixon, M. L. Esmay, C. J. Flegal, J. B. Gerrish, C. C. Sheppard, and H. C. Zindel. 1975. Microbiological and chemical analyses of anaphage in a complete layer excrete in-house drying system. ASAE Proc. 275:206.

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170 UNDERUTILIZED RESOURCES AS ANIMAL FEEDSTUFFS Egyed, M. N., U. Klopfer, T. A. Nobel, A. Shlosberg, A. Tadmor, I. Zukerman, and J. Avidar. 1978b. Mass outbreaks of botulism in ruminants associated with ingestion of feed containing poultry waste. II. Experimental investigation. Refu. Vet. 35:100. Elmund, G. K., S. M. Morrison, D. W. Grant, and M. P. Nevins. 1971. Role of excreted chlortetracycline on modifying the decomposition process of feedlot waste. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 6:129. El-Sabban, F. F., J. W. Bratzler, T. A. Long, D. E. H. Frear, and R. F. Gentry. 1970. Value of processed poultry waste as a feed for ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 31:107. Esmay, M. L., C. J. Flegal, J. B. Gerrish, J. E. Dixon, C. C. Sheppard, H. C. Zindel, and T. S. Chang. 1975. Inhouse handling and dehydration of poultry manure from a caged layer operation: A project review. ASAE Publ. PROC-275:468. Evans, E., E. T. Moran, Jr., and J. P. Walker. 1978a. Laying hen excrete as a ruminant feedstuff. I. Influence of practical extremes in diet, waste management procedures and stage of production on composition. J. Anim. Sci. 46:520. Evans, E., E. T. Moran, Jr., G. K. Macleod, and E. M. Turner, Jr. 1978b. Laying hen excrete as a ruminant feedstuff. II. Preservation and acceptability of wet excrete by sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 46:527. Evvard, J. M., and K. K. Henness. 1925. An experiment to study on hogs following cattle. P. 55 in Proc. Am. Soc. Anim. Prod. Farquar, A. S., W. B. Anthony, and J. V. Ernst. 1979. Prevention of sporulation of bovine coccidia by the ensiling of a manure blended diet. J. Anim. Sci. 49:1331. Faruga, A., H. Puchajda, and T. Mazur. 1974. Cattle manure in feeds for hens. Zesz. Nauk. Akad. Roln.-Techn. Olsztynie, Technol. Zywn. 129:79. Feldhofer, S., E. Dumanovsky, M. Ostric, B. Rapic, D. Milosevic, B. Smalcelj, L. Milakovic-Novak, M. Lucic, A. Svalina, D. Haberstok, and A. Gjuric. 1975. Changes in poultry waste during processing and storage and its value in feeding ruminants. 2. Comparison of chemical analyses of fresh poultry waste kept for 7, 14 and 21 days. Stocarstvo 29:49. Flachowsky, G. 1975. Studies in the suitability of solid materials in pig feces for use in the feeding of fattening cattle. 1. Procedures and results of fattening trials. Arch. Tier- ernaehr. 25: 139. Flachowsky, G. 1977. Incorporation of decanted solids of pig feces in feed for fattening cattle. 2. Comparison of different types of ration. Arch. Tierernaehr. 27:57. Flachowsky, G., and H. J. Lohnert. 1974. Feeding value of the solids in rabbit feces. Arch. Tierernaehr. 24:611. Flegal, C. J., and H. C. Zindel. 1971. Dehydrated poultry waste (DPW) as a feedstuff in poultry rations. Pp. 305-307 in Livestock Waste Management and Pollution Abatement: Proceedings International Symposium on Livestock Wastes, Columbus, Ohio. St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Flipot, P., M. McNiven, and J. D. Summers. 1975. Poultry wastes as a feedstuff for sheep. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 55:291. Fontenot, J. P., and V. Jurubescu. 1980. Processing of animal waste by feeding to rum- inants. P. 641 in Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Ruminant Physi- ology. Lancaster, England: MTP Press. Fontenot, J. P., and K. E. Webb. 1975. Health aspects of recycling animal wastes by feeding. J. Anim. Sci. 40:1267. Fontenot, J. P., A. N. Bhattacharya, C. L. Drake, and W. H. McClure. 1966. Value of broiler litter as a feed for ruminants. ASAE Publ. SPO 366:105. Fontenot, J. P., R. E. Tucker, B. W. Harmon, K. G. Libke, and W. E. Moore. 1970. Effects of feeding different levels of broiler litter to sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 30:319.

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Representative terms from entire chapter:

poultry waste