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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Effects of Past Global Change on Life. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4762.
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Page 245
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Effects of Past Global Change on Life. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4762.
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Page 246
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Effects of Past Global Change on Life. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4762.
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Page 247
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Effects of Past Global Change on Life. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4762.
×
Page 248
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Effects of Past Global Change on Life. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4762.
×
Page 249
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Effects of Past Global Change on Life. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4762.
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Page 250

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INDEX 245 Index A Antelopes, 124, 240 Bennettitaleans, 164 Abiotic stress, 136 Antilocapridae, 192 Benthic foraminifera, 94-105, 121, Acacia, 176 Araucarians, 164 200, 211 Acritarchs, 26 Arboreal habitat, 234-241 Bering land bridge, 188 Adaptation Arboreal mammals, 189 Bering Strait, 121 human genus, 234-241 Arctic, 121 Beringia, 188 land mammals, 185-205 Arid regions, 176-177 Biomass, 95, 141 Adaptive radiation, 10-15, 42 Aridity, 123, 191, 194 Biomes Aerobic metabolism, 26 Arkansas River, 58 land mammal biomes, 189-195 Aerobic organisms, 21-31 Armadillos, 195 Biostratigraphy, 74, 96, 119, 185, 198 Africa, 123, 130, 189 Artiodactyls, 96, 190, 191, 200 Biotas, see Ecosystems; human genus origin, 234-241 Ash, 139 Fauna; Alaska, 121, 157-158 Asia, 130, 192 Flora North Slope, 159 Atlantic Coastal Plain, 129 Biozones, 49, 50-53, 59-60 Albedo, 9 Australia, 5, 13, 24, 164 Birch, 224 Algae, 26 flora and climatic changes, 174-182 Bivalves, 10, 50, 120 Allocasuarina, 181 Australian Plate, 174 Black Sea, 212 Allopatry, 226 Australopithecus, 12, 234-241 Bogota, Colombia, 123 Amebomastigotes, 28 Avatars, 135 Bolide impacts, 8-9, 57, 63-64, 95, 101 American West, 127 Axial Basin, 58 Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction, Ammonites, 50, 60 73-91, 97 Amphicyonids, 192 B Boulder, Colorado, 57 Anaerobic organisms, 21-31 Baboons, 239 Bovids, 200 Angiosperms, 8, 150, 151, 157-158, Bahamas, 121, 123 Brachiopods, 13, 15, 35, 42-43 166, 167 Baltoscania, 36-39 Brain anatomy, 241 Anoxia, 39-42 Banded iron formations, 22 Brain size and development Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 5-6, Bears, 192, 195 human genus origin, 234-241 168, 178, 201 Beavers, 192 Brazos, Texas, 83-84 Antarctica, 5-6, 8-9, 97, 103, 111, 164-168, 175, 185, 201

INDEX 246 Breakpoints, 142, 148 Climatic stability, 108-115 Diagenesis, 23, 56 Bridge Creek Limestone, 60 Cloud, Preston, 21 Diamictites, 35 Browsers, 13, 190-193 Coal, 134-152, 157, 166 Dinocerata, 190 Bryophytes, 157 Coal balls, 135-147 Discoasters, 97 Buoyancy flux, 111 Coal seams, 136-138 Disseminules, 140 Coal swamp, 10, 11 Dob's Linn, Scotland, 39 C climatic change effects, 134-152 Domed swamps, 136 Calcareous nannoplankton, 78-79 Coelenterates, 29 Drake Passage, 201 Calcium carbonate tests, 212 Coevolution, 21 Dust, 120, 127, 128 California, 40, 193 Collagen manufacture, 29 Dysaerobism, 102 Camels, 192 Colombia, 53, 54, 57 Capybaras, 125, 195 Colorado Plateau, 127 E Caravaca, Spain, 82-83 Complex Mesophyll Vine Forest, 176 Ecomorphs, 139, 140, 146, 189 Carbon, 8, 56, 129 Compression floras, 149 Ecosystems, 10-15, 80 Carbon capture, 169 Concretions, 136 coal swamp ecosystems, 134-152 Carbon dioxide, 26, 43, 112, 127 Condylarthra, 190 high-resolution stratigraphy, Carbon isotopes, 3, 30, 87-88, 95, 100, Conifers, 157-158, 164, 167 research needs, 16 102, 240 Conodonts, 43 land mammals (Cenozoic), 185-205 Carbonate dissolution, 75-76 Continental growth, 24 planktonic foraminifera, 211-212 Cardiocarpus, 141 Continental margins, 201 plant communities (Quaternary), Caribbean, 54, 58, 121 Continental red beds, 22-23 221-229 Carnivores, 190-195 Continental shelf, 73-91, 101 Ecotones, 137, 141, 224 Cascade Range, 119 Convergence, 193 Edaphic constraints, 138, 151, 178 Caspian Sea, 212 Corals, 10, 111, 113 Ediacaran fauna, 28, 29 Casuarina, 181 Cordaites, 141, 145 El Kef, Tunisia, 4, 75, 76, 77, 80-82 Catastrophism, 8-9 Coriolis deflection, 36 Elephas, 199 Cats, 193 Coryphodontidae, 190 Ellesmere Island, 190 Cenogram, 189 Craton, 147-148 Emergent properties, 135 Cheetahs, 239 Creodonta, 190 England, 53, 143 Chelation, 136 Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction, Entamebas, 28 Chemical weathering, 103, 129 73-91, 97 Environmental tolerances of organ- Chenopod scrub, 176 Cryosphere, 9-10 isms, 113-113, 212 Chert, 24 Cyanobacteria, 24 Eolian transport, 192 Chimpanzees, 234, 236, 239 Cycads, 157-159, 164 Epicontinental sea, 58 China, 41-42, 123, 130, 199 Cyclostratigraphy, 50, 58 Epifaunal forms, 96 Chitinozoans, 43 Cypress, 124, 190 Equisetites, 159, 164 Chlamytheres, 195 Equus, 199 Chronofaunas, 185-205 D Ericridaceae, 176 Chronostratigraphy, 49, 58, 59, 74, 185 Dark shale, 39 Ethiopia, 123 Circulatory systems, 29 Darwin, Charles, 182 Eubrontothere, 191 Clay, 103 Deep dwellers, 87-90 Eucalyptus, 176-178 Climacograptids, 41 Deep mantle outgassing, 49, 62, 63 Euglenids, 28 CLIMAP, 126 Deep-sea Eukaryotes, 24-25, 26, 28 Climate curves, 148-149 Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction, Europe, 54, 120, 123, 124, 188, 190, 198 Climatic changes, 4-15 73-91, 97 Euryhaline, 218 Australia flora and climatic changes, Paleocene mass extinction, 94-105 Eustasy, 148 174-182 Deep-Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), 84, Evaporation, 110 coal swamp ecosystems, 140, 147-149 95, 167 Evolution, 10, 151-152, 179 Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction, Deep water, 39-42, 102, 111, 130 Australia flora and climatic change, 72-91 see also North Atlantic deep water 174-182 Eocene-Oligocene, 5-8 Deep-sea cores, 119 high latitude vegetation (Cretaceous/ human genus origin, 240-241 Deer, 194, 199 Cenozoic), 157-169 Neogene ice age, biotic effects, Delayed recovery, 13-15 human genus, 234-241 119-123 Demes, 229 late Paleocene, 95-96 terminal Paleocene mass extinction, Dermopterans, 190 oxygen and proterozoic evolution, 94-105 Desert, 119 21-31 Climatic forcing factors, 110, 127 Detrivores, 139

INDEX 247 Quaternary, 226-229 Giardia, 26-27 Himalayan Plateau, 199 research needs, 16 Ginkgophytes, 157-159 Hipparion, 199 Exercise metabolism, 29 Glaciation and deglaciation, 4-8, 29, Hippopotamus, 193 Extinction, 11-12, 123, 168 148, 201, 203 Hirnantia, 7, 15, 37-44 coal swamp ecosystems, 141-146 Gulf of Mexico biotic response to Hominoids, 200 see also Mass extinction deglaciation, 210-218 Homo, 12, 48, 234-241 Extra-terrestrial impacts, see Bolide Ordovician glaciation and marine Horses, 191, 192, 195, 198-199, 203 impacts fauna, 35-44 Humans, 234-241 Quaternary vegetation change, Humboldt Current, 36 F 221-229 Humerofemoral index, 236 Fauna, 10-15, 78, 95-96 see also Ice ages Hyaenids, 194 Gulf of Mexico biotic response to Global cooling, 43 Hyaenodontidae, 190 deglaciation, 210-218 Global warming, 48-64, 89 Hydrogenosomes, 27 land mammal chronofaunas, 185-205 terminal Paleocene mass extinction, Hydrothermal activity, 103 Ediacaran, 28, 29 94-105 Hyenas, 239 Ordovician glaciation and marine Globigerina falconensis, 215 Hypselodonty, 189 fauna, 35-44 Globigerinoides ruber, 213-218 Hypsodonty, 189, 191 Ferns, 136, 137, 157-158, 164-167 Globorotalia inflata, 214-215 Floods, 136, 139 Globorotalia menardii, 215 I Flora, 8, 11, 80, 123, 136, 235, 240-241 Glyptodonts, 195 Ice ages, 109-110, 240-241 Australia flora and climatic changes, Gondwanaland, 7, 176 Neogene, biotic effects, 118-130 174-182 Ordovician glaciation and marine see also Glaciation and deglaciation compression, 149 fauna, 35-44 Icehouse world, 5, 156, 186, 200 cryptogamic, 168 Grande Coupure, 198 Iceland, 121 deciduous versus evergreen, 167-168 Granite, 23 India, 199-200 fauna-flora feedback loop, 192 Graptolites, 4, 8, 15, 35-44 Indian Ocean, 211 grassland savanna in North America, Grassland, 10, 123, 125, 166, 240-241 Individualism, 135 193-194 Grazers, 189, 193 Insectivores, 190, 191 vegetation change in late Quater- Great Basin, 50, 58, 119, 194 Insolation, 129 nary, 221-229 Great Plains, 125 Interdisciplinary research, 2-3 Florida, 120, 194 Greenhouse world, 5, 48-64, 103, 156, research needs, 15-16 Flowering plants, 136 178, 200 Intermediate dwellers, 87-90 Foliar physiognomy, 178 Greenland, 9, 119, 166, 212 Iridium, 54, 56, 62, 80, 83 Forest, 10, 11, 123, 136, 157, 240-241 Ground sloths, 195 Iron, 24, 29, 39-42 closed forest system, 175-176 Gulf of California, 212 Isospores, 151 land mammal habitat, North Amer- Gulf of Mexico, 210-218 Isotopes, 29-30 ica, 189-190 Gulf of Aden, 211 Isthmus of Panama, 120, 126, 127 open forest system, 176 Gulf Stream, 37, 120 Quaternary, 224 Gymnosperms, 136, 141 J see also Rain forest Gymnostoma, 181 James Ross Island, 164 France, 53 Jaramillo magnetic reversal, 123 Functional morphology, 3 H Fungi, 157, 166 Habitat, 141, 143-147 K Fusain, 139, 141 Habitat destruction, 87-90 Karsts, 35 Heath scrub, 176 Kinetoplastids, 27 G Hepatics, 164 King George Island, 167 Gastropods, 120 Herbivores, 191 Gauss Chron, 123 Heterotrophs, 27, 28 L Gazelles, 191 Hiatus patterns, 76, 90, 95 Lagarostrobus, 164, 165, 166 Gebel Zelten, Libya, 200 High latitudes, 8, 80, 86, 90, 103, 119 Lagomorphs, 191 Gene pool, 175 vegetation and climate (Cretaceous/ Land bridges, 188, 199-200 General Circulation Model (GCM), 3-4 Cenozoic), 156-169 Landscape, 139, 141-147 atmospheric, 110, 114 High-resolution stratigraphy, 2, 4, 49, Lauraceae, 181 oceanic, 111, 114, 127 58, 74, 95, 97, 185, 212 Leaf physiognomy, 5, 157, 164 Geochronometry, 49, 186 research needs, 16 roseaceous, 165

INDEX 248 Leopards, 239 research needs, 16 Ocean circulation, 5-7, 12, 36-39, 102 Lepidodendrids, 141, 146 Milankovitch climate cycles, 4-5, 50, Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), 95 Leptomeryx, 191 58, 60 Ocean Drilling Program Site 119, 164 Lichens, 168 Mineral charcoal, 139 Ocean Drilling Program Site 738C, Light, 157 Miospores, 137 84-86 Lignotubers, 176 Mississippi River, 214 Ocean floor, see Deep-sea Limestone, 60 Mitochondria, 26, 27 Ocean temperature, 10, 43, 54, 56, 63, Lions, 239 Mitrospermum, 141 97-105, 109, 122, 201, 212 Locomotion, 238 Mixing, 226 Ocean ventilation, 42 Loess, 122, 130 Models, 4 Ocean warming, 97-105 Low latitudes, 80, 86, 90 climatic changes, 109, 110, 222 Ocean-climate system, 50, 56, 62 Lucy skeleton, 236 ''conveyor belt" ocean circulation, 211 Oceanic anoxic events, 56, 62, 102 Lycopods, 10, 157 environmental/biological coevolu- Omo Valley, Ethiopia, 240 Lycopsids, 136, 137, 139, 141, 143, 146 tion, 31 Omomyidae, 190 Lycospora, 146 mass extinctions, 64 Orangeburg scarp, 120 Lyginopteris, 143-145 research needs, 16 Orbital cycles, 4-5, 129, 226 Mollusks, 12, 62, 120, 126 Ordinations, 143 M Monkeys, 124, 200 Oreodonts, 191, 192 Macedonia, 123 Monsoons, 36-39, 119, 127 Ostracods, 100, 126 Macroscopic animals, 28 Morozovellids, 97 Oxygen, 8, 56 Magnetochron 24 R, 96 Moschidae, 192 proterozoic evolution and oxygen, Magnetostratigraphy, 49, 123 Mosses, 168 21-31 Malaysia, 236 Mountain glaciers, 119 Oxygen isotopes, 3, 87-88, 100, 102, Mallee vegetation, 176 Multituberculata, 190 108-112, 122, 130, 178, 186-188, Mammals, 10, 12-13, 95-96, 123 Musk oxen, 195 200-205, 211, 213-217 Cenozoic faunas, 185-205 Mustelids, 193 Oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), 58 Mammoths, 195 Oxygen-depleted water, 39-42 Manganese, 39-42 N Ozone screen, 26 Mangroves, 111 Nannoplankton, 51 Marattialeans, 151 Natural selection, see Evolution P Mass extinction, 4-5, 7-8, 9 Nebraska, 193 Pacific, 121, 211 Cenomanian-Turonian, 4, 48-64, Nekton, 39 Pacific Northwest, 188 69-71 Neoecology, 151 Pacific superplume, 57, 58, 62 Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, 215 Pakistan, 199-200 72-91 Neritic environment, see Continental Palaeomerycidae, 192 land mammal rapid turnover shelf Paleo-Antarctic Circle, 168 episodes, 186-188 Netherlands, 123 Paleo-Arctic Circle, 168 Ordovician glaciation and marine Neutron activation, 39 Paleobathymetry, 58 fauna, 35-44 Nevada, 193 Paleobiology, 3, 94-105 Pennsylvanian coal swamps, 146 New Zealand, 165 Australia flora and climatic changes, research needs, 16 Nitrates, 26 174-182 terminal Paleocene, 94-105 NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Gulf of Mexico biotic response to Mats, 164 Laboratory, 112 deglaciation, 210-218 Matuyama Chron, 123 North America, 119, 178, 222-223 high-latitude vegetation and climate, Maud Rise, Antarctica, 99, 167 Cenozoic mammal faunas, 185-205 156-169 Mediterranean, 120, 123, 127, 211 North Atlantic deep water (NADW), research needs, 16 Meltwater, 7, 213-214 6-7, 102, 127, 130, 211, 214 vegetation change in late Quater- Merychippus, 192 North Atlantic nary, 221-229 Mesohippus, 191 Neogene ice age, biotic effects, 118-130 Paleoecology Mesophytic flora, 149 North Pacific, 212 coal swamp ecosystems, 134-152 Metabolites, 168 North Sea, 120, 127 Paleogeography, 3, 112, 138, 148, 157 Metasequoia, 165 Northern Hemisphere, 119-130, Ordovician, 36-39 Micromammals, 124 156-169 pollen records, late Quaternary, Microsporidia, 26 Northern Plains, 127, 128 221-229 Migration, 10, 221, 227 Nothofagus, 165, 166-168, 179-180 research needs, 16 North America land mammal immi- Nuttallides truempi, 97 Paleomagnetic chronology, 185 gration (Cenozoic), 185-205 O

INDEX 249 Paleosols, 23, 101, 148, 191 Pyrite, 30, 40 Seismic stratigraphy, 200-201 Palms, 124 Semiarid regions, 176-177 Palynology, 147, 157, 164, 166, 178 Q Sessile plants, 221 late Quaternary vegetation, 221-229 Queensland, 176 Seymour Island, 164, 185 Panama land bridge, 188 Shales, 137 Pandas, 194 R Shatsky Rise, 109 Pantodonta, 190 Rabbits, 191, 199 Shocked quartz grains, 62 Parahippus, 192 Raccoons, 192 Shrub eaters, 192 Paralycopodites, 143-145 Radiative energy input, 110 Siberia, 157 Patagonia, 168 Radiometric dating, 54-55, 59, 60, Sigillarians, 151 Peat-forming swamps, see Coal swamps 185, 211 Signor-Lipps effect, 9, 52-53 Peccaries, 125, 195 Rain forest, 11, 64, 175, 179 Silicate rocks, 129 Peripheral isolates, 151 Rapid turnover episodes (RTE), Siwalik Hills, 199-200 Perissodactyls, 96, 190, 198 186-188, 197, 198-200 Slime molds, 28 Petrography, 139 Rare earth elements, 24 Snakes, 15 Petroleum source rock, 40, 56 Red Sea, 211 Songbirds, 13-15 Phosphorus, 24 Research needs, 15-16 South Atlantic, 211 Photosynthesis, 26, 103 Resource depletion, 64 South Shetland Islands, 165 Photosynthetic bacteria, 23 Reversed magnetic interval, 96, 190 Southern Hemisphere, 156-169 Phylogeny, 26-28 Rhinocerotids, 191, 193 Space-time box, 229 Planar swamps, 136 Rhizovores, 191 Spatial and temporal scales, 227-229 Plankton, 39 RNA, 27 Speciation, 124, 152, 178, 188 Planktonic foraminifera, 12, 15, 50-53, Rock accumulation rates, 49 Species turnover, 12-13, 146-147, 149, 97-100, 109, 120, 121 Rock Canyon Anticline, 58 151, 186, 198-200 Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction, Rocky Mountains, 191 Sphenopsids, 141, 142, 151 73-91, 97 Rodents, 13-15, 190, 191 Spinels, 80 Gulf of Mexico, response to deglacia- Ross Sea, 167 Spruce, 224 tion, 210-218 Rotalipora foraminifer, 57 St. Lawrence River, 214 Plant community ecology, 135 Rudists, 15, 54, 114 Stable isotope stratigraphy, 96-97 Plate rafting, 175 Ruminants, 198, 200 Stenothermal species, 125 Plenus Marls, 53 Steppe, 188 Podocarps, 164, 166, 167 S Sterols, 27 Poland, 124 Straits of Florida, 121 S. beccariformis, 96 Poleward heat transport, 110-111 Stratigraphic anomaly 24, 190 Sabertooth cats, 239 Pollen, 119, 123, 135, 157 Stromatolites, 24 Sagebrush, 178 late Quaternary vegetation, 221-229 Stromatoporoids, 114 Sahara, 120 triaperturate, 164 Strontium isotopes, 30 Salinity, 100, 112, 214-217 Porcupines, 195 Subcanopy, 176 Salix, 166 Portugal, 35 Succession, 185, 221, 222 San Salvador, 123 Prague Basin, Czechoslovakia, 35 land mammals in North America, Savanna, 190-194, 201, 233 Precipitation, 104, 129, 157, 178 189-197 Scales, 227-229 Predators, 238-239 Sulfates, 23 Scandinavia, 119 Present atmospheric level (PAL), 23, Sulfur isotopes, 30 Scansorial mammals, 189 27, 29 Sulu Sea, 211 Sclerophyll plants, 13, 178, 182 Primates, 96, 190 Sundra Plate, 175 Sea otters, 121 Proboscideans, 193, 198 Surface dwellers, 87-90 Sea-floor spreading, 129 Prokaryotes, 31 Svalbard, 166 Sea-level changes, 11, 54, 56, 201, Proteaceae, 165, 167, 181 Symbiosis, 26 204, 212 Proteus, 102, 103 Sympatry, 226 Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction, Protists, 25, 30 Synchroneity, 102 88-91 Protoceratids, 195 Syncopated equilibrium, 197 Ordovician glaciation and marine Psaronius, 141, 145 fauna, 35-44 Pteridosperms, 137, 141, 142, 146, T Sediment traps, 212 150, 164 Taiga, 156, 166 Sedimentation rates, 4, 40, 75, 102 Ptilodus, 190 Taphonomic criteria, 139, 189 Seed ferns, 143 Pueblo, Colorado, 58 Tasmania, 168, 175 Seed plants, 136 Pulleniata obliquiloculata, 215

INDEX 250 Tectonic activity, 62, 119, 123, 127, 148, 168, 175, 194, 226 Teeth, 101, 189 Tegelen faunas, 124 Teleoceras, 193 Temperature, 157, 178 Terminations, 122 Terrestrial habitat, 234-241 Tethyan Ocean, 80, 114 Tethys Seaway, 103 Thermocline, 39, 89, 101, 212 Thermohaline circulation, 6-7, 111 Thresholds, 9-10 Thulean land bridge, 188, 201 Tibetan Plateau, 127 Tillodontia, 190 Time scale, 2 Titanotheres, 13 Tools, 240 Toxic waters, 39 Trace elements, 56, 62 Tree ferns, 141, 142, 145, 150 Tree rings, 159 Trees, 140, 141 Trichomonads, 26 Trilobites, 15, 43 Trochospiral forms, 100 Tropics, 36-39, 104, 211 climatic stability, 108-115 Tundra, 166, 188 Turnover-pulse hypothesis, 188 U Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, 26 Ungulates, 189, 191, 193, 204 Uraninite, 23 V Vapor pressure, 104, 110 Vegetation, see Flora Vertical advection, 39-42 Virginia, 120 Volcanic activity, 103, 129 W Warm saline deep water, 102, 104, 111 Water column, 87-90 Western Interior Seaway, 58 Wetland habitats coal swamp ecosystems, 134-152 White River chronofauna, 190-194 Winds, 127 Woody shrubs, 192 Wyoming, 194 X Xeromorphy, 141, 147 Y Yorktown Formation, 120-121 Younger Dryas cooling, 7, 210-218 Yucatan Channel, 121

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What can we expect as global change progresses? Will there be thresholds that trigger sudden shifts in environmental conditions—or that cause catastrophic destruction of life?

Effects of Past Global Change on Life explores what earth scientists are learning about the impact of large-scale environmental changes on ancient life—and how these findings may help us resolve today's environmental controversies.

Leading authorities discuss historical climate trends and what can be learned from the mass extinctions and other critical periods about the rise and fall of plant and animal species in response to global change. The volume develops a picture of how environmental change has closed some evolutionary doors while opening others—including profound effects on the early members of the human family.

An expert panel offers specific recommendations on expanding research and improving investigative tools—and targets historical periods and geological and biological patterns with the most promise of shedding light on future developments.

This readable and informative book will be of special interest to professionals in the earth sciences and the environmental community as well as concerned policymakers.

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