National Academies Press: OpenBook

Effects of Past Global Change on Life (1995)

Chapter: REFERENCES

« Previous: ENVIRONMENTAL-ORGANISMAL CHANGES: A SUMMARY
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1995. Effects of Past Global Change on Life. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4762.
×
Page 44
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1995. Effects of Past Global Change on Life. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4762.
×
Page 45
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1995. Effects of Past Global Change on Life. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4762.
×
Page 46

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

IMPACT OF LATE ORDOVICIAN GLACIATION-DEGLACIATION ON MARINE LIFE 44 ventilation; advection upward of waters potentially toxic to many organisms into the lower part of the ocean mixed layer; the cooling and then warming of ocean surface water temperatures; and changes in nutrient availability in many nearshore marine environments. The most prominent organismal (Table 2.3) mass mortality in the Late Ordovician took place at or close to the Rawtheyan-Hirnantian Stage boundary. Many graptolites, brachiopods, trilobites, corals, and chitinozoans became extinct or were markedly reduced in numbers and taxonomic diversity at that time. Isotopic studies of brachiopod shells from Sweden (Middleton et al., 1988; Marshall and Middleton, 1990) using 12C and 13C indicate that a significant sequestering of 12C in sediment took place at about the Rawtheyan-Hirnantian Stage boundary. Hirnantian brachiopod shells are enriched in 13C. Wang Xiaofeng and Chai Zhifang (1989) described 13C enrichment in the Hirnantian in their study of dark shales in the Ordovician-Silurian boundary interval in south China. Faunal and geochemical studies appear to be consistent in indicating a marked biomass change near the Rawtheyan-Hirnantian boundary. Slowed rates of origination characterized most organismal stocks during the Hirnantian Stage and Glytograptus persculptus zone. Extinction rates slowed in post-Rawtheyan-Hirnantian Stage boundary interval time, but slow origination rates during the Hirnantian into earliest Silurian resulted in marked faunal changes between the Late Ordovician and Early Silurian. Recovery and reradiation were slow until sea-level rose significantly such that many shelf sea habitats not only reopened but became stable during the early part of the Silurian. Much of the Hirnantian and subsequent Early Silurian Rhuddanian was typified by environmental instabilities resulting from glaciation followed by relatively rapid global warming. Each major organismal stock responded to these environmental changes somewhat specifically, depending on its tolerances for the environmental changes. TABLE 2.3 Significant Physical Environmental Changes, Organismal Mass Extinctions, and Clade Turnovers in the Latest Ordovician Stage Zone Event Rhuddanian acuminatus — Hirnantian persculptus Conodont turnover Graptolite reradiation Sea-level rise Onset of glacial melting Brachiopod turnover extraordinarius Glacial maximum Rawtheyan pacificus Trilobite mass extinction Brachiopod major extinction complexus NOTE: Prominent depletions in 13C (Wang Xiaofeng and Chai Zhifang, 1989; Marshall and Middleton, 1990) have been noted in samples from near the Rawtheyan-Hirnantian boundary and close to the base of the persculptus zone. Significant numbers of brachiopod extinctions may have taken place throughout the late Rawtheyan to early Rhuddanian, although the majority seemingly occurred at the levels indicated. Prominent trilobite mass mortalities appear to have taken place near the end of the Hirnantian Stage in the tropics and at the Rawtheyan-Hirnantian boundary outside the tropics. Conodont mass mortality or faunal turnover occurred at about the same time the graptolites commenced reradiation during the time of the persculptus zone. The prominent graptolite mass mortality took place close to the end of the Rawtheyan, as did that of the chitinozoa. Mass mortality among corals occurred in the tropics near the Rawtheyan- Hirnantian boundary as sea-levels dropped significantly. The patterns in mass mortality and reradiation differ from organism to organism, depending on their mode of life and tolerance to change in the physical environment. As Wilde and Berry (1984) proposed, significant faunal changes took place near both the beginning and the end of glaciation. Organisms responded to major changes in ocean circulation and thermohaline density stratification at those times. REFERENCES Barnes, C. R., and S. M. Bergstrom (1988). Conodont biostratigraphy of the uppermost Ordovician and lowermost Silurian, in A Global Analysis of the Ordovician-Silurian Boundary, L. R. M. Cocks and R. B. Rickards, eds., British Museum (Natural History) Bulletin 43 (Geology Series), pp. 325-343. Barnes, C. R., and S. H. Williams, eds. (1991). Advances in Ordovician Geology, Geological Survey of Canada Paper 909, 336 pp. Berner, R. A. (1981). A new geochemical classification of sedimentary environments, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 51, 359-365. Berry, W. B. N., and A. J. Boucot (1973). Glacio-eustatic control of Late Ordovician-Early Silurian platform sedimentation and faunal change , Geological Society of America Bulletin 84, 275-284. Berry, W. B. N., P. Wilde, and M. S. Quinby-Hunt (1987). The oceanic non-sulfidic oxygen minimum zone: A habitat for graptolites? Geological Society of Denmark Bulletin 35, 103-114. Berry, W. B. N., P. Wilde, and M. S. Quinby-Hunt (1990). Late Ordovician mass mortality and subsequent Early Silurian reradiation, in Extinction Events in Earth History, E. G. Kauffman and O.H. Walliser, eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 115-123. Beuf, S., B. Biju-Duval, O. de Chapperal, R. Rognon, O. Gariel, and A. Bennacef (1971). Les Gres du Paleozoique inferieur au Sahara— Sedimentation et discontinuities, evolution structurale d'un Craton, Institute Francais Petrole—Science et Technique du Petrol 18, 464 pp.

IMPACT OF LATE ORDOVICIAN GLACIATION-DEGLACIATION ON MARINE LIFE 45 Brenchley, P. J. (1988). Environmental changes close to the Ordovician-Silurian boundary, in A Global Analysis of the Ordovician-Silurian Boundary, L. R. M. Cocks and R. B. Rickards, eds., British Museum (Natural History) Bulletin 43 (Geology Series), pp. 377-385. Brenchley, P. J., and G. Newall (1984). Late Ordovician environmental changes and their effect on faunas, in Aspects of the Ordovician System, D. L. Bruton, ed., Palaeontological Contributions from the University of Oslo No. 295, pp. 65-79. Brenchley, P. J., M. Romano, T. P. Young, and P. Storch (1991). Hirantian glacio-marine diamictites—Evidence for the spread of glaciation and its effects on upper Ordovician faunas, in Advances in Ordovician Geology, C. R. Barnes and S. H. Williams, eds., Geological Survey of Canada Paper 90-9, 325-336. Briggs, D. E. G., R. A. Fortey, and E. N. K. Clarkson (1988). Extinction and the fossil record of the arthropods, in Extinction and Survival in the Fossil Record, G. P. Larwood, ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 171-209. Cocks, L. R. M. (1988). Brachiopods across the Ordovician-Silurian boundary, in A Global Analysis of the Ordovician-Silurian Boundary, L. R. M. Cocks and R. B. Rickards, eds., British Museum (Natural History) Bulletin 43 (Geology Series), pp. 311-315. Cocks, L. R. M., and R. B. Rickards, eds. (1988). A Global Analysis of the Ordovician-Silurian Boundary, British Museum (Natural History) Bulletin 43 (Geology Series), 394 pp. Fortey, R. A. (1989). There are extinctions and extinctions: Examples from the lower Palaeozoic, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B325, 327-355. Gallardo, A. (1963). Notas sobre la densidad de la fauna bentonica en el sublittoral del norte de Chile, Gayana Zoologica 8, 3-15. Grahn, Y. (1988). Chitinozoan stratigraphy in the Ashgill and Llandovery, in A Global Analysis of the Ordovician-Silurian Boundary, L. R. M. Cocks and R. B. Rickards, eds., British Museum (Natural History) Bulletin 43 (Geology Series), pp. 317-323. Kastner, M. (1983). Origin of dolomite and its spatial and chronological distribution—A new insight, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 67, 2156. Koren, T. N. (1991). Evolutionary crisis of the Ashgill graptolites, in Advances in Ordovician Geology, C. R. Barnes and S. H. Williams, eds., Geological Survey of Canada Paper 90-9, 157-164. Lesperance, P. J. (1988). Trilobites, in A Global Analysis of the Ordovician-Silurian Boundary, L. R. M. Cocks and R. B. Rickards, eds., British Museum (Natural History) Bulletin 43 (Geology Series), pp. 359-376. Libes, S. M. (1992). An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , New York, 733 pp. Marshall, J. D., and P. D. Middleton (1990). Changes in marine isotopic composition in the Late Ordovician glaciation, Journal of the Geological Society London 147, 1-4. Melchin, M. J., and C. E. Mitchell (1988). Late Ordovician mass extinction among the Graptoloidea, in Abstracts of the Fifth International Symposium on the Ordovician System, H. S. Williams and C. R. Barnes, eds., St. John's, Newfoundland, p. 58. Middleton, P., J. D. Marshall, and P. J. Brenchley (1988). Isotopic evidence for oceanographic changes associated with the Late Ordovician glaciation, in Abstracts of the Fifth International Symposium on the Ordovician System, H. S. Williams and C. R. Barnes, eds., St. John's, Newfoundland, p. 59. Quinby-Hunt, M. S., P. Wilde, W. B. N. Berry, and C. J. Orth (1988). The redox-related facies of black shales, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 20, A193. Quinby-Hunt, M. S., P. Wilde, C. J. Orth, and W. B. N. Berry (1989). Elemental geochemistry of black shales—Statistical comparison of low-calcic shales with other shales, in Metalliferous Black Shales and Related Ore Deposits-Program and Abstracts, R. I. Grauch and J. S. Leventhal, eds., U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1037, pp. 8-15. Quinby-Hunt, M. S., W. B. N. Berry, and P. Wilde (1990). Chemo-facies in low-calcic black shales, Abstracts of Papers, 13th International Sedimentological Congress, 444. Rickards, R. B. (1988). Graptolite faunas at the base of the Silurian, in A Global Analysis of the Ordovician-Silurian Boundary, L. R. M. Cocks and R. B. Rickards, eds., British Museum (Natural History) Bulletin 43 (Geology Series), pp. 345-349. Rickards, R. B., J. E. Hutt, and W. B. N. Berry (1977). Evolution of the Silurian and Devonian Graptoloids, British Museum (Natural History) Bulletin 28 (Geology Series), 120 pp. Rognon, P., B. Biju-Duval, and O. de Charpal (1972). Modeles glaciaires dans l'Ordovicien superior saharien: Phases d'erosion et glacio- tectonique sur la bordure nord des Eglab, Revue Geographie Physical Geologie Dynamique 14, 507-527. Sheehan, P. M. (1973). The relation of Late Ordovician glaciation to the Ordovician-Silurian changeover in North American brachiopod faunas, Lethaia 6, 147-154. Sheehan, P. M. (1982). Brachiopod macroevolution at the Ordovician-Silurian boundary , in Third North American Paleontological Convention Proceedings 2, B. Mamet and M. Copeland, eds., pp. 477-481. Sheehan, P. M., and P. J. Coorough (1990). Brachiopod zoogeography across an Ordovician-Silurian extinction event, in Palaeozoic Palaeogeography and Biogeography, W. S. McKerrow and C. R. Scotese, eds., The Geological Society London Memoir 12, pp. 181-187. Vaslet, D. (1990). Upper Ordovician glacial deposits in Saudi Arabia, Episodes 13, 147-161. Wang Kun, B. D. E. Chatterton, C. J. Orth, M. Attrep, Jr., and Jijin Li (1990). Geochemical analyses through the Ordovician-Silurian mass extinction boundary, Anhui Province, South China, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program 11, 87. Wang Xiaofeng, and Chai Zhifang (1989). Terminal Ordovician mass extinction and discovery of iridium anomaly—An example from the Ordovician-Silurian boundary section, eastern Yangtze Gorges area, China, Progress of Geosciences of China 1985-1988, Vol. III, Geological Publishing House, Beijing, pp. 11-16. Wilde, P., and W. B. N. Berry (1984). Destabilization of the ocean density structure and its significance to marine "extinc

IMPACT OF LATE ORDOVICIAN GLACIATION-DEGLACIATION ON MARINE LIFE 46 tion" events, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 48, 143-162. Wilde, P., W. B. N. Berry, M. S. Quinby-Hunt, C. J. Orth, L. R. Quintana, and J. S. Gilmore (1986). Iridium abundances across the Ordovician-Silurian stratotype, Science 233, 339-341. Wilde, P., M. S. Quinby-Hunt, and W. B. N. Berry (1990). Vertical advection from oxic or anoxic water from the main pycnocline as a cause of rapid extinction or rapid radiation, in Extinction Events in Earth History, E. G. Kauffman and O. H. Walliser, eds., Springer- Verlag, Berlin, pp. 85-98.

Next: ABSTRACT »
Effects of Past Global Change on Life Get This Book
×
Buy Hardback | $65.00 Buy Ebook | $49.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

What can we expect as global change progresses? Will there be thresholds that trigger sudden shifts in environmental conditions—or that cause catastrophic destruction of life?

Effects of Past Global Change on Life explores what earth scientists are learning about the impact of large-scale environmental changes on ancient life—and how these findings may help us resolve today's environmental controversies.

Leading authorities discuss historical climate trends and what can be learned from the mass extinctions and other critical periods about the rise and fall of plant and animal species in response to global change. The volume develops a picture of how environmental change has closed some evolutionary doors while opening others—including profound effects on the early members of the human family.

An expert panel offers specific recommendations on expanding research and improving investigative tools—and targets historical periods and geological and biological patterns with the most promise of shedding light on future developments.

This readable and informative book will be of special interest to professionals in the earth sciences and the environmental community as well as concerned policymakers.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!