to di-isopropyl-methylphosphonate, but the sensitivity, resolution, and detection limit are inadequate, and selectivity is unsatisfactory, since the material responds to most organic solvents);

• new membranes and electrode coatings to obtain improved chemical selectivity with electro-chemical sensors; and

• chemically selective films that undergo changes in mechanical and electrical properties following analyte sorption (SAW devices).

These materials requirements are very similar to some identified previously as being important in improving the selectivity of other direct-reading chemical sensors. It should be noted that selectivity is specific to a particular compound or class of compounds. Thus, specialized materials are required for detection of Schedule II compounds, and these materials will likely differ from those developed to detect toxic chemicals encountered in environmental health monitoring.

Little potential for dual-use applications (or other secondary applications) is anticipated for coatings developed for the detection of chemical warfare agents. Nonetheless, the general lessons learned in developing chemically selective materials (understanding the role of electrical and chemical forces on surface and interfacial phenomena, molecular characterization of ion-specific membranes and modified surfaces with catalytic or enzymatic properties, etc.) can be broadly applicable and should be of help in designing materials to meet particular functional requirements.

The possibility exists of leveraging generic miniaturization techniques, including materials and processing technologies developed for mass market applications, in order to further develop compact, lightweight hand-held sensor systems for chemical weapons detection. Miniaturization techniques of particular interest include methods relating to supporting electronics and protective packaging.

FRONT MATTER (R1-R12)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (1-6)

PART I: DEFINITIONS AND ISSUES (7-8)

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO SENSORS (9-18)

CHAPTER 2: INTERDISCIPLINARY STRATEGY (19-28)

PART II: MATERIALS FOR SENSORS--IDENTIFYING NEEDS (29-32)

CHAPTER 3: SELECTED SENSOR APPLICATIONS IN MANUFACTURING (33-46)

CHAPTER 4: SELECTED SENSOR APPLICATIONS FOR STRUCTURAL MONITORING AND CONTROL (47-61)

CHAPTER 5: LWIR SENSORS (62-72)

CHAPTER 6: CHEMICAL SENSORS (73-88)

PART III: OPPORTUNITIES, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS (89-90)

CHAPTER 7: SENSOR MATERIALS R&D OPPORTUNITIES (91-95)

CHAPTER 8: GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (96-100)

APPENDIX A: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SENSOR TECHNOLOGY (101-103)

APPENDIX B: SENSOR TECHNOLOGY GLOSSARY -- DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS . . . (104-107)

APPENDIX C: AN ILLUSTRATIVE SENSOR TAXONOMY (108-113)

APPENDIX D: SENSOR TECHNOLOGY FOR MONITORING POLYMER CURING (114-121)

APPENDIX E: FIGURES OF MERIT FOR INFRARED PHOTODETECTORS (122-123)

APPENDIX F: ACOUSTIC WAVE DEVICES FOR CHEMICAL SENSING (124-126)

APPENDIX G: CANDIDATE SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR DETECTION OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS... (127-130)

APPENDIX H: BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS (131-134)