National Academies Press: OpenBook

Expanding the Vision of Sensor Materials (1995)

Chapter: FRONT MATTER

Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1995. Expanding the Vision of Sensor Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4782.
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Expanding the Vision of Sensor Materials

COMMITTEE ON NEW SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES: MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS

NATIONAL MATERIALS ADVISORY BOARD

COMMISSION ON ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL SYSTEMS

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1995

Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1995. Expanding the Vision of Sensor Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4782.
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

This study by the National Materials Advisory Board was conducted under Contract No. MDA-92-C-0028 with ARPA/NASA.

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Copyright 1995 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

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Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1995. Expanding the Vision of Sensor Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4782.
×

COMMITTEE ON NEW SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES: MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS

NICHOLAS G. EROR, Chair,

University of Pittsburgh

SUSAN N. COPPERSMITH,

AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey

PETER D. DEAN,

Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Palo Alto, California

ROYCE W. MURRAY,

University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill

PAUL S. PEERCY,

Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico

CRAIG A. ROGERS,

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg

DONALD R. SADOWAY,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

JOHN R. THOME,

Motorola Corporation, Schaumburg, Illinois

JAMES W. WAGNER,

Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland

Technical Advisors

STEVEN LeCLAIR,

Wright Laboratories, Dayton, Ohio

ROBERT HUGHES,

Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico

National Materials Advisory Board Staff

ROBERT SCHAFRIK, Director

JILL WILSON, Staff Officer until January 1994

Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1995. Expanding the Vision of Sensor Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4782.
×
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Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1995. Expanding the Vision of Sensor Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4782.
×

PREFACE

Sensors have become pervasive and essential in the modern industrial world. Applications range from sophisticated industrial processes to common consumer products. In many respects, the manufacturing industry has led the use of advanced sensors in monitoring and controlling its industrial processes. In most cases, these sensors are based on well-established technologies that sense external factors, such as process temperature, and basic product characteristics, such as imperfections, thickness, and weight. The application envelope of advanced sensor technologies is being extended. Today, on-line sensing of material properties, combined with real-time control, is making the goal of self-directed, intelligent processing a reality.

During the 1980s, many National Materials Advisory Board (NMAB) reports identified sensor technology as a critical area that would spur advancements in materials processing. These reports covered a range of topics, notably bioprocessing (NRC, 1986a), heat treatment (NRC, 1989a), integrated processing systems (NRC, 1992), metals processing (NRC, 1989b), nondestructive evaluation (NRC, 1986c), refining (NRC, 1986b), and welding (NRC, 1987). This report originated from a desire to synthesize the requirements described in previous NMAB reports and to develop a generalized research and development approach through which important sensor material needs could be satisfied.

Many efforts are under way to advance the state of the art of sensor technology and to apply what is already known to solve current problems. Most of this work is stimulated by the expectation of significant end results. It is often highly desirable that these sensors be mounted at the location of concern, placed in a remote location, or embedded as a component of a structural element. Simultaneously, the materials development community is investigating a wide assortment of novel materials that can lead to desired solutions to very difficult sensing requirements. Advances in materials technologies and the ability to precisely "engineer" material properties and behavior offer a wide possibility for developing new sensor materials. This work requires close collaboration with other technical disciplines, such as solid state physics and electrochemistry.

The Committee on New Sensor Technologies: Materials and Applications was comprised of 9 specialists with expertise in chemical sensor technology, engineering applications of sensor technology, materials science and engineering, microelectronic and photonic technology, and nondestructive evaluation. The committee also added two technical advisors with expertise in intelligent manufacturing and in the detection

Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1995. Expanding the Vision of Sensor Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4782.
×

of hazardous chemicals. The committee met seven times between March 1992 and May 1993. Invited presentations by experts from industry and government provided relevant information regarding applications for advanced sensor technology and sensor development issues.

The objectives of this study by the committee were threefold:

  • review the state of the art of sensor technologies;

  • identify novel sensor materials that could benefit the manufacture and operation of advanced systems for the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; and

  • identify research and developments efforts that could accelerate the development and incorporation of these emerging sensors in particular applications with potentially high payoff.

A comprehensive review of the state of the art of sensor technologies would be an enormous undertaking. The committee chose to provide a bibliography of recent publications that present the state of the art of sensor technologies. Since there is no commonly accepted taxonomy of sensor technologies, the bibliography contains some overlaps between the different sensor areas. The committee identified a crucial barrier that has impeded development of advanced sensor materials: the communication mismatch between the sensor application community and the research and development community. The committee determined that the attributes of an "ideal" sensor material can only be considered within the context of an application area that establishes the material's requirements. Hence, there can be no absolutes for an "ideal" sensor material. This conclusion results in the definition of significant issues for the materials developer concerned with novel sensor materials: What are the appropriate applications to address? What are the critical needs for sensor materials? And where are the fundamental understandings that provide foundations for development?

In order to provide a tool to address these crucial issues, the committee developed a strategy that exploits a common framework for describing both sensing system applications and sensor technologies. The uses and research needs for novel sensor materials arise from matching available and potential technologies with the applications. The committee has provided examples of applying this framework to selected sensor materials and application areas. These examples are not meant to be an inclusive list but rather are representative of the process of identifying the state of the art in an application area, examining the role and need for sensors, and describing opportunities for materials development. The committee also developed overall conclusions and recommendations concerning future directions for sensor materials research efforts through generalizing the experiences in the application areas examined.

The committee considered several titles for this report. Expanding the Vision of Sensor Materials was selected because it captures the essential message of this report: there is a need for multidisciplinary efforts to identify and prioritize sensor needs, so that materials developments can be targeted towards requirements.

Any comments or sugestions that readers of this report wish to make can be sent via Internet electronic mail to nmab@nas.edu or by fax to the NMAB at (202) 334-3718.

Nicholas Eror, Chair

Committee on New Sensor Technologies: Materials and Applications

Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1995. Expanding the Vision of Sensor Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4782.
×

REFERENCES

NRC (National Research Council). 1986a. Bioprocessing for the Energy-Efficient Production of Chemicals. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

NRC (National Research Council). 1986b. New Horizons in Electrochemical Science and Technology. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

NRC (National Research Council). 1986c. Automated Nondestructive Characterization and Evaluation in Metal and Ceramic Powder Production. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

NRC (National Research Council). 1987. Control of Welding Processes. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

NRC (National Research Council). 1989a. On-Line Control of Metals Processing. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

NRC (National Research Council). 1989b. Intelligent Process Control Systems for Materials Heat Treatment. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

NRC (National Research Council). 1992. Opportunities in Attaining Fully-Integrated Processing Systems. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

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Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1995. Expanding the Vision of Sensor Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4782.
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Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1995. Expanding the Vision of Sensor Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4782.
×

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Presentations and written materials relating to sensor applications and materials were provided by a number of individuals to whom the Committee on New Sensor Technologies: Materials and Applications wishes to express its gratitude:

Mr. William Barker, Advanced Research Projects Agency, Defense Science Office: overview of sensor needs in manufacturing applications

Dr. F. Bedard, National Security Agency: superconducting sensor technology to detect low-frequency radio signals

Dr. Leonard Buckley, Naval Research Laboratory: sensor materials and applications

Mr. Bill Davies and S. Irfan Khalid, Pratt and Whitney Co.: jet engine monitoring and control

Dr. Walt Griffith, Air Force Wright Laboratory, Materials Directorate: sensor-related programs within the Air Force's manufacturing science research program

Dr. John Herbst (NAE), Control International, Inc.: sensor applications for mineral and metals processing

Dr. Barry Levine and Dr. Marc Vigdor, AT&T Bell Laboratories: multiple-quantum-well infrared focal plane arrays

Dr. John Maguire, Staff Scientist, Materials Engineering Department, Southwest Research Institute: intelligent processing of composites

Dr. Robert E. Newnham (NAE), The Pennsylvania State University: piezoelectric sensors and actuators

Dr. Mel Ohmer, Air Force Wright Laboratory, Materials Directorate: electro-optical sensor materials

Dr. Larry Otto, Jr., Staff Officer, Manufacturing Studies Board of the National Research Council: unit manufacturing processes

Mr. Robert Rogawski, NASA-Langley: health monitoring of air vehicles

Dr. John Vig, U.S. Army Research Laboratory: quartz crystal resonators, oscillators and sensors

Dr. H. Thomas Yolken, National Institute for Standards and Technology: intelligent processing of materials

Dr. Ted Zellers, University of Michigan, School of Public Health: key issues in environmental sensing.

The committee extends special appreciation to its technical advisors, Dr. Steve LeClair and Dr. Bob Hughes, for their interest and support throughout the study and for their active

Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1995. Expanding the Vision of Sensor Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4782.
×

and enthusiastic involvement in developing the case studies in sensors for intelligent manufacturing applications and in chemical sensors, respectively. The committee is grateful to the government liaison representatives for their participation in committee meetings and for providing supporting documentation.

The chair acknowledges the enthusiasm and dedication of the committee members throughout the study. Particular thanks go to the committee members who served as chapter or section coordinators and integrated the various parts of the report.

The committee thanks Dr. Robert E. Schafrik, Director of the National Materials Advisory Board (NMAB), and Dr. Jill Wilson, NMAB program officer, for their assistance during the committee's deliberations and report writing, as well as Ms. Janice Prisco, Ms. Marlene Crowell, and Ms. Catherine Summers for their administrative support over the course of the study.

Finally, the committee is indebted to Dr. Zaffir A. Chaudhry, research scientist at the Center for Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, and Ms. Jacqueline Macia of Infotech Pro for their expert assistance in compiling bibliographies from the current literature.

Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1995. Expanding the Vision of Sensor Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4782.
×

CHAPTER 5:

 

LWIR SENSORS

 

62

   

LWIR Photodetectors

 

63

   

Materials Development Opportunities for LWIR Photodetectors

 

70

   

References

 

71

CHAPTER 6:

 

CHEMICAL SENSORS

 

73

   

Trade-offs in Chemical Sensor Design

 

74

   

Direct-Reading, Selective Chemical Sensors

 

75

   

Sensors with Sample Separation

 

76

   

Sensor Miniaturization, Simplification, and Platforms

 

77

   

Sensors for Toxic Chemicals

 

77

   

Materials Development Opportunities for Chemical Sensors

 

83

   

References

 

86

PART III:
OPPORTUNITIES, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 

89

CHAPTER 7:

 

SENSOR MATERIALS R&D OPPORTUNITIES

 

91

   

Selected Manufacturing Applications

 

91

   

Selected Structural Monitoring and Control Applications

 

92

   

LWIR Photodetectors

 

93

   

Chemical Sensors,

 

94

CHAPTER 8:

 

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 

96

   

Conclusions

 

96

   

Recommendations

 

98

   

Reference

 

99

APPENDIX A:
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SENSOR TECHNOLOGY

 

101

APPENDIX B:
SENSOR TECHNOLOGY GLOSSARY - DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS OF DESCRIPTORS AND OTHER TERMS

 

104

APPENDIX C:
AN ILLUSTRATIVE SENSOR TAXONOMY

 

108

APPENDIX D:
SENSOR TECHNOLOGY FOR MONITORING POLYMER CURING

 

114

APPENDIX E:
FIGURES OF MERIT FOR INFRARED PHOTODETECTORS

 

122

APPENDIX F:
ACOUSTIC WAVE DEVICES FOR CHEMICAL SENSING

 

124

APPENDIX G:
CANDIDATE SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR DETECTION OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS (SCHEDULE II COMPOUNDS)

 

127

APPENDIX H:
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS

 

131

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Advances in materials science and engineering have paved the way for the development of new and more capable sensors. Drawing upon case studies from manufacturing and structural monitoring and involving chemical and long wave-length infrared sensors, this book suggests an approach that frames the relevant technical issues in such a way as to expedite the consideration of new and novel sensor materials. It enables a multidisciplinary approach for identifying opportunities and making realistic assessments of technical risk and could be used to guide relevant research and development in sensor technologies.

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