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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1995. Sources of Medical Technology: Universities and Industry. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4819.
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Index

A

Acoustic quantification. See Cardiac imaging

Advanced Technology Program. See National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

American Association for the Advancement of Science, 24

American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, 11

Anger, Hal, 146

Aronson, Raphael, 47

Atomic Energy Commission

regulation of radiopharmaceuticals, 146

See also Regulation

B

Baird, Logie, 71

Ballantyne, John, 107, 116

Bayh-Dole Patent and Trademark Laws Amendment, 32, 34.

See also Intellectual property;

Legislation, federal;

Patent Office, U.S.

Berg, Paul, 160, 174

Bessis, M. C., 56

Biochemistry

interdisciplinary nature of, 174-175, 181-182

Biotechnology and pharmaceutical sector, 11, 19, 26

acquisitions and mergers in, 194, 211

collaboration among firms, 188, 192-193, 196-197

cooperation among specialists, 4

drugs, 26, 29

federally sponsored research in, 190-191

Harvard University, partial ownership of biotechnology firms in, 34

integration by large firms and, 193-197, 202

minority participation in, 194

networks and, 188

new biology and, 213-215

R&D investments, 24-28, 28, 196

small firms, 190-195, 198, 201-202

specialization and, 188-189

strengthening, 34

transaction-cost economics and, 195-196, 199

undesirability of collaboration, 199-201

See also University-industry interactions

Black, Sir James, 214-215

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1995. Sources of Medical Technology: Universities and Industry. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4819.
×

Boston Consulting Group (BGC), 25

Boyer, Herbert, 160, 162, 164, 184

Boyle, W. S., 78

Bray, 97

Broome, 171

C

Cameron, William J., 70

Campbell, Charles J., 48-50, 52

Cardiac imaging

acoustic quantification, 152-153

color flow, 153-154

diagnostic effectiveness of, 137

echocardiography, 129-138

innovation process and, 126, 141

nuclear cardiology, 127-128, 130-138

overview, 126-127

prototype for, 133-134

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, 150-151

Tc-99 sestamibi tracer, 148-149

thallium imaging, 146-148

transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), 151-152

Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology, and Government, 22

Chick, William, 168, 175

Children

cochlear implants in, 113, 118

See also Cochlear implants

Chirgwin, John, 166, 174

Chorimac. See Cochlear implants

Chouard, C. H., 110-113, 118-119

Clemens, 83

Clinical trials

cardiac imaging and, 137-138, 140-141

case study approach, 146-154, 209

children in, 113, 118

cochlear implantation and, 99-101, 104-106, 108

experimental versus, 117-121

laser use in optical surgery and, 50

role in innovation of, 215

Cloning

See Gene-splicing; Insulin

Cochlear implants

Chorimac, 113

clinical versus experimental, 119-121

debate, 108-110

external power source, 113-115

industrial interest, 116

media role in, 112, 121-122

microphonic potential and electrical stimulation, 97-102

otologically respectable, 116

patterns of collaboration and R&D strategies, 12, 97-124

single- and multi-channel, 106-108, 110

See also Children;

Deafness

Cohen, Stanley, 160

Color flow. See Cardiac imaging

Complimentary DNA (cNDA). See Insulin

Contraception. See Endoscopy, gynecological applications

Coulson, A. R., 161

Crick, 159

Curtiss, Larry, 73-74, 90

D

Davis, H., 98

Davison, Alan, 149

Deafness

definition, 103, 119, 122

See also Cochlear implants

Dearman, James R., 56

Decker, 79

Diabetic retinopathy, 53-54.

See also Insulin

Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 191

Djourno, A., 99-100, 102

Douek, Ellis, 113-115, 119

Dual-use technology development, 23

See also Financing of research and development

E

E. coli bacteria. See Insulin

Echocardiography. See Cardiac imaging

Efstratiadis, Argiris, 168, 169, 171, 177

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1995. Sources of Medical Technology: Universities and Industry. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4819.
×

Einstein, Albert, 42

Elion, Gertrude, 214-215

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), 77

Endoscopy

bile duct stones and, 77

cholecystectomy, 87-88

colonoscopy and, 76-78

device manufacturers and, 73-75, 89-90

early history, 68-69

fiber optics and, 71-78

gastrointestinal, 70-76

gynecological applications, 78-84

insulation of, 73

interdisciplinary nature, 69, 90-93

Minimally Invasive Therapy and, 67-68

photography and, 75, 80-81

reusable devices, 90

television and, 81-83

video and, 84

See also Laparoscope, The;

Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS);

Minimally Invasive Therapy (MIT)

Ethnocardiography

description, 129

See also Cardiac imaging

Evans, Edward, 107, 116

Eyries, C., 99-100, 102, 110

F

Federal Technology Transfer Act, 32-33

See also Intellectual property;

Legislation, federal

Fiber optics

originator, 51

See also Endoscopy

Filipi, 84

Financing of research and development

chronic diseases and, 25

federal, 15, 17-22, 33, 35, 55

funders and, 16

medical devices and, 19

national goals and, 22

nonprofit, 16-17

private, 17, 24-30, 169-171, 176, 178-179, 211-212

state and local, 16

tax credits and, 24

See also Dual-use technology development

Flocks, Milton, 46, 48-53, 55

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

cardiac imaging approvals, 149

combination products, 4n1, 215

early approval of medicines and vaccines by, 29, 215

insulin approval by, 173

licensing of medical devices, 58

medical devices, 28, 58, 87

regulation of radiopharmaceuticals, 146

regulations harmful to small biotech firms, 201-202

See also Regulation

Fourcin, 114-115

Fox, Renee, 119

Frangenheim, 79

Fugain, Claude, 111

Fuller, Forrest, 168-169, 177

G

Gastroscopy, 70

Genetic engineering. See Insulin

Gene-splicing, 160

cloning, 163, 166

components of, 164

moratorium on research, 161

See also Insulin

Gene synthesis, 161-162, 167, 169, 181

See also Insulin

General Accounting Office (GAO), 32, 34

Genetic engineering, 159.

See also Insulin

Gilbert, Walter, 161-163, 167-168, 171, 174, 176, 177, 179-180, 182-183

Goeddel, David, 169, 177-178

Goldman, Leon, 54-56

Goodman, Howard, 162-163, 167-168, 171, 173-174, 179-180

Gordon, Eugene, 52-53

Gordon, James P., 43

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1995. Sources of Medical Technology: Universities and Industry. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4819.
×

Gould, R. Gordon, 44, 47

Gynecological laparoscopy. See Endoscopy

H

Ham, William, Jr., 47

Haubrich, William, 74-75

Health Affairs, 26, 29, 34

Health care reform

clinical tests and, 141-142

managed care and, 209.

See also Financing of research and development

marketplace pressures on research and, 212

supply and demand in, 34

Health Care Financing Administration, 58

Health Care Technology Institute, 28

Helmholtz, 97

Heyneker, Herb, 168

Hirshchowitz, Basil, 72-74, 76, 90

Hitchings, George, 214-215

Hopkins, H. H., 72, 81, 83

House, William, 99-100, 102-103, 105-106, 109-111, 116-120, 122

Hulka, 83

Huygens, Christiaan, 71

I

Innovation

barriers to, 138-142

cost-containment and, 141, 158, 212

environment conducive to, 140-144

historical view of, 6

interorganizational fields and, 104

linear model of, 3

medical definition of, 125

process defined, 56, 67, 130-138

surgical procedures and, 212

technological feasibility and, 131-133

See also Biotechnology and pharmaceutical sector;

Organic chemistry;

University-industry interactions

Insight and Industry, 104

Institutional boundaries. See University-industry interactions

Insulin

chromosonal gene and, 170, 173

complimentary DNA (cDNA), 165, 168-169, 181, 184

E. coli bacteria, 157, 162-163, 165-166, 168, 173

gel electrophoresis, 161

gene-splicing for, 160-161, 164, 166, 173, 183, 220

Humulin (synthetic insulin), 173

messenger RNA, 165

production of, 172

recombinant DNA, 158, 164-166, 168, 173, 175, 178-179, 183-184, 189

synthetic insulin, 157

See also Gene-splicing;

Gene synthesis

Intellectual property

acquisition of biotech firms and, 203

adaptations needed in, 203

biotechnology firms and universities, licenses between, 194

DNA patent, 34

fiber optics and, 71, 74-75

gynecological laparoscopy, 80

laser patent, 44-45

licensing agreements, growth of, 10-11

life forms, 191

medical devices less protectable as, 57-58

property rights and, 181, 191-192

public versus proprietary, 219-220

publicly developed technology, 219-220

technology transfer and, 32-34

scientific findings, 220

See also Bayh-Dole Patent and Trademark Laws Amendment;

Patent Office, U.S.;

Research contracts and agreements

Interdisciplinary research

cardiac imaging, 125-126, 144

clinicians and engineers in, 139-140, 142

cochlear implants, 104-105, 122

endoscopy and, 69, 90-94

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1995. Sources of Medical Technology: Universities and Industry. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4819.
×

importance of, 4, 11-12

insulin production and, 173-176

multidisciplinary professionals and their role in, 144, 176

Itakura, Keiichi, 167, 168, 175, 181

J

Joint Services Electronics Program (JSEP), 42-43.

See also Lasers

Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 55

K

Kafatos, Fotis, 168

Kapany, Narinder, 48, 51, 72-73, 76, 91

Keyes, John, 132, 150

Khorana, Gobind, 161, 181

Kiang, Nelson, 109, 119

Kleid, Dennis, 169, 177-178

Koester, Charles, 48, 52-53, 55

Kuhl, David, 131, 150

L

L'Esperance, Francis, 46, 52-53

La Nouvelle Presse Medical, 111

Labuda, Edward, 52-53

Lancet, 74

Langenbuch, Carl, 85

Laparoscope, The, 111-112.

See also Endoscopy

Laser Focus/Electro-Optics, 54-55, 56, 61

Lasers

argon, 52-53

armed forces research on, 42-43, 47-48, 55-56

blue-green, 52

dangers, 45, 50

dentistry, 56

invention of, 42-45, 65

Maser research, 43-44, 65

medical conferences, and laser research, 56

medical effectiveness, 59

medical market, 57-62

medical schools, 61-62

patent for, 44

photocoagulator, 41, 45-47, 49-52

retinal damage, 46-47

ruby, 52-55

uses of, 56-57, 59

Leibowitz, Elliot, 146

Legislation, federal, 30

See also Bayh-Dole Patent and Trademark Laws Amendment;

Federal TechnologyTransfer Act;

Stevenson-Wydler Technology Transfer Act;

Waxman-Hatchv Act

Lehrbuch und Atlas der Gastroskopie, 70

Licensing agreements. See Intellectual property

Lithotriptor, and university-industry interactions, 7.

See also University-industry interactions

Litwin, Capt. Martin S., 56

Liu, Ig, 51

Loeb, Gerald, 110

Lurie, M. H., 98, 102

M

MacLeod, Patrick, 110-111

Magnin, Paul, 154

Maiman, Theodore, 42, 45, 48

Managed care. See Health care reform

Maxam, Allan, 161

Maser. See Lasers

McGuff, Paul E., 56

Medical device sector, 7, 11, 19, 28

1976 Medical Device Amendments, 58

cardiac imaging and, 131

endoscopic device competition in, 89-94

fiberscope and, 73-74

heterogeneous range of devices, 4

laser R&D, 55-62

manufacturing by, 136

marketing by, 135

photocoagulator R&D and, 50-53

prototype development, 133-135

R&D spending, 211-212

small firms, 11

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1995. Sources of Medical Technology: Universities and Industry. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4819.
×

strengthening of, 34

See also Financing of research and development;

Medical schools;

University-industry interactions

Medical schools, 175

medical device innovation, 78

See also Medical device sector;

Training

Medicare

European payment system differences, 88

payment system for, 69

reimbursement for endoscopic procedures by, 87

See also Health care reform

Merzenich, Michel, 110, 117

Messenger RNA. See Insulin

Meyer-Schwickerath, Gerd, 46, 49

Michelson, Robin, 103, 105, 107, 110, 117, 120

Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS)

and cost-effectiveness, 60

See also Endoscopy

Minimally Invasive Therapy (MIT)

endoscope's role in, 67-68

See also Endoscopy

Minton, John P., 56

Molecular biology

biotechnology and, 189-190

double helix DNA structure, 159, 189

gene-splicing, 160-161

interdisciplinary role, 174-175, 181-182

Morrison, Andrew, 107, 116

Mouret, Philippe, 86

N

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 33

National Cancer Institute

competition for appropriations and, 20

laser research, 56

See also National Institutes of Health (NIH)

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 49, 51, 55

appropriations to, 17-20

cochlear implant support, 102, 106, 110, 119

compared to industry grants, 30

gene-splicing regulations by, 162, 164, 166

laser research focus, 57

national goals and, 22-24

Stevenson-Wydler and Bayh-Dole Acts and, 32-33

National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, 52

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 22

Advanced Technology Program (ATP) and, 23

National Technology Transfer Center (NTTC), 33

Nature, 45, 72

New biotechnology firms. See Biotechnology and pharmaceutical sector

New England Journal of Medicine, 85

Nonprofit institutions. See Financing of research and development

Nuclear cardiology. See Cardiac imaging

O

Ontology, See Cochlear implants

Organic chemistry

interdisciplinary role of, 175

See also Innovation

Overholt, Bergein, 76

P

Palmer, 79, 82

Patent Office, U.S.

lack of scientific information, 220

See also Intellectual Property

Patents. See Intellectual Property

Peters, C. Wilbur, 72-74, 90

Pharmaceutical companies. See Biotechnology and pharmaceutical sector

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1995. Sources of Medical Technology: Universities and Industry. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4819.
×

Pharmaceutical Manufacturer's Association (PMA), 24-25

Plank, Max, 42, 65

Proceedings of the Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers, 45

Public Health Service, 52, 54, 76-77

R

Ratz, John L., 54

Recombinant DNA (rDNA). See Insulin

Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC), 166, 168, 170, 178, 181

See also National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Reemstma, K., 85

Regulation

clinical tests and, 191-192

European, 88

moratorium on gene-splicing, 161

New York State, 89

See also Atomic Energy Commission;

Food and Drug Administration (FDA);

National Institutes of Health (NIH);

Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC)

Research and development. See Innovation

Research contracts and agreements, 11, 35, 173, 193, 195

See also Financing of research and development;

Intellectual property

Reverse transcriptase, 165.

See also Insulin

Richardson, Powell, 148

Riggs, 167, 172

Rioux, 83

Rutter, William, 162-163, 167-168, 171, 173, 176-177, 179-181

S

Sanger, Frederick, 161

Schawlow, Arthur, 44-45

Schindler, Rudolf, 70-72

Science, 47-48, 101-102, 166, 169, 220

Science-based industries

contributions to medical innovation, 213

new biology, 213

See also Biotechnology and pharmaceutical sector;

Medical device sector

Science--the Endless Frontier, 17

Science in the National Interest, 35

Secretion of protein, 169

Seeberg, Peter, 171

Semm, Kurt, 79, 83

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography. See Cardiac imaging

Shinya, Hiromi, 77

Simmons, Blair, 100, 102-103, 105-110, 115, 117, 119, 122

Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR), 23-24

Small Business Technology Transfer Program (SBTT), 23-24

Smith, G. E., 78

Snitzer, Elias, 49, 53

Solon, Leonard, 47

Somatosatin

synthetic, 167-169, 172

See also Insulin

Sooy, Francis, 110

Speech

coding and recognition, 101, 105-109, 111, 113, 115

See also Cochlear implants

Steptoe, P., 79

perception tests, 115

Stevens, S. S., 98, 102

Stevenson-Wydler Technology Transfer Act, 32, 34.

See also Intellectual property;

Legislation, federal

Streifeneder, Louis, 71

Storz, 80-81, 83, 84, 86

Synthetic insulin. See Insulin

T

Tax policy, 24.

See also Financing of research and development

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1995. Sources of Medical Technology: Universities and Industry. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4819.
×
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1995. Sources of Medical Technology: Universities and Industry. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4819.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1995. Sources of Medical Technology: Universities and Industry. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4819.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1995. Sources of Medical Technology: Universities and Industry. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4819.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1995. Sources of Medical Technology: Universities and Industry. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4819.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1995. Sources of Medical Technology: Universities and Industry. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4819.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1995. Sources of Medical Technology: Universities and Industry. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4819.
×
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Evidence suggests that medical innovation is becoming increasingly dependent on interdisciplinary research and on the crossing of institutional boundaries. This volume focuses on the conditions governing the supply of new medical technologies and suggest that the boundaries between disciplines, institutions, and the private and public sectors have been redrawn and reshaped. Individual essays explore the nature, organization, and management of interdisciplinary R&D in medicine; the introduction into clinical practice of the laser, endoscopic innovations, cochlear implantation, cardiovascular imaging technologies, and synthetic insulin; the division of innovating labor in biotechnology; the government- industry-university interface; perspectives on industrial R&D management; and the growing intertwining of the public and proprietary in medical technology.

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