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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1995. Safety in the Underground Construction and Operation of the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4897.
×

Safety in the Underground Construction and Operation of the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain

Proceedings of a Symposium held at Yucca Mountain and Las Vegas, Nevada November 30-December 1, 1993

U.S. National Committee on Tunneling Technology

Geotechnical Board

Board on Energy and Environmental Systems

Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1995

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1995. Safety in the Underground Construction and Operation of the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4897.
×

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

This project was supported primarily by the Department of Energy, Yucca Mountain Project Office. Other agencies provided core support for the activities of the Geotechnical Board under the auspices of which this project was initiated. These agencies include the Department of the Army (Defense Nuclear Agency), Department of the Air Force (Air Force Office of Scientific Research), Department of the Interior (Bureau of Mines and Burreau of Reclamation), Department of Transportation (Federal Transit Administration), Department of Energy (Office of the Superconducting Super Collider), Department of the Army (Defense Nuclear Agency, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and National Science Foundation—MSS-9203139.

Limited copies of this report are available from the Board on Energy and Environmental Systems, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418. Additional copies of this book are available from
National Academy Press,
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Box 285, Washington, D.C. 20055, 1-800-624-6242.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 95-68330
International Standard Book Number 0-309-05243-2

Copyright 1995 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1995. Safety in the Underground Construction and Operation of the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4897.
×

U.S. National Committee on Tunneling Technology 1993-1994

RAYMOND L. STERLING (Chair), Director,

Underground Space Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis

RICHARD W. BALCERZAK, Assistant General Manager,

Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Los Angeles

LLOYD A. DUSCHA, NAE, Consulting Engineer,

Reston, Virginia

GEORGE FOX, NAE, Chairman,

The Grow Tunneling Corporation, New York, New York

RICHARD F. HARIG, St. Vice President and Technical Director (Retired),

Mining and Industrial, Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc., Denver, Colorado

JOHN W. HUTCHINSON NAE, NAS, Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Mechanics,

Division of Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

MARTIN KELLEY, President (Retired),

Keiwit Engineering Company, Omaha, Nebraska

ALBERT A. MATHEWS NAE, President,

Al Mathews Corporation, Federal Way, Washington

PRISCILLA P. NELSON, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering,

University of Texas at Austin

HARVEY W. PARKER, Senior Vice President,

Shannon & Wilson, Inc., Seattle, Washington

   

NAS = Member, National Academy of Sciences

   

NAE = Member, National Academy of Engineering

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1995. Safety in the Underground Construction and Operation of the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4897.
×

Geotechnical Board 1993-1994

JAMES K. MITCHELL (Chair),

University of California, Berkeley

CLARENCE R. ALLEN,

California Institute of Technology, Pasadena

JOAN (JODIE) Z. BERNSTEIN,

Waste Management, Inc., Oak Brook, Illinois

DAVID E. DANIEL,

University of Texas at Austin

WILLIAM S. GARDNER,

W.S. Gardner and Associates, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania

JAMES P. GOULD,

Mueser Rutledge Consulting Engineers, New York, New York

FRANCOIS E. HEUZE,

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California

CHARLES C. LADD,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

JAMES D. MURFF,

Exxon Production Research Company, Houston, Texas

SHLOMO P. NEUMAN,

The University of Arizona, Tucson

THOMAS D. O'ROURKE,

Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

REUBEN SAMUELS,

Parsons Brinckerhoff, New York, New York

ROBERT L. SCHUSTER,

U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado

DON W. STEEPLES,

The University of Kansas, Lawrence

Staff

MAHADEVAN MANI, Director

PETER SMEALLIE, Director,

Geotechnical Board (1990 through 1994)

JENNIFER ESTEP, Administrative Assistant

AMELIA MATHIS, Project Assistant/Senior Secretary

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1995. Safety in the Underground Construction and Operation of the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4897.
×

Board on Energy and Environmental Systems

H. M. (HUB) HUBBARD (Chair), President and Chief Executive Officer,

Pacific International Center for High Technology Research (PICHTR), Honolulu, Hawaii

RICHARD MESERVE (Vice-Chair), Partner,

Covington & Burling, Washington, D.C.

STEPHEN D. BAN, President,

Gas Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois

ROBERT D. BANKS, Program Director of Technology and Environment,

World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C.

ALLEN J. BARD, NAS, Professor,

Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin

BARBARA R. BARKOVICH, Partner,

Barkovich and Yap, Consultants, San Rafael, California

JAN BEYEA, Chief Scientist,

National Audubon Society, New York, New York

DAVID E. DANIEL, L.B. (Preach) Meaders Professor of Civil Engineering,

Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin

LINDA C. DOLAN, Staff Environmental Engineer,

Martin Marietta Electronics and Missiles, Orlando, Florida

ROBERT L. HIRSCH, Senior Vice President,

General Atomics, Washington, D.C.

FRANCOIS E. HEUZE, Head,

Geotechnical Group, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California

CHARLES D. KOLSTAD, Professor,

Department of Economics, University of California, Santa Barbara

JANE C. S. LONG, Staff Scientist,

Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California

SEYMOUR MEISEL, NAE, Vice President, Research (Retired),

Mobil R&D Corporation, Princeton, New Jersey

SHLOMO P. NEUMAN, NAE, Regents' Professor,

Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson

THOMAS O'ROURKE, NAE, Professor,

Civil & Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

LAWRENCE T. PAPAY, NAE, Vice President & Manager of Research & Development,

Bechtel Group, Inc., San Francisco, California

RUTH A. RECK, Director,

Global Climate Change Program, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois

MARC H. ROSS, Professor,

Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1995. Safety in the Underground Construction and Operation of the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4897.
×

HAROLD H. SCHOBERT, Chairman,

Fuel Sciences Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park

JOEL SPIRA, NAE, Chairman and Director of Research,

Lutron Electronics Co., Inc., Coopersburg, Pennsylvania

JON M. VEIGEL, President,

Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Liaison Members to the Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems

RICHARD A. CONWAY, NAE, Senior Corporate Fellow,

Union Carbide Corporation, South Charleston, West Virginia

TREVOR O. JONES, NAE, Chairman of the Board (Retired),

Libbey-Owens-Ford Company, Cleveland, Ohio

Staff

MAHADEVAN MANI, Director

SUSANNA CLARENDON, Administrative Assistant

THERON FEIST, Project Assistant

HELEN JOHNSON, Administrative Associate

AMELIA MATHIS, Project Assistant

WENDY ORR, Project Assistant

JILL WILSON, Program Officer

TRACY WILSON, Senior Program Officer

JAMES ZUCCHETTO, Senior Program Officer

Editorial Consultants

CAROLETTA J. POWELL,

Editorial Concepts, Inc.

LINDA D. VOSS,

Inklings, Inc.

   

NAS = Member, National Academy of Sciences

   

NAE = Member, National Academy of Engineering

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1995. Safety in the Underground Construction and Operation of the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4897.
×

Preface

In 1987, Congress instructed the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to study Yucca Mountain, located on the Nevada Test Site, as a potential repository site for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste. To determine the suitability of the site for that purpose, the Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF) will be constructed at Yucca Mountain. There scientists and engineers will perform tests and experiments to evaluate Yucca Mountain as a potential repository. In addition, ESF construction and excavation data will be used to guide potential repository design and construction.

Underground construction safety management is challenging on any project, but it will be particularly so at the ESF. Many tests and experiments will be conducted even as the ESF is being constructed. Construction workers, scientists, and engineers will be working in close proximity. ESF construction and operation will be concurrent.

To increase DOE project personnel's level of understanding regarding underground construction safety management, the U.S. National Committee on Tunneling Technology held a symposium on underground safety November 30 through December 1, 1993, in Las Vegas, Nevada. Experts from the United States and abroad presented their experiences with safety management and practice, as well as lessons learned on their respective projects.

Within these proceedings, papers and presentations from the symposium have been organized into two sections. The first of these addresses the broad topic of underground safety management. Papers and presentations within this section discuss the process of planning for safety, the value of approaching underground construction with a mindset conducive to safety, safety regulations and the regulatory environment, interpretation of safety regulations, and the enforcement process.

Papers in the second section present several underground safety management experiences in the United States and around the world. Each of them illustrates organization for safety management and gives examples of successful approaches to creating a safe underground work place. To some degree, each of them addresses the

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particular issue of safely integrating different tasks and different safety cultures underground, a situation certain to be encountered at the ESF.

Each of the authors has some insight to offer those who are planning and carrying out the construction and operation of the ESF. These proceedings are being published to make their insights available to those who were not able to attend the symposium, as well as to those who did attend.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1995. Safety in the Underground Construction and Operation of the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4897.
×

Acknowledgements

The U.S. National Committee on Tunneling Technology acknowledges the assistance of the Yucca Mountain Project Office of the U.S. Department of Energy in the conduct of the symposium and for arranging a site visit for the participants to the Exploratory Studies Facility. The committee thanks all of the speakers for their contributions at the symposium and for their help in preparing the proceedings.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1995. Safety in the Underground Construction and Operation of the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4897.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1995. Safety in the Underground Construction and Operation of the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4897.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1995. Safety in the Underground Construction and Operation of the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4897.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1995. Safety in the Underground Construction and Operation of the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4897.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1995. Safety in the Underground Construction and Operation of the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4897.
×

List of Illustrations

Byron M. Ishkanian

Figures

1

 

Sample safety meeting report form.

 

40

2

 

Sample construction safety inspection checklist.

 

42

3

 

Sample job hazard analysis form.

 

43

4

 

Sample supervisor's accident investigation report form.

 

45

5

 

Sample monthly accident experience summary form.

 

46

6

 

Sample summary of construction safety reports.

 

50

7

 

Tunnel incident command organization chart.

 

51

Table

1

 

Minimum Illumination Intensities in Foot-Candles

 

38

Bruce L. Blackford

Figures

1

 

FMECA worksheet example.

 

58

2

 

Example of a criticality matrix.

 

60

3

 

Example of a simplified fault-tree diagram.

 

62

John Ramage

Figures

1

 

Metropolitan Milwaukee area map showing the confluence of the Menomonee, Milwaukee, and Kinniokinnic Rivers.

 

68

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1995. Safety in the Underground Construction and Operation of the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4897.
×

2

 

Soft-ground tunneling method used to control the inflow of water.

 

69

3

 

Tunnel ventilation system using fully reversible, explosion-proof fans.

 

72

Fred G. Ashford and Linda M. Calderon

Figures

1

 

Diagram of the WIPP facility layout.

 

87

2

 

Underground test rooms and waste storage panels.

 

88

3

 

WID underground operations violations from 1989 to 1993.

 

92

Table

1

 

Waste Isolation Pilot Plant 1993 Injury/Illness Summary

 

96

Kozo Sugihara

Figures

1

 

Map showing the location of the Tono Mine in Japan.

 

122

2

 

Geoscientific studies in the Tono Mine.

 

124

3

 

Standard section of the shaft.

 

126

4

 

Cross section of the shaft.

 

127

5

 

Location of sections and boreholes for measurements in the SEE project.

 

129

6

 

Relevant organization chart of PNC.

 

130

7

 

Organization chart of PNC's Chubu Works.

 

131

8

 

Organization chart of safety management in the Tono Mine.

 

134

9

 

Accident report system of PNC's Chubu Works.

 

135

10

 

A sample KY sheet.

 

137

Table

1

 

Rock Mechanical Properties of the Sedimentary Rocks

 

125

Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1995. Safety in the Underground Construction and Operation of the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4897.
×

Timothy Green

Figures

1

 

Accident frequency rate per 100,000 hours of work.

 

145

2

 

Work-related medical center attendances at the tunnel subproject.

 

146

3

 

Number of eye injuries of attendances at the tunnel subproject medical center.

 

147

4

 

Example of an in-house poster used to market a safety spectacles campaign at TML.

 

150

5

 

Example of an in-house poster used to market the TML track safety campaign.

 

151

6

 

TML' s safety wall

 

153

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1995. Safety in the Underground Construction and Operation of the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4897.
×

List of Acronyms


ANSI

American National Standards Institute


CFR

Code of Federal Regulations


DOE

Department of Energy


ESF

Exploratory Studies Facility

ET

Eurotunnel


FAR

Federal Acquisition Regulation

FMECA

failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis

FTA

fault-tree analysis


KY

Kiken Yochi


LEL

lower explosive limit


MMSD

Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District

MSHA

Mine Safety and Health Administration

MWPAP

Milwaukee Water Pollution Abatement Program


NLRB

National Labor Relations Board


OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration


REECo

Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Company


SKB

Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB

SNL

Sandia National Laboratories


TBM

tunnel boring machine

TML

Transmanche Link


WID

Waste Isolation Division

WIPP

Waste Isolation Pilot Plant


YMP

Yucca Mountain Project

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Yucca Mountain, located on the Nevada Test Site, is being considered as a potential repository site for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste. To determine the suitability of Yucca Mountain as a repository, the Department of Energy constructed an underground Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF) where tests and experiments will be performed. This book addresses safety issues which will impact the construction and operation of the ESF and other similar underground facilities. The authors discuss proactive strategies for underground safety management with an emphasis on planning for safety, safety regulations, and the enforcement of such regulations. Also included are illustrations of successful approaches in creating a safe environment for those who work underground.

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