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Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals
NOTE: Page numbers inboldfaceunder chemical names indicate a Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary for that chemical. These summaries contain information regarding a substance's chemistry, toxicity, and handling in a laboratory setting.
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Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals
Index
A
Absorbents, 88, 92, 100, 133, 149
Absorption in body, 37, 38-39, 135
Academics, see Teaching laboratories
Access control, 91, 93
Accidents, see Emergency preparation and response;
Hazard evaluation;
Injuries;
Litigation and lawsuits;
Risk assessment. Note: Information about specific chemicals (indicated by boldface) is included in the Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries.
Acetaldehyde, 238-239
Acetic acid, 50, 100, 102, 240-241
Acetic acid ethyl ester, see Ethyl acetate
Acetic aldehyde, see Acetaldehyde
Acetone (propane), 37, 38, 102, 129, 242-243
flammability, 46, 48, 50, 96, 112
spills, 32, 48
Acetonitrile, 50, 155, 244-245
Acetoxyethane, see Ethyl acetate
Acetylene,40, 95, 96, 102, 125, 128, 246-247
Acetyl hydroperoxide, see Peracetic acid
Acetylides, 54, 96, 102
ACGIH, see American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
Acid inhibitors, 51
Acids
explosive hazards, 54, 96
incompatibilities, 54
injuries, 38, 38-40
neutralization, 160-161
spills, 88
see also under names of specific substances
ACN, see Acrylonitrile
Acquisition of chemicals, 4, 24, 25, 67-69, 228
minimization, 4, 64-65, 153
Acrolein,54, 248-249
Acrylaldehyde, see Acrolein
Acrylamide, 250-251
Acrylic aldehyde, see Acrolein
Acrylonitrile, 252-253
Activated carbon, 56, 155, 188
Acute toxicity, 41-43
exposure factors, 36
information sources, 34, 41
in Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries, 41, 42, 236
lethal doses, 36, 41, 42, 43, 47
in Material Safety Data Sheets, 32, 41
of new and unknown compounds, 3
"particularly hazardous substances,"; 41-42, 203, 204
systemic effects, 39
Acyl halides, 161-162
Acylating agents, 45
Administration and supervision, 2, 15-16, 18, 23-24, 64, 176, 226-227
risk assessment, 31, 42
Adverse reactions, 211-212
Aerosols, 91, 92, 94, 194
inhalation of, 38, 83
Aerothene MM, see Dichloromethane
Air, liquefied, 51, 101
Air baths, 114, 117-118
Airborne concentrations, 37-38
explosive limits, 48-49, 50
lethal (LC) values, 36
monitoring, 42-43, 92, 228
threshold limits, 42-43
ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle, 61
Alarms, 26, 81, 86, 89, 91, 122, 133, 134, 229
Alcohols, 56, 66, 97, 103,
see also Ethanol;
Isopropyl alcohol;
Methanol
Aldehydes, 55, 162
Aliphatic hydrocarbons,100, 326-327
Alkali metals, 50, 51, 54, 55, 95, 97, 104, 144, 165,
see also Potassium hydroxide;
Sodium hydroxide
Alkalis and bases
explosive hazards, 54, 96
incompatibilities, 51, 54
injuries, 38, 39, 40
neutralization, 160-161
spills, 88
Alkenes, 101
Alkyaluminum compounds, see Organoaluminum compounds
Alkyl lithiums,
see also Butyllithiums
Alkylating agents, 44, 45
Allergens and allergic reactions, 40, 41, 43, 230
skin contact, 38, 40
Allylic halides, 40
Alumina, 162, 163, 188
Aluminum chloride, see Aluminum trichloride
Aluminum trichloride,102, 254-255
American Chemical Society, 4, 35, 64, 202
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) exposure limits, 32, 34, 42, 203
American National Standards
Institute (ANSI), 82, 119, 132
and Material Safety Data Sheets, 31-32
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), 180, 181, 212
Aminobenzene, see Aniline
Ammonia, 37, 39, 40, 96, 102, 125, 256-257,
see also Ammonium hydroxide
Ammonium hydroxide, 258-259
Ammonium nitrate, 50
Anaphylactic shock, 40
Anhydrides, 161-162
Aniline, 260-261
Animal testing and results
NOTE: Page numbers in boldface under chemical names indicate a Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary for that chemical. These summaries contain information regarding a substance's chemistry, toxicity, and handling in a laboratory setting.
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acute toxicity, 36, 41, 42
carcinogenicity, 43, 44
Animal waste, 7, 60, 151, 152, 156, 158, 159, 232
Annual Report on Carcinogens,43, 44, 203
Anosmia, 42
ANSI, see American National Standards Institute
Aprons, 26, 132, 133
Aqua ammonia, see Ammonium hydroxide
Aqueous solutions, 85, 148, 152, 155
Argentum, see Silver and silver compounds
Argon, 40, 98, 128
Armored hoods, 99
Aromatic amines, 45, 162
Aromatic hydrocarbons, 41, 45
Arsenic hydride, see Arsine
Arsenic trihydride, see Arsine
Arsine, 262-263
Asbestos, 37
Ascarite, 102
ASHRAE, see American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers.
See also ASHRAE/ANSI standards.
ASHRAE/ANSI standards, 180, 181, 212
Asphyxiants and asphyxiation, 40, 57, 104, 128, 129, 194
Aspirators, 57, 112, 130
Atomic Energy Act, 152, 201
Audits, see Inspections and audits
Autoclaves and autoclaving, 101, 125, 127, 151, 158
multihazardous waste, 6, 7, 151, 156, 157, 159
Autoignition temperature, 48. Note: Information about specific chemicals (indicated by boldface) is included in the Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries.
Autooxidation, 54, 55
Azabenzene, see Pyridine
Azides, 54, 58, 96, 102, 165
Azimethylene, see Diazomethane
Azine, see Pyridine
B
Back injuries, 57, 60, 121
Bar code labeling, 5, 10, 70
Barriers and barricades, 91, 92, 98, 99, 111
Bases, see Alkalis and bases
Benzene, 37, 41, 46, 67, 264-265
Benzol, see Benzene
Benzylic halides, 40
Biodegradation, 160
Biohazards, 6, 7, 23, 60, 67, 93-94, 151
Biological safety cabinets (BSCs), 194
Biological waste
disposal, 6, 7, 94, 151
disposal regulations, 6, 7, 151
see also Multihazardous waste
Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 60, 93-94, 194
Biosafety in the Laboratory: Prudent Practices for the Handling and Disposal of Infectious Materials, 94, 194
Birth defects, see Developmental toxicity
Bis(chloromethyl)ether, 36, 284
Blankets, 89, 137
Boiling eruptions, 56, 97-98, 117
Boiling points, 32, 48, 128
Borane, see Diborane
Boroethane, see Diborane
Boron fluoride, see Boron trifluoride
Boron halides, 105
Boron hydride, see Diborane
Boron trifluoride, 266-267
Bourdon tubes, 125
Brain, 40, 104
Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 34, 46
Bromine,39, 268-269
Bromine cyanide, see Cyanogen bromide
Bromocyanogen, see Cyanogen bromide
Building codes, 72, 212
Bulk quantities, 4, 64, 67, 100, 101
Bunsen burners, 51, 95
Burns, 38, 39, 40, 84, 87, 89, 129
Butanone, see Methyl ethyl ketone tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), 270-271
Butyllithiums, 272-273
C
Cadmium, 77
Calcium hydride, 164
Calcium hypochlorate, 161
Calcium oxide, 40
Calorimetry, 97
Cancer, 39, 40, 61,
see also Carcinogens
Canopy hoods, 190-191
Capacitors, 59, 109, 112
Carbolic acid, see Phenol
Carbon bisulfide, see Carbon disulfide
Carbon dioxide, 40, 67, 134
Carbon disulfide (CS2),37, 48, 95, 102, 274-275
Carbon monoxide (CO),37, 40, 41, 58, 96, 124, 276-277
Carbon oxychloride, see Phosgene
Carbon tetrachloride,103, 278-279
Carbonyl chloride, see Phosgene
Carcinogens, 33, 40, 45, 61
exposure factors, 36, 37
in Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries, 43
in Material Safety Data Sheets, 32
"select", 41, 43-44, 203-204, 221
Card files, 69
Carts, 60, 68, 84, 122
CAS, see Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers
Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons,34
Catalog of Teratogenic Agents,34, 46
Catalysts, 54, 56, 57, 96, 101-102, 103, 165
Cathodes, 58
Caustic potash, see Potassium hydroxide
Caustics, see Corrosives and corrosivity
Caustic soda, see Sodium hydroxide
CD-ROM disks, 31, 35
Celite, 66
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 60, 156
Central nervous system, see Neurotoxicity
Centrifuges, 119, 127
Chemical Abstracts (CA) database, 35
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)
Registry Numbers, 35, 69, 71
Chemical hygiene officers, 31, 43, 219, 226
Chemical Hygiene Plans (CHPs), 8, 19, 31, 55, 57, 87, 202-203, 204 , 219, 222-223, 225-226, 227-230
Chemical Information Systems (CIS), 35
Chemical properties
information sources, 33, 34
in Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries, 33
in Material Safety Data Sheets, 31, 32
Chemical Safety Data Sheets,33-34
"Chemophobia," 2, 17
Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 41, 102
Chlorine,39, 54, 96, 102, 280-281
Chlorine trifluoride, 105
Chloroform,103, 282-283
Chloroformyl chloride, see Phosgene
Chloromethyl methyl ether,43-44, 284-285
Chlorotrimethylstannane, see Trimethyltin chloride
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Chromates, 54, 55, 97
Chromatography, 67, 155
Chromium(VI) compounds, 66, 77, 286-287
Chromium trioxide (chromic acid), 66, 102, 286-287
Chronic toxicity, 36, 37, 230-232
in Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries, 236
in Material Safety Data Sheets, 32
of new and unknown compounds, 3
systemic effects, 39
see also Carcinogens
Circuit breakers and fuses, 59, 88, 110, 112
Clean Air Act, 9, 148, 201, 209-210
Cleaning, see Housekeeping and cleaning
Clean rooms, 193, 194
Clean Water Act, 148
Clinical laboratories, 6, 60, 151
Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products,34
Clothing and protective apparel, 43, 83-84, 87-88, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 98, 131-132, 228, 230
CMME, see Chloromethyl methyl ether
Cobalt salts, 102
Cold rooms, 59, 82, 111, 194
Cold traps, 58, 103, 112, 113, 128, 129
Color coding, 10, 121-122
Combustion, see Explosibility; Flammability; Ignition sources
Commingling of waste, 6, 145, 147, 150
Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances, 34, 41
Compressed Gas Association (CGA) standards, 122, 123, 126
Compressed gases, 57, 104-105, 109, 121-126, 144, 219-220
flammability, 51, 104, 105, 123-124
Computer simulation, 2, 4, 18
Computer systems and services
hazard information, 34-35
inventory and tracking, 68, 69-70
Material Safety Data Sheets, 31, 34-35
Condensation, 57, 70, 99, 111, 128, 129
Congenital effects, see Developmental toxicity
Connectors, 85, 109
Contact lenses, 82, 94, 132, 230
Containers and packages, 38, 39, 60, 73-74, 76, 93, 113
bulk and economy sizes, 4, 64, 67
flammable substances, 50, 74, 75, 85
and microwaves, 59, 118
smaller sizes, 4, 64-65, 67, 121, 146
transfers among, 38, 64, 66, 71, 96, 128
transport, 68, 69, 84, 92, 121, 128
waste, 74, 75, 84, 85, 145, 148, 157, 207-208
see also Gas cylinders;
Glass and glassware;
Labels and labeling
Contingency plans, 10, 23, 23-24, 25-26, 47, 81, 93, 146
Cooling baths, 59, 109, 128, 129
Copper, 66, 99, 124, 125
Corrosives and corrosivity, 35, 39-40, 41, 43
eye contact, 39, 40, 43
ingestion, 38, 39
inhalation, 39
skin contact, 38, 39, 40, 43
of wastes, 144
Cryogenic liquids, 57, 58, 60, 74, 97, 101, 120, 128-129, 130
Culture of safety, 1-2, 14-20, 24-25
Custodial and maintenance staff, 6, 8, 39, 177, 204
Cuts, 60
Cutting and drilling tools, 109, 120
Cyanides, 40, 41
incompatibilities, 51, 54
in wastes, 142-143, 144, 164-165
see also under names of specific compounds
Cyanobromide, see Cyanogen bromide
Cyanoethylene, see Acrylonitrile
Cyanogen bromide, 288-289
Cyanomethane, see Acetonitrile
Cylinders, see Gas cylinders
D
Deactivation, see Waste treatment methods
''Decay-in-storage" procedures, 7, 10, 151, 152, 154, 159
Decommissioning, 70
Decomposition, 97, 100
Dehydrating and drying agents, 40, 51, 102
Delivery, see Receiving rooms and loading areas;
Shipment and transport
Department of Transportation (DOT), 68, 121, 146, 209
Designated areas, 91, 93, 101, 220
Dessicators, 85, 131
Detergents, 66
Developmental toxicity, 45-46, 230-231
information sources, 34, 46
Dewar flasks, 57, 85, 99, 128, 130-131
Diacyl peroxides, 163
Diakyl peroxides, 163
Diamide, see Hydrazine
Diazirine, see Diazomethane
Diazomethane,40, 54, 102, 290-291
Diborane, 292-293
Dibromochloropropane, 40
1, 2-Dibromoethane, see Ethylene dibromide
Dichloromethane (methylene chloride),37, 294-295
Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 40
Diethyl ether,46, 48, 50, 58, 67, 88, 95, 102, 296-297
1, 4-Diethylene dioxide, see Dioxane
Diethylene ether, see Dioxane
Diethylnitrosamine, 298-299
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 97
Differential thermal analysis (DTA), 97
Digestive tract, see Ingestion
2, 4-Diisocyanato-1-methyl benzene, see Toluene diisocyanate
Dilution, 95-96, 100-101
Dimethoxyethane, 88
Dimethyl sulfate, 300-301
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO),38, 50, 102, 302-303
Dimethylene oxide, see Ethylene oxide
1, 1-Dimethylethyllithium, see Butyllithiums
Dimethylformamide (DMF), 304-305
Dimethylhydrazines, see Hydrazines
Dioxane,102, 306-307
Diphosgene (trichloromethyl) chloroformate, 66
"Dirty Dozen", 57, 58
Disinfection, 6, 7, 60, 151, 156-157
Disposal, see Waste disposal. Note: Information about specific chemicals (indicated by boldface) is included in the Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries.
Distillation, 55, 65, 101, 112
DMF, see Dimethylformamide
DMSO, see Dimethyl sulfoxide
Documentation and record-keeping, 22, 23, 24, 91, 176, 224, 228
adverse reactions, 211-212
emergency response, 23, 24, 176, 228
waste disposal, 6, 141, 146
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices,34
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Donations and gifts of chemicals, 4, 64
Dose-response relationship, 35, 36, 44
DOT, see Department of Transportation
Drains, 175,
see also Sewer disposal
Dromilac, see Ethidium bromide
Dry benzoyl peroxide, 102
Dry boxes, 67, 98
Dry ice, 60, 99, 102, 121, 128, 129
Dusts, 37, 38, 39, 82, 91, 92, 136
explosibility, 50, 56, 97, 102-103
E
Earthquakes, see Seismic activity
Eating and drinking, 82, 94, 230
EDB, see Ethylene dibromide
Education and training in safety
practices, 2, 11, 14, 17, 90, 223, 229
emergencies and spills, 23, 87, 89, 92, 93, 149, 210, 229
safety personnel role, 16
shipment and transport, 68-69
student manuals, 3
teaching laboratories, 2, 16-18
waste disposal, 2, 146, 151
Electrical equipment, 5, 59, 109-112, 118-121
codes, 109, 112
as ignition sources, 50, 59, 95, 109, 111, 114-115, 116, 176
insulation, 59, 110-111
wiring and cables, 110-111, 114-115, 119, 175
see also Heaters and heating equipment;
Refrigerators and refrigeration;
Vacuum systems and operations
Electrical fires, 59, 134
Electrical power interruption, 59, 81, 86
Electrochemical equipment, 109
Electrocution and electric shock, 59, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115
Electromagnetic radiation, 58-60, 109, 119-120,
see also Radiation and radioactive materials
Electron beams (E-beams), 119-120
Electronic systems, see Computer systems and services
Elephant trunks, 26, 190
Elevators, 68, 84
Embryos, see Developmental toxicity
Emergency preparation and response, 4, 25-26, 73, 81, 86-90, 92-93, 137, 210, 229
chemical inventories, 9, 10, 24, 69, 70, 72, 93
contingency plans, 10, 23, 23-24, 25-26, 47, 81, 93, 146
drills, 93
equipment, 5, 81, 86, 87, 92-93, 133-137
facilities, 26, 84
information sources, 33, 34
in Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries, 4, 33
in Material Safety Data Sheets, 31, 32
waste facilities, 146
see also Fire fighting and fire safety;
First aid procedures
Environmental health and safety programs, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 16, 18, 20, 31, 177
emergency response and planning, 23-24
Environmental laboratories, 6, 151
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
institutional identification numbers, 10
waste disposal regulations, 6, 7, 9, 10, 143-145, 151, 152, 153, 159-160
Environmental rooms, 70, 194
1, 2-Epoxyethane, see Ethylene oxide
Equipment, 5, 109
cutting and drilling, 109, 120
low temperature, 129-130
pressure extremes, 124-128, 175-176
repair and maintenance, 26, 85, 109, 111, 112, 125, 175-176
rotating, 109, 120, 176
stirring and mixing, 50, 59, 95, 99, 109, 110, 111, 114
see also Electrical equipment;
Vacuum systems and operations
Ergonomics, 109, 121
Esophagus, 38, 39
Ethanal, see Acetaldehyde
Ethane, 40
Ethanoic acid, see Acetic acid
Ethanol,156, 308-309
Ethers, 55, 58, 101, 102,
see also Diethyl ether
Ethidium bromide, 310-311
Ethyl acetate, 312-313
Ethyl alcohol, see Ethanol
Ethyl ethanoate, see Ethyl acetate
Ethyl ether, see Diethyl ether
N-Ethyl-N-nitrosoethanamine, see Diethylnitrosamine
Ethylene bromide, see Ethylene dibromide
Ethylene dibromide (EDB),40, 314-315
Ethylene oxide,103, 316-317
Ethyne, see Acetylene
Evacuated systems, 57, 85, 130
Evacuation, 24, 87, 89, 97
Excess material, see Unused and excess material
Exhaust systems, 26, 113, 118, 190-191, 192-193, 227
Exits, 72, 84, 86, 91, 176, 228
Experiment planning, 2-3, 22-23, 23-24, 25, 64, 81, 90-91, 230
information sources, 3, 4, 23, 25, 31
regulations, 23, 25, 26-27
steps in, 24-27, 47
see also Risk assessment
Experimental materials, 71-72, 211
Expiration, see Shelf life and expiration dates
Explosibility, 41, 46, 54-57, 58, 93, 96-104
airborne concentrations, 48-49, 50
information sources, 34, 98
in Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries, 4, 33, 236
in Material Safety Data Sheets, 32
protective shields and devices, 76, 82, 92, 96, 97, 98, 101, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130, 133-134 Note: Information about specific chemicals (indicated by boldface) is included in the Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries.
Exposure duration and frequency, 35, 36-37
Exposure limits, 41-42, 47, 91
ACGIH, 32, 34, 42, 203
in Material Safety Data Sheets, 32
OSHA, 8, 32, 42, 91, 199, 203
see also Lethal dose and lethal concentration values
Exposure minimization, 3, 22, 47, 64, 81, 82-84, 226, 229-230
biohazards, 93-94
highly toxic substances, 90-93, 231-232
radioactive materials, 94-95
Exposure routes, 35, 37-39
in Material Safety Data Sheets, 32
in risk assessment, 42, 47
see also Eye contact and effects;
Ingestion;
Inhalation;
Injection;
Skin contact and effects
Exposure signs and symptoms, 32, 33, 34, 42
neurotoxicity, 40-41
Express delivery of chemicals, 67, 68
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Extension cords, 110
Eye contact and effects, 38, 39, 128
lasers, 58, 59
protection against, 26, 43, 81, 92, 94, 98, 119, 128, 132, 230
Eyewashes and eyewash fountains, 88, 92, 136, 137, 228
F
Face shields, 26, 43, 82, 92, 98, 119, 128, 132, 149
Fail-safe devices, 115
Falls, 60, 109, 120-121
Fat-soluble substances, 37, 38, 39
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 201, 207
Ferrous sulfate, 101, 163
Fertility, 40
Fetal effects, see Developmental toxicity;
Reproductive toxicity
Filters and filtrates, 26, 65, 66, 85, 92, 96, 148, 154, 188-190
Fines, 6, 8, 19, 147, 198, 201
Fire extinguishers, 49, 84, 86, 87, 89, 93, 97, 134, 137
automatic, 134, 135
in Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries, 236
Fire fighting and fire safety, 32, 34, 86, 89-90, 95, 133, 134-135, 137
codes, 34, 67, 72, 74
electrical equipment, 110
hoses, 134-135
waste facilities, 146
Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals,34
Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials,34, 49
Fires, see Electrical fires;
Flammability
First aid procedures and equipment, 81, 87-88, 92, 137, 228, 229
eyes, 82, 88, 137, 229
information sources, 33, 34
in Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries, 4, 33
in Material Safety Data Sheets, 31, 32, 87
skin, 87, 229
Flammability, 41, 46, 48-51, 58, 75, 85-86, 93, 95-96, 220
information sources, 32, 34, 50, 86, 95
in Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries, 4, 33, 95, 236
lasers, 58, 59
limits, 46, 48-49, 50, 96
and refrigeration, 74, 84, 95, 96, 113-114
storage hazards, 49, 73, 74, 84, 191
of wastes, 142, 144, 145, 148 Note: Information about specific chemicals (indicated by boldface) is included in the Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries.
Flash arresters, 85, 96
Flash points, 46, 48, 50, 104, 144, 220. Note: Information about specific chemicals (indicated by boldface) is included in the Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries.
Floods, 109
Flowcharts, 3, 20, 22, 24
Fluorides, 318-319
Fluorination, 66-67
Fluorine,66-67, 320-321
Formaldehyde,36, 37, 40, 322-323,
see also Formalin
Formalin,156, 322-323
Formula. Note: Information about specific chemicals (indicated by boldface) is included in the Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries.
Freezers and freezing, 7, 59, 67, 156
Friction, 54, 100
Frostbite, 128, 129
F-TEDA-BF4, 67
Fume hoods, 8, 38, 59, 81, 83, 96, 110, 178-187, 221, 227, 230
and acutely toxic substances, 42, 91-92, 122
exhaust systems, 188-190, 192-193
face velocities, 83, 178
housekeeping, 73, 83, 180
radioisotope hoods, 187-188
sashes, 83, 92, 98, 180
and volatiles, 38, 148, 188-189
and waste disposal, 8, 9, 26, 92, 179-180
Furnaces, 59, 114, 118
G
Gamma rays, 60, 61
Gas burners, 95
Gas cylinders, 51, 57, 67, 68, 74-75, 84, 104, 121-124, 128, 129
labeling, 10, 74, 121-122
leaks, 51, 88-89, 96, 122-123
Gases
corrosive, 39, 89
flammable, 46, 51, 57, 88-89, 95, 96, 123-124, 128
inhalation of, 37
oxidants, 50, 88-89
reactivity, 57, 104, 105
toxicity, 57, 104, 105
see also Compressed gases;
Liquefied gases
Gastrointestinal tract, see Ingestion
Gauges, 58, 125
Genoprotection, 44
Gifts of chemicals, 4, 64
Gland joints, 125
Glass and glassware, 49, 58, 60, 65, 75, 85, 92, 230
breakage, 57, 120, 126
pressure and vacuum containers, 57, 101, 126, 127-128, 130-131
waste disposal, 6, 7, 85, 145, 148
Glassblowing, 85, 126
Glove boxes, 26, 91, 92, 94, 193-194
Gloves and hand protection, 26, 32, 43, 83, 85, 88, 89, 92, 94, 98 -99, 111, 129, 132-133, 149, 230
Goggles, 82, 88, 98, 119, 149
GOX, see Oxygen
Ground-fault circuit interruptor (GFCI), 110, 111, 112, 118
Grounding, 50, 95, 96, 99, 110, 111, 112, 123
Guidelines, see Experiment planning; Information sources;
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries;
Material Safety Data Sheets;
Regulations and legislation
H
Hair and hair follicles, 38, 83, 131
Halides, 51, 102, 166
Halocarbons, 51
Halogens and halogenating agents, 54, 55, 85, 97, 103
in wastes, 142, 143, 146
Halon, 135
Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 34
Hands, see Gloves and hand protection
Hazard evaluation, 3-4, 5, 25-26, 31, 81,
see also Risk assessment
information sources, 3, 31-35, 81
toxicity, 3, 35-46
Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act, 201, 209
Hazard reduction, see Source reduction;
Waste treatment methods
Hazardous Substance Data Base (HSDB), 35
HCN, see Hydrogen cyanide
Health hazards, see Acute toxicity;
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Carcinogens;
Chronic toxicity;
Exposure routes;
Toxicity
Heat, 58, 73
Heat-initiated explosions, 38, 46, 54, 57, 96, 97, 98
Heat of reaction, 57, 97
Heat sensors, 134
Heat transfer, 57, 86, 97
Heaters and heating equipment, 95, 99, 114-118, 176
baths, 95, 114, 115, 117-118, 127
guns, 50, 118
mantles and tapes, 95, 99, 109, 114, 116-117
Heavy metals, 36, 37, 66
disposal, 19, 66, 166
incompatibilities, 54
recycling, 76, 77
Helium, 40, 60, 101, 120, 128
HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filters, 92, 187
Hepatitis B virus, 7, 94, 157
Hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA), 324-325
Hexamethylphosphoric triamide, see
Hexamethylphosphoramide
Hexane, 326-327
HF, see Hydrogen fluoride
High-pressure reactions, 57
High school laboratories, 2, 10, 16, 22
HMPA, see Hexamethylphosphoramide
Homidium bromide, see Ethidium bromide
Horseplay, 82, 230
Hose, see Tubing and hoses
Hot plates, 48, 95, 109, 116
Housekeeping and cleaning, 84, 90, 92, 120-121, 228, 230
solvents, 55-56, 65, 66, 76, 116
waste containers, 150
HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography), 50, 101, 155
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 7, 94, 157
Hydrargyrum, see Mercury
Hydrazine,45, 328-329
Hydrazoic acid, see Sodium azide
Hydrides, 51
Hydrobromic acid, 330-331
Hydrochloric acid,39, 332-333
Hydrocyanic acid, see Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrofluoric acid,40, 88, 338-339
Hydrogen,50, 51, 54, 96, 98, 124, 128, 334-335
Hydrogen arsenide, see Arsine
Hydrogen bromide, 330-331
Hydrogen chloride,36, 37, 102, 332-333
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN),36, 40, 51, 93, 143, 336-337
Hydrogen dioxide, see Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen fluoride (HF), 338-339
Hydrogen peroxide,39, 40, 54, 96, 103, 170, 340-341
Hydrogen selenide, 105
Hydrogen sulfide,36, 96, 342-343
Hydrogenation, 57, 96, 101-102, 127
2-Hydroperoxy-2-methylpropane, see tert-Butyl hydroperoxide
Hydrosulfuric acid, see Hydrogen sulfide
Hydroxides, see Ammonium hydroxide;
Potassium hydroxide;
Sodium hydroxide
Hydroxybenzene, see Phenol
Hypodermics, see Needles and syringes
I
IARC, See International Agency for Research on Cancer
Ice, 60, 121
Ice chests, 82
Ignition sources, 46, 51, 85, 95, 96
electrical equipment, 50, 59, 95, 109, 111, 114-115, 116, 176
Ignition temperature, 48
Impact, 54, 100
Incineration, 6, 55, 147-148, 168-169
multihazardous waste, 6, 7, 151, 153, 155-156, 157, 158
Incompatibility of chemicals, 51-54, 57, 104, 145
information sources, 34, 46
in Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries, 235
and storage, 51, 54, 73, 75, 84 Note: Information about specific chemicals (indicated by boldface) is included in the Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries.
Induction heaters, 59
Induction periods, 57, 86, 97
Industrial hygiene offices, 23, 31, 42-43, 81
Industrial laboratories, 18, 32, 65
Industry, see Industrial laboratories;
Manufacturers and suppliers
Inert materials and gases, 55, 96, 101, 129, 149
cryogens, 57, 129
Infectious agents, 6, 7, 60, 93-94, 151, 156, 157
Inflammability, see Flammability
Information sources, 31-35
flammability, 32, 34, 49, 86, 95
risk assessment, 3, 4, 25, 31-35, 47
toxicity, 31, 33, 34, 35, 236
see also Documentation and record-keeping;
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries;
Material Safety Data Sheets
Infrared radiation, 58, 59, 119, 132
Ingestion, 38-39
protection against, 82-83, 92, 94
Inhalation, 36, 37-38, 39, 40, 42
protection against, 83, 92, 94
Inhibitors, 51, 55, 101
Injection, 39, 83, 94
Injuries, 37, 57, 60, 104, 109, 120,
see also First aid procedures
Inorganic compounds waste treatment, 163-171
Inorganic Syntheses,160
Inspections and audits, 8, 11, 83, 175-177, 228
of experiment plans, 25
pressure devices, 124, 127
safety and emergency equipment, 7, 8, 11, 25, 136, 137
Institutional structures, 15-16, 18, 23-24
Instructors, see Teachers and instructors
Insurance requirements, 72
Interlocks, 91, 126
Intermittent exposure, 36, 37
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 43, 44, 203, 204
International Loss Control Institute (ILCI), 176, 177
Intravenous exposure, see Injection
Inventory and tracking, 4-5, 10, 25, 69-72
and emergency response, 9, 10, 24, 69, 70, 72, 93
toxins, 76, 93
waste, 70, 93, 146
Iodine, 344-345
Iodomethane, see Methyl iodide
Ion exchange resins, 155
Ionizing radiation, 60-61
IRIS, 35
Irritants, 39, 41, 43
eye contact, 38, 39
gastrointestinal, 38
skin contact, 38, 39
Isocyanates, 40,
see also Toluene diisocyanate
Isopropyl alcohol, 50, 129
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J
"Just in time" acquisition, 4, 64, 67
K
Kalium, see Potassium
Kjeldahl reactions, 65
L
Labels and labeling, 25, 68, 70, 71-72, 74, 84, 114, 224, 228-229
bar code, 5, 10, 70
cylinders, 10, 74, 121-122
flammability, 48, 86
pressure vessels, 124, 127
by suppliers, 33, 68, 70, 71
warning, 33, 50, 71, 84, 93, 122
waste, 4, 6, 141, 145, 146
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries (LCSSs), 4, 25, 33, 47, 70, 81, 91, 235-236
information sources for, 235-236
limitations of, 235
preparation of, 34, 47, 235-236 Please also refer to the Laboratory Safety Summaries for specific chemicals (indicated by boldface page numbers in this index).
Laboratory coats, 83-84, 98, 131, 132
Laboratory Environment, The,34
Laboratory hoods, see Fume hoods
Lab Packs, 6, 19, 146, 147, 150
LAH, see Lithium aluminum hydride
Lamps, see Lasers; Light and lighting
Landfills, 6, 19, 141, 146, 147, 208
Lasers, 58-59, 82, 109, 119, 133
Latency and "delayed" toxicity, 36, 37, 39, 40, 45
allergens, 40, 43
Law, see Liability; Litigation and lawsuits; Regulations and legislation
LC, see Lethal dose and lethal concentration values
LCSS, see Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries
LD, see Lethal dose and lethal concentration values
Lead and lead compounds,56, 77, 103, 152, 153, 155, 156, 346-347
Leaks, 123, 125
flammable gases, 51, 88-89, 96
Legal issues, see Liability;
Litigation and lawsuits;
Regulations and legislation
LEL, see Lower explosive limit
Less Is Better: Laboratory Chemical Management for Waste Reduction, 4, 64
Lethal dose (LD) and lethal
concentration (LC) values, 36, 41, 42, 43, 47
"Letters to the Editor" column, 35, 46
Liability, 19-20
Life cycle analysis, 22, 64
Lifting, 109, 121
Light and lighting
explosive hazards, 48, 54, 96, 100
Liquefied gases, 74, 101, 128-130
cryogenic, 57, 58, 60, 74, 97, 101, 120, 128-129, 130
flammability, 51, 101, 128
Liquids
corrosive, 39
disposal, 85, 142, 148, 151
flammable, 46, 96, 191, 219
microscale amounts, 65
oxidants, 50
storage, 75
Liquid scintillation fluid (LSF), 7, 66, 152, 153, 159
Literature reviews, 3, 23, 25, 81, 98
Lithium, 97
Lithium aluminum hydride (LAH),58, 103, 163-164, 348-349
Lithium tetrahydroaluminate, see Lithium aluminum hydride
Litigation and lawsuits, 2, 19-20
Lower explosive limit (LEL), 48-49, 50
Low-level Radioactive Waste Policy Act, 158
Low-valent metal salts, 51
LOX, see Oxygen
Lungs, 37, 39
Lye, see Sodium hydroxide
M
Magnesium, 97
Magnetic fields, 59-60, 120
Maintenance and repair, 26, 85, 109, 111, 112, 125, 175-176, 228
Major hazards, see Hazard evaluation;
Hazard reduction;
Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act;
Hazardous Substance Data Base (HSDB). Note: Information about specific chemicals (indicated by boldface) is included in the Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries.
Male sterility, 40
Manometers, 58
Manufacturers and suppliers, 5, 10-11, 76
labeling by, 33, 68, 70, 71
and Material Safety Data Sheets, 3, 31, 32, 68
reporting, 68, 210
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), 4, 24, 25, 31-32, 33, 34, 47, 68, 70, 81, 210, 224
experimental materials, 72, 211
McLeod gauges, 58
Mechanical shock, 54, 96, 98, 100, 128
Medical certification and surveillance, 33, 91, 92, 136, 221, 223-224, 228
Medical waste, see Biological waste;
Multihazardous waste
MEK, see Methyl ethyl ketone
Melting points, 32
Mental planning and checklists, 3, 22-23
Mercaptans, 161
Mercury, 38, 112-113, 350-351
in meters and gauges, 58, 116
reclamation, 76, 89
spills, 89
waste, 65, 66, 113
Metal alkyls, 95
Metal fires and explosions, 89, 96, 97, 104, 134
Metal halides, 51, 165-166
Metal hydrides, 51, 95, 102, 163-164
Metal hydroxides, 40, 396-397
Metal nitrides, 51, 54
Metal oxides, 37, 51
Methanal, see Formaldehyde
Methane, 40, 96, 128
Methanol, 37, 48, 50, 155, 352-353
Methyl acetone, see Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl alcohol, see Methanol
Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE), 67
Methylene chloride, see Dichloromethane
Methyl chloride, 105
Methyl chloromethyl ether, see Chloromethyl methyl ether
Methyl cyanide, see Acetonitrile
Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), 354-355
Methyl iodide, 356-357
Methyl sulfate, see Dimethyl sulfate
Methyl sulfoxide, see Dimethyl sulfoxide
Methylbenzene, see Toluene
Methylcarbinol, see Ethanol
1-Methylpropyllithium, see Butyllitiums
Met-L-X, 97, 134
Microorganisms, see Biohazards
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Microscale and miniaturized operations, 2, 4, 5, 18, 32, 57, 65, 153
Microwave devices, 59, 119
ovens, 50, 59, 109, 114, 118, 119
Minimization, see Exposure minimization;
Microscale and miniaturized operations;
Source reduction;
Waste minimization
Mixed waste, see Multihazardous waste
Molecular Sieves, 155, 162, 163, 188
Molecular weights, 32
Monitoring and testing, 91, 92, 100, 222
airborne concentrations, 42-43, 92, 228
fume hoods, 180-181
pressure equipment, 124, 127
regulatory compliance, 8, 16, 25
of wastes, 142-143, 144, 149-150
Mouth, 37, 38, 39
MSDS, see Material Safety Data Sheets
Mucous membranes, 37, 94
Multihazardous waste, 5, 6-7, 93, 95, 141, 150-152
autoclaving, 6, 7, 151, 156, 157, 159
chemical-biological, 7, 155-157
chemical-radioactive-biological, 7, 81, 159
chemical-radioactive (mixed), 7, 10, 152-155
commercial disposal, 151, 155, 156, 158
incineration, 6, 7, 151, 153, 155-156, 157, 158
minimization, 7, 67, 151, 152, 153, 157
radioactive-biological, 7, 152, 157-159
recycling, 154
regulations, 6, 7, 10, 151, 153, 156, 157, 159
storage, 154
substitution of materials, 7, 67, 152, 153
treatment, 6-7, 67, 153, 154-155, 159-160
Multimeters, 112
Muriatic acid, see Hydrochloric acid
Mutagenicity, 44
information sources, 33
N
NARM (naturally-occurring or accelerator-produced radioactive material) , 151, 152
National Electrical Code (NEC), 109, 112
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
electrical code, 109, 112, 212
fire hazard ratings, 34, 48, 50, 51
hazard diamond, 50
storage regulations, 74
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 121
National Institutes of Health, 60, 156, 160
National Library of Medicine, 35
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination Systems (NPDES), 201, 207
National Toxicology Program (NTP), 43, 44, 203, 204
Natrium, see Sodium
Natural products, 45
Needles and syringes, 39, 83, 94, 151
disposal, 6, 7, 39, 120, 157, 159
Neurotoxicity, 37, 40-41
Neutralization of waste, 6, 26, 85, 142, 147, 154, 155, 160-161
gas leaks, 89
spills, 88, 149
NFPA, see National Fire Protection Association
Nickel alloys, 124
Nickel carbonyl,58, 358-359
Nitrates, 54, 97, 103, 171
Nitric acid,39, 56, 97, 360-361
Nitrites, 54
Nitrogen, 40, 51, 57, 60, 99, 101, 103, 120, 128, 129
Nitrogen compounds, 54, 96, 103
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2),36, 37, 39, 54, 362-363
Nitrogen peroxide, see Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen triiodide, 54
Nitrosamines, 298-299.
See also Diethylnitrosamine
N-Nitroso compounds, 45, 54, 103
N-Nitrosodiethylamine, see Diethylnitrosamine
NLM, see National Library of Medicine
Noise extremes, 109, 118, 120
Nose, 37, 39
Notebooks, see Documentation and record-keeping
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (U.S. NRC)
radiation exposure limits, 61
waste disposal regulations, 7, 10, 144, 151, 152, 153, 158, 159
Nucleating agents, 56
O
Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards,33
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 204
exposure limits, 8, 32, 42, 91, 199, 203
Hazard Communication Standard, 8, 32, 72, 199, 204-205
Hazardous Energy Standard, 109, 199
Laboratory Standard, 1, 8, 9, 19, 32, 41, 44-45, 72, 198, 199, 202 -205, 219-234
Material Safety Data Sheets, 31
Occupational Exposure to Blood borne Pathogens, 6, 7, 151, 156, 157, 199
Personal Protection Standard, 83, 199
Respiratory Standard, 136
Odor and odor thresholds, 42, 70, 236
Odor. Note: Information about specific chemicals (indicated by boldface) is included in the Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries.
Odorants, 51
Oil baths, 95, 114, 117
Oil of vitriol, see Sulfuric acid
Oily rags, 50
Olfactory fatigue, 42
On-line services, see Computer systems and services
Ordering, see Acquisition of chemicals
Organic compounds waste treatment, 156, 161-163
Organic peroxides, 54-55, 58, 75, 76, 97, 99-101, 162, 221
Organoaluminum compounds, 410-411
Organohalogen compounds, 45
Organometallic compounds, 51, 89, 97, 103
Organotin compounds, 412-413
Orphaned materials, 70, 71
OSHA, see Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Osmic acid, see Osmium tetroxide
Osmium(IV) oxide, see Osmium tetroxide
Osmium tetroxide, 364-365
Outlet receptacles, 109-110
Ovens, 59, 114, 116
microwave, 50, 59, 109, 114, 118, 119
Oxacyclopentane, see Tetrahydrofuran
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Oxidants and oxidation, 40, 46, 50-51, 66, 85, 95, 129, 221
reactivity, 51, 54, 55-56, 75, 97, 100, 104
wastes, 142, 144, 154, 160, 170-171
Oxides, 51
Oxycyclopropane, see Ethylene oxide
Oxygen,46, 48, 51, 96, 101, 103, 129, 366-367
gas (GOX), 366-367
liquid (LOX),51, 57, 101, 128, 366-367
Ozone,37, 103, 368-369
P
Palladium on carbon,58, 96, 103, 370-371
Paracelsus, 36
Paraformaldehyde, see Formaldehyde
Parr bombs, 103
"Particularly hazardous substances",; 41-42, 47, 203-204
Particulates, 56
inhalation of, 37, 38, 136
Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology,34, 47
Pd/C, see Palladium on carbon
Peer inspections, 8, 177
Pentane, 88
Peracetic acid, 372-373
Perchlorates, 54, 55, 58, 96, 103, 374-375
Perchloric acid,55, 75, 95, 97, 103, 170-171, 374-375
Permanganates, 97, 103
Permissible exposure limits (PELs), 42, 47, 203, 204, 222
Perosmic oxide, see Osmium tetroxide
Peroxides and peroxide formation, 56, 67, 84, 96, 97, 102, 103, 162 -163
organic, 54-55, 58, 75, 76, 97, 99-101, 162, 221
Peroxyacetic acid, see Peracetic acid
Personal protective equipment, 26, 43, 90, 93, 98, 128, 131-133, 230
emergencies and spills, 32, 88, 135, 149
see also Clothing and protective apparel;
Gloves and hand protection;
Respirators
Petroleum ether, 88
Phenol,38, 39, 40, 152, 376-377
Phenylamine, see Aniline
Phenylmethane, see Toluene
Phorbol esters, 44
Phosgene,37, 66, 378-379
Phosphate buffer, 35
Phosphine, 105
Phosphorus,39, 50, 103-104, 380-381
Phosphorus pentoxide, 40, 102
Phosphorus trichloride, 104
Physical properties
information sources, 33, 34
in Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries, 33
in Material Safety Data Sheets, 4, 31, 32
of product mixtures, 25
in risk assessment, 25, 42, 90
of wastes, 6, 142 Note: Information about specific chemicals (indicated by boldface) is included in the Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries.
Pipets and pipetting, 82-83, 94, 230
Placenta, 40
Planning, see Chemical Hygiene Plans;
Emergency preparation and response;
Experiment planning
Plasma torches, 160
Plastic equipment, 126
Platinum, 96, 103
Poison, see Toxins and toxicity under headings beginning with "Exposure" in this index
Policy development, 15-16
emergency response planning, 23-24
Pollution control, see Recycling;
Source reduction;
Waste minimization;
Waste treatment methods
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 156, 212
Polymerization, 96, 97, 124
Polyols, 103
Postdoctoral training, 17
Potassium,50, 51, 58, 97, 103, 104, 382-383
Potassium chloride waste disposal, 6
Potassium cyanide, 394-395
Potassium fluoride, 318
Potassium hydrate, see Potassium hydroxide
Potassium hydride,164, 384-385
Potassium hydroxide, 396-397
Potassium iodide, 100
Potassium metals, 58
Potassium permanganate, 55-56, 188
Pregnancy, see Developmental toxicity;
Reproductive toxicity
Premanufacture notification (PMN), 210-211
Preparation, see Emergency preparation and response;
Experiment planning
Presidents of institutions, 15
Pressure bottle, 101
Pressure control, 193
Pressure extremes, 57, 109, 124-128, 175-176
Pressure regulators, 74, 122, 123, 124, 175, 176
Pressure relief devices, 124, 125, 127, 128
Primary school education, 2, 16
Principal investigators, 15, 16, 17-18
and safety violations, 19, 20
Proctor and Hughes' Chemical Hazards of the Workplace,34
Products of incomplete combustion (PICs), 156
Professional standards of conduct, 14, 18, 82
Project managers, 15, 16, 17
2-Propanone, see Acetone
2-Propenal, see Acrolein
2-Propeneamide, see Acrylamide
2-Propenenitrile, see Acrylonitrile
Protection, see Emergency preparation and response;
Personal protective equipment
Prudent Practices ... (earlier editions), 1, 4, 5, 94, 160, 225
Prussic acid, see Hydrogen cyanide
Publicly owned treatment works (POTW), 148, 152, 154
Public notification and outreach, 2, 18, 82, 177, 201, 210
Pull stations, 86, 133
Pulmonary edema, 39
Purchasing systems, 67-68
Putrescible waste, 7, 151, 156, 158
Pyridine,102, 386-387
Pyrolysis, 160
Pyrophorics, 50, 51, 57, 75, 95
Q
Quicksilver, see Mercury
R
Radiation and radioactive materials, 23, 60-61, 67, 94-95, 109, 187 -188
disposal, 6, 7, 10, 94, 95, 151, 152, 157-159
see also Multihazardous waste
Radiofrequency (RF) hazards, 59, 109, 119
Raney nickel, 56, 96, 102, 103
RCRA, see Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
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Reaction Hazard Index (RHI), 46
Reactive systems screening tool, 97
Reactivity, 46, 51-54, 93, 96-104, 144
with human body tissues, 37, 38
information sources, 34, 46
in Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries, 4, 33, 235
in Material Safety Data Sheets, 32
and refrigeration, 75, 76 Note: Information about specific chemicals (indicated by boldface) is included in the Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries.
Receiving rooms and loading areas, 64, 67, 68
Recombinant DNA, 23, 151, 156
Recycling, 2, 6, 9, 19, 26, 65, 76-77, 85, 145, 149
manufacturer and supplier role, 10
multihazardous waste, 154
solvents, 19, 71, 76
Red phosphorus, see Phosphorus
Reducing agents, 51, 54, 55, 75, 97, 100, 104
Reduction of hazards, see Source reduction;
Waste treatment methods
References, see Information sources
Refrigerators and refrigeration, 50, 59, 70, 74, 75, 82, 84, 93, 111, 113-114, 158
flammability hazards, 74, 84, 95, 96, 113-114
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS), 35
Regulations and legislation, 2, 8-10, 15, 16, 19-20, 198-202
compliance monitoring, 8, 16, 25
electrical codes, 109, 112
and experiment planning, 23, 25, 26-27
fines, 6, 8, 19, 147, 198, 201
fire codes, 34, 67, 72, 74
geographic consistency, 9-10
multihazardous waste, 6, 7, 10, 150-160
performance-based, 9
radioactive waste, 6, 7, 10, 151-154, 157-159
shipping and transport, 25, 68-69, 209
state, 8, 204
storage, 25, 67, 72
waste disposal, 5-6, 7, 8-9, 26, 81, 84, 141, 143-145, 146, 205-209
waste treatment, 6, 7, 9, 76, 81, 147, 148, 208
see also Exposure limits;
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Regulators, see Pressure regulators
Relief devices, see Pressure relief devices
Remote operations, 61, 94, 99, 125
Repair, see Maintenance and repair
Reproductively Active Chemicals: A Reference Guide,46
Reproductive toxicity, 36, 40, 41, 44-46, 61, 203, 204, 221
information sources, 33, 34, 46
Research laboratories, 2, 3, 18, 19, 22, 65, 71, 152, 156
Resins, 155
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 6, 8-9, 76, 144, 147 , 152, 160, 198, 199, 205-209
Respiration, see Inhalation; Respirators
Respirators, 26, 92, 93, 94, 135-136, 137, 149, 224
Reuse, see Recycling
Review, see Experiment planning; Literature reviews
Risk assessment, 3-4, 24, 25, 31, 47, 64
emergency response, 25
explosibility, 46, 54-57
flammability, 46, 48-51
information sources, 3, 4, 25, 31-35, 47
physical hazards, 57-60
reactivity, 46, 51-54
toxicity, 41-46, 47, 90-91
waste disposal, 6, 67
Rotary evaporators, 131
Rotating equipment, 109, 120, 176
Route of exposure, see Exposure routes
Rubber buckets, 60, 69
Runaway reactions, 57, 86, 97, 124-125
S
Safety cans, 74, 75, 85, 145
Safety glasses, 26, 43, 81, 92, 98, 119, 132
Safety programs, see Environmental health and safety programs
Safety showers, 84, 86, 87, 89, 92, 135, 136, 137
Salmonella, 94
Salt baths, 95, 114, 117
Sand baths, 95, 114, 117
Sanitary sewers, see Sewer disposal
SARA, see Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials,34, 41
Scale of operation, 2, 19, 22, 23, 25, 32, 44, 66, 86, 160
and explosion hazards, 57, 58, 86, 97, 99
miniaturization, 2, 4, 5, 18, 32, 57, 65, 153
Schools, see Teaching laboratories
Scrubbers, 26, 92, 188
Sebaceous glands, 38
Secondary education, see High school laboratories
Security guards, 86, 91
Seismic activity, 51, 73, 74, 122
Select carcinogens, 41, 43-44, 203-204, 221
Sensitivity of instruments, 2, 65
Sensitizers, see Allergens and allergic reactions
Sewer disposal, 50, 85, 147, 148
hazard reduction, 66
multihazardous waste, 6, 7, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 159
Shaker vessels, 127
Sharing of chemicals, see Transfer and exchange
Sharps, 39, 83, 94
disposal, 6, 7, 39, 83, 120, 148, 151, 157, 159
Shelf life and expiration dates, 4, 25, 70, 75, 93, 99, 100
Shelving, 68, 72, 73
Shipment and transport, 4, 32, 49, 68-69
regulations, 25, 68-69, 209
waste, 146, 209
Shock, see Electrocution and electric shock;
Mechanical shock
Shoes and boots, 32, 132, 149, 230
coverings, 88, 132
Short-term exposure limits (STELs), 34, 42, 47, 203
Sigma-Aldrich Library of Chemical Safety Data, 34, 41
Signs, see Exposure signs and symptoms;
Warning signs and signals
Silane, 105
Silica, 37
Silver and silver compounds,125, 388-389
Silyl halides, 105
Simulation, see Computer simulation
Siphons and siphoning, 83, 230
Skellysolve B, see Hexane
Skin contact and effects, 38, 39, 81, 83, 92, 129
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allergens, 38, 40
cold and cryogenic substances, 128-129
Slips and falls, 60, 109, 120-121
Slot hoods, 190
Smoke detectors, 134
Smoking, 82, 94, 95, 100, 230
Sodium,51, 58, 97, 103, 104, 390-391
Sodium amide, 104
Sodium azide,102, 392-393
Sodium bicarbonate, 88, 134
Sodium borohydride, 164
Sodium cyanide, 36, 37, 394-395
Sodium fluoride, 318
Sodium hydrate, see Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydride,164, 384-385
Sodium hydroxide,39, 396-397
Sodium hypochlorate, 161
Sodium salt, see Sodium azide
Solids
corrosive, 39, 144
disposal, 85, 142
microscale amounts, 65
oxidants, 50
Solubility, 46
in human body, 37, 38
Solvents
airborne concentrations, 38
disposal, 84-85, 146
flammability, 49, 59, 84, 86, 88
incompatibilities, 51, 84-85
minimizing use of, 65, 66, 67
recycling, 19, 71, 76
spills, 88
Source reduction, 4, 18-19, 24, 25, 26, 64-67, 90
in acquisition, 4, 64-65, 153
Speed of operation, 2
Spills and spill control, 19, 87, 88, 92-93, 94, 133, 137
contigency plans, 87
disposal, 87, 88, 141, 149
flammability, 50, 60, 88
in Material Safety Data Sheets, 32
peroxides, 100, 101
Spontaneous combustion, 50, 56, 96
Sprays, see Mists and sprays
Stabilization and stabilizers, 19, 55, 100, 101
Staggered gait, 41
Standards Completion Program, 33
Standards for Protection Against Radiation from Sealed Gamma Sources,
Stannous fluoride, 318
Static electricity, 50, 95, 96, 99, 123-124
Sterility, 40, 59
Still pots, 58, 76
Stirring and mixing, 86, 100, 103
equipment, 50, 59, 95, 99, 109, 110, 111, 114
Stockrooms, see Storage
Stomach, 38, 39
Storage, 4-5, 24, 25, 64, 67, 69, 72-76, 84, 228
compatibility guidelines, 51, 54, 73, 75, 84
and container sizes, 64, 67, 74, 75
difficult-to-reach, 60, 72, 84, 121
flammability hazards, 49, 73, 74, 84, 191
in Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries, 4, 33, 236
in Material Safety Data Sheets, 4, 31, 32, 75
peroxides, 55, 75, 76, 100, 101
regulations, 25, 67, 72
toxins, 76, 93
waste, 6, 84, 145-146, 154 Note: Information about specific chemicals (indicated by boldface) is included in the Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries.
Students, 15, 16, 19, 204
Stuffing boxes, 125
Styrofoam buckets, 131
Substitution of less hazardous
materials, 5, 65, 66-67, 90
multihazardous waste, 7, 67, 152, 153
Sulfides
incompatibilities, 51, 54
wastes, 142, 161
Sulfonyl halides, 161-162
Sulfur, 89
Sulfur dioxide (SO2), 398-399
Sulfur hydride, see Hydrogen sulfide
Sulfur monochloride, 166
Sulfur oxide, see Sulfur dioxide
Sulfuric acid,39, 55, 56, 104, 400-401
Sunlight, 73
Superconducting magnets, 60, 120
Supercritical fluids, 57, 67, 130, 155, 160
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA), 9, 200, 210
Supervision, see Administration and supervision
Suppliers, see Manufacturers and suppliers
Sweat glands, 38
Swern oxidation, 66
Symptoms, see Exposure signs and symptoms
Syringe injection calorimetry (SIC), 97
Syringes, see Needles and syringes
Systemic toxicity, 35, 39, 41
T
TBHP, see tert-Butyl hydroperoxide
TDI, see Toluene diisocyanate
Teachers and instructors, 2, 10, 16, 17
Teaching laboratories
biohazards, 60
and computer simulation, 2, 18
experiment planning, 22, 24
graduate, 2, 16, 17-18, 22
legal issues, 19-20, 204
material reduction and
miniaturization, 18, 57, 65, 66
and Material Safety Data Sheets, 32
recycling and transfer, 71, 76, 77
and source reduction, 18, 19
undergraduate, 2, 16, 17, 22, 24, 57, 76
waste management, 10, 16, 65, 66, 141, 150
Teamwork, 14, 15
Technicians, 15, 17
Technological advances, 2, 4, 18
Teflon, 100, 124, 126, 127
Telephones, 81, 83, 86, 87, 133, 137
Temperature extremes, 57, 109, 126, 127
Teratogens, see Developmental toxicity;
Reproductive toxicity
Testing, see Monitoring and testing
Tetracarbonyl nickel, see Nickel carbonyl
Tetrachloromethane, see Carbon tetrachloride
Tetrahydrofuran (THF),88, 102, 161, 402-403
Tetramethylene acid, see Tetrahydrofuran
TFA, see Trifluoroacetic acid
Thermal analysis, 46, 56, 86, 97
Thermal desorption, 160
Thermal oxidizers, 190
Thermometers, 116
THF, see Tetrahydrofuran
Thiols, 161
Thorium dioxide, 58
Threshold dose, 36
carcinogens, 44
Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. 34
Threshold limit values (TLVs), 33, 34, 42, 47, 203
Throat, 37, 98
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Time weighted average (TWA), 42, 47
TLV, see Threshold limit values
Toluene,67, 71, 100, 404-405
Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 406-407
Toluol, see Toluene
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), 144, 152, 154
Toxicity data, see Toxins and toxicity. Note: Information about specific chemicals (indicated by boldface) is included in the Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries.
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), 9, 200, 210-212
Toxins and toxicity, 3, 41-46, 47, 90-91
information sources, 31, 33, 34, 35, 236
in Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries, 4, 33, 235, 236
in Material Safety Data Sheets, 4, 31, 32
mixtures and combinations, 3, 25, 35-36, 51, 57, 81, 93
reduction of, 65, 90
spills, 88, 92-93
target organs, 35, 39, 41
see also Acute toxicity;
Allergens and allergic reactions;
Asphyxiants;
Carcinogens;
Chronic toxicity;
Corrosives and corrosivity;
Developmental toxicity;
Irritants;
Neurotoxicity;
Reproductive toxicity; and under headings beginning with "Exposure" in this index
TOXLINE, 35
Toxoplasma, 94
Trace metals, 97
Trachea, 37
Training, see Education and training in safety practices
Transfer and exchange of chemicals, 69, 70-71
inventory and tracking, 69, 70, 71
unused and excess material, 65, 67, 69
Transport, see Shipment and transport
Treatment, see Waste treatment methods
Treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDF), 147, 149-150
Trialkyaluminum reagents, see Trimethylaluminum
Tributyltin chloride, see Organotin compounds
Tributyltin hydride, see Organotin compounds
Trichloracetic acid (TCA), 154
Trichloroaluminum, see Aluminum trichloride
Trichloroethylene, 37, 104
Trichloromethane, see Chloroform
Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), 408-409
Trifluoroborane, see Boron trifluoride
Trifluoroethanoic acid, see Trifluoroacetic acid 1, 8, 9-Trihydroxyanthracene , 44
Trimethylalane, see Trimethylaluminum
Trimethylaluminum, 410-411
Trimethyltin chloride, 412-413
Triphosgene
bis(trichloromethyl)carbonate, 66
Trips, 60, 109, 120-121
TSCA, see Toxic Substances Control Act
Tube furnaces, 118, 128
Tuberculosis, 94
Tubing and hoses, 85, 99, 109, 124, 126, 128, 175
TWA, see Time weighted average
Tygon, see, Tubing and hoses
U
UEL, see Upper explosive limit
Ulcers, 39
Ultrasonic equipment, 66, 109, 118-119
Ultraviolet peroxidation, 160
Ultraviolet radiation, 58, 59, 82, 119, 133
Unattended experiments, 25, 86, 91, 127, 176, 230
Underground storage tanks, 209
Universities, see Graduate research laboratories
Unstable materials, 67, 68, 75
Unused and excess material
disposal, 4, 64-65, 67
exchange and transfer, 65, 67, 69
peroxides, 100
storage, 84
Upper explosive limit (UEL), 48-49
Used-chemical stockrooms, 67, 71
V
Vacuum systems and operations, 57-58, 85, 92, 109, 110
explosive hazards, 103, 111, 125, 128, 130-131
pumps, 99, 112-113, 130
spill cleanup, 89
Vapor density. Note: Information about specific chemicals (indicated by boldface) is included in the Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries.
Vapor pressure, 37-38, 46. Note: Information about specific chemicals (indicated by boldface) is included in the Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries.
Vapors, 91, 92
eye protection, 82
flammability, 46, 48, 50, 59, 95-96, 111
inhalation of, 37
releases, 6, 8, 38, 141, 148, 154
Variable autotransformers, 110, 111, 114, 115, 117, 127
Vehicles, 69
Venting and ventilation systems, 3, 8, 26, 38, 51, 81, 94, 191-192, 227,
maintenance, 83, 194-195
pumps, 99, 113
storage, 72, 76, 145, 154, 191
see also Fume hoods
Vials, 59
Vinyl amide, see Acrylamide
Vinyl cyanide, see Acrylonitrile
Visible radiation, 58, 59
Visitors, 82, 98, 132
Vitrification, 160
Volatile substances, 37, 38, 73, 83, 93, 112
W
Warning properties, 42
Warning signs and signals, 26, 68, 88, 89, 91, 93, 99, 125, 229
emergencies and spills, 88, 92
hazard diamond, 50
storage, 74, 75, 76, 113
Waste characterization, 6, 141-143
regulatory definitions, 5, 144-145, 206
Waste disposal, 2, 4, 5-6, 6, 19, 24, 25, 26, 65, 67, 70, 84-85, 93, 229, 230,
accumulation times and amounts, 9, 10, 206
atmospheric releases, 6, 8, 38, 141, 148, 154
central accumulation, 6, 84, 145-146, 150
commingling, 6, 145, 147, 150
containers, 74, 75, 84, 85, 145, 148, 157, 207-208
in Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries, 4, 33
land, 6, 19, 141, 146, 147, 208
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in Material Safety Data Sheets, 31, 32
nonhazardous, 6, 65, 85, 148-149
offsite TSDF, 147, 149-150
peroxides, 55, 100-101, 102
radioactive, 6, 7, 10, 94-95, 150-155, 157-160
records, 6, 141, 146
regulations, 5-6, 7, 8-9, 26, 81, 84, 141, 143-145, 146, 205-209
satellite accumulation, 84, 145, 146, 206-207
sharps, 6, 7, 39, 83, 120, 148, 151, 157, 159
at small institutions, 10, 147, 150
storage, 6, 84, 145-146, 154
surplus material, 4, 64-65, 67
toxins, 93, 144-145
see also Incineration;
Multihazardous waste;
Sewer disposal;
Waste minimization;
Waste treatment methods
Waste minimization, 2, 9, 18, 19, 22, 26, 64, 65-67, 76, 147, 208
multihazardous, 7, 67, 151, 152, 153, 154-155, 157
unused material, 64-65
see also Recycling;
Source reduction
Waste treatment methods, 6, 26, 65, 93, 146-147, 160-171
multihazardous waste, 6-7, 67, 153, 154-155, 159-160
neutralization, 6, 26, 85, 142, 147, 154, 155, 160-161
regulations, 6, 7, 9, 76, 81, 147, 148, 208
Wastewater, see Sewer disposal
Water, 36, 82, 98, 134
Water-cooled equipment, 109
Water gas, see Hydrogen
Water-miscible substances, 85, 148
Water pressure, 81
Water reactivity, 50, 51, 54, 55, 75, 95, 97, 103, 165-166
of wastes, 142, 144
Water solubility
and body tissues, 37, 38, 39
of wastes, 142, 148
Welding gas, see Acetylene
Wet oxidation, 160
White phosphorus, see Phosphorus
Wiring and cables, 110-111, 114-115, 119, 175
Wood alcohol, see Methanol
Work flow, 3, 20, 22, 24
Working alone, 86, 90, 230
X
X-rays and x-ray equipment, 60, 61, 109, 119-120
Xylene, 76
Z
Zirconium, 56, 102
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