Index
A
Advanced Clean/Efficient Power Systems, 2
R&D activities and goals, 3, 6-7, 197, 207
Advanced Clean Fuels program, 2-3
coal cleaning research in, 77
goals, 3
Advanced fuel systems
demonstration projects, 157-158
DOE RD&D activities, 34, 35, 36, 196
opportunities for development, 163-164
Advanced power systems
demonstration projects, 258-262
DOE cost and efficiency projections, 183-186
DOE RD&D program, 34-36
efficiency classifications, 7, 182-183, 186-189
emissions control goals, 145, 189-191
export market, 40-41
gas cleanup technology and, 9-10, 193
potential efficiencies, 144-145
prospects for innovation, 173
pulverized coal, 115-117
R&D funding, 10-11, 34, 43, 195
recommendations, 6-11, 194-195
research goals, 34-36, 113-114, 152, 162-163
solid waste products, 145-146
systems analysis of, 13, 203-204
Advanced Research and Energy Technology, 160-161
Advanced Research and Technology Development
biotechnology research, 166
coal cleaning research in, 77, 78
purpose and structure, 3
Advanced Turbine Systems program, 137
Alkylation coprocessing, 166
Atmospheric fluidized-bed combustion, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124
B
Baseload
definition, 46
projected requirements, 61
Biomass energy production, 52
Bioprocessing research, 166-167
Brayton cycle, 134
C
Capital cost learning curve, 151
emission control technologies, 59, 144-145, 190, 192, 194
emissions goals, 29
global warming concerns, 58, 252-253
international agreements, 58-59
marketability of power generation systems and, 187
recommendations for R&D, 196
Catalysis research, 165-167
Ceramic heat exchangers, 8, 117, 118
advantages, 169
current research activity, 170-171
for EFCC systems, 169
prospects for innovation, 173
Ceramic membranes, 171-172, 173
Chemicals industry, 55-56
coal export potential, 39
new construction for electricity generation, 40
pollution controls, 41
retrofit of power-generating facilities, 40
Clean Coal Technologies RD&D Program Plan, 34
Clean Coal Technology (CCT) program budget, 2
Clean Coal Technologies RD&D Program Plan vs., 34
coal gasification programs, 93
coal-water slurry projects, 81
commercialization activities, 14, 158, 205-206
commercialization goals, 151-152
cost and risk sharing in, 2, 151-152, 156
current status, 2
demonstration projects, 32, 89, 152-155, 157-158, 258-262
EPACT and, 32-33, 235, 238-242
export market, 40
future of, 155-157
international activities, 32-33, 156-157
patent rights, 152
PFBC demonstration, 121
recommendations for, 10-11, 206
technology transfer activities, 238-242
Clean Water Act, 253
Climate Change Action Plan, 29, 82, 83
Coal cleaning
coal liquefaction and, 181
current R&D programs, 77-78, 181
development history, 76-77
as export technology, 78-79
prospects for innovation, 78-79, 181
for pulverized coal power generation systems, 114
purpose of, 75
recommendations regarding, 182
steps in, 75-76
Coal-liquid mixtures
commercial prospects, 81
current R&D programs, 80-81, 181
definition, 7
development history, 79-80
EPACT provisions, 243-244
prospects for innovation, 181
recommendation regarding, 182
Coal-oil mixtures, 79
Coal production
coal cleaning technologies, 75-79
demonstrated reserve base, 3-4, 19, 46
domestic economy and, 39
for industrial use, 54-55
methane release/recovery in, 59n, 59-60, 81-84, 173, 182, 232-233
trends in, 39
Coal refinery concept (cont)
EPACT provisions, 232
Coal research and development
advanced systems research in DOE, 162-163
bioprocessing of coal, 166-167
coal-liquid mixtures, 80-81, 181
coal refinery programs, 109, 111
coalbed methane recovery, 82-83, 181
combustion and gasification systems, 163-164
combustion turbine technology, 137-138
conversion and catalysis, 165-166
determinants of, 23
direct liquefaction, 102, 103-104
DOE budget, 160-161
electric utility regulatory environment and, 42-43
emission control technology, 141, 144, 145-146
federal funding trends, 27-29, 36
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products, 100-102
fluidized-bed combustion, 121-124
gasification technologies, 86-95
integrated gasification combined-cycle systems, 126-127
integrated gasification fuel cell systems, 131-132
international activities, 24-25, 156-157
materials research, 167-172
private sector activities, 23-24
pulverized coal systems, 115-119
Coal-water mixtures/slurries, 79, 80, 81, 181
in direct coal-fired heat engines, 117-118
Coalbed methane recovery, 173, 232-233
commercial prospects, 83-94
current programs, 82-83
opportunity for, 81-82
coal quality for, 40
technological trends, 55
Commercialization
coal cleaning technologies, 78
coal gasification technologies, 87-88, 92-93, 109-110
coal-liquid mixtures, 81
coalbed methane recovery technologies, 83-84
coproducts from coal gasification, 106-107, 111, 197-199, 202
demonstration requirements, 151, 205
efficiency of power generation systems and, 187, 193
as element of Clean Coal Technology program, 14, 28, 32, 34, 205-206
EPACT requirements, 150, 205, 209
fluidized-bed combustion technologies, 121, 122
hydrogen derived from coal gasification process, 96, 110, 197, 202
integrated gasification fuel cell systems, 130
methanol derived from coal gasification, prospects for, 98-100
obstacles to, 150-151
as R&D investment criterion, 195
Coproduction systems, 5, 11-12
coal liquefaction and, 12-13, 200
coal refinery concept and, 201
cogeneration, 106-107
commercial prospects, 111, 202
direct liquefaction and, 108-109
efficiency, 197
EPACT requirements, 209
indirect liquefaction and, 108
projected capacity, 44
regulatory environment, 43
types of, 106
D
Demonstration projects
advanced emission control systems, 153-154
Demonstration projects (cont)
advanced fuel systems, 157-158
Advanced Power System, 152
advanced pulverized coal systems, 155
Clean Coal Technology, 32, 89, 121, 152-155, 157-158, 258-262
in commercialization process, 151, 205
direct coal liquefaction, 202
direct-fired systems, 154
federal funding for, 30
fuel cell technology, 129, 155
indirectly-fired systems, 155
integrated gasification combined-cycle systems, 154
integrated gasification fuel cell power plants, 130, 131-132
international efforts, 156
pressurized fluidized-bed combustion, 121, 154
Depolymerization, 166
Direct liquefaction, 11, 12, 102-105, 108-109, 166, 199-200
DOE. See Energy, Department of
Domestic resource base coal, 3-4, 19, 46
liquid hydrocarbon, 53-54
natural gas, 48
projections, 3-4
E
Economics
capital cost learning curve, 151
carbon dioxide emission control, 145
of Clean Coal Technology program, 151-152, 156
coal liquefaction, 108, 110-111, 202
coal-liquid mixtures, 80
coal pyrolysis, 105-106
coal refinery products, 201
coal transport, 39
computational basis of costs, 2, 2n
cost of fuel in electrical generation, 183
crude oil, 51
demonstration and commercialization, 151,205, 206
direct coal liquefaction, 103, 104, 110-111, 199-200
DOE advanced power system projections, 183-186
electricity generation R&D, 8, 42-43
emission control, 140, 141, 145
energy cost projections, 46-53, 68
heavy oils and bitumen, 54
integrated gasification combined-cycle systems, 125-126, 127
integrated gasification fuel cell systems, 130-131, 132
liquefaction processes, 11-12, 158
liquefied natural gas, 51
methanol production in coal gasification, 99-100
projected natural gas costs, 1, 47-50
projected petroleum costs, 1, 62
pulverized coal power generation, 115
renewable energy production, 52
research costs, recommendations for, 10-11, 195, 206
strategic planning assumptions, 4, 5, 11n, 61
synthetic natural gas, coal-derived, 198
transportation fuels from coal, 35-36, 199
U.S. coal market, trends in, 39-40
Efficiencies
advanced power systems, 7, 8, 9
carbon dioxide emissions and, 59, 190
classification of power generating systems, 7, 182-183
coal cleaning for, 75
coal-fired power plants, 144
combustion turbine technology, 135, 136, 137
coproduction systems, 197
current technologies, 186-189
fluidized-bed combustion, 120, 123, 154, 183
fuel cell technology, 128-129
gasification systems, 90-91, 92, 197
integrated gasification combined-cycle systems, 126, 182, 183
Efficiencies (cont)
integrated gasification fuel cell systems, 130, 182
liquefaction systems, 11
magnetohydrodynamic power generation, 133
natural gas-fired advanced turbine systems, 167
power generation goals, 6, 183-186
projected electricity demand and, 44
prospects for improving, 144-145, 183-186, 192-193
in pulverized coal power generation systems, 114-115, 119, 155, 183
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 24, 43, 76
Electrical power generation
advantages of natural gas, 4
alternative strategic scenarios, 65, 68
coal consumption for, 4, 19, 38, 41
combustion turbine technology, 134-135
emission control goals, 6-7
emission control technology, 138-143
environmental concerns, 60, 61-62
EPACT coal provisions, 231
financial environment, 35-36
fluidized-bed combustion systems, 119-121
fuel cell systems, 128-130
future scenarios, 22-23
global trends, 40
integrated gasification combined-cycle systems for, 124-125
magnetohydrodynamic systems for, 132-133
new technology development, 42-43
non-utility generators, 42, 44
percentage of use of fuel sources for, 19
private sector research and development, 24
projected demand for coal, 46-47, 50
projected demand for liquefied natural gas, 50-51
projected demand for nuclear power, 51-52
projected demand for oil, 51
projected natural gas utilization, 47-50, 61
projected new capacity requirements, 44-46
pulverized coal systems, 114-115, 119, 155, 183
recommendations for DOE R&D, 8-9, 180
regulatory trends, 41-43, 60-62, 254-255
rehabilitation and retrofit for, 40, 46, 50, 123
renewable energy in, 52-53
research and development efforts, 113-114
source of pollutants in, 138, 139
state regulatory trends, 60-61, 254-255
strategic planning assumptions, 4, 5, 61
technology export market, 4, 40-41
See also Advanced power systems;
Coproduction systems
Electromagnetic field exposure, 255
Electrostatic precipitator, 138-139
Emission controls
for acid deposition, 251
in advanced power systems, 8-9, 153-154
air quality standards, 248-251
air toxics, 251-252
alternative strategic scenarios, 65, 68
bioprocessing techniques, 166-167
for carbon dioxide, 59, 144-145, 190, 192, 194
CCT demonstration projects, 153-154
coal-related-technology exports and, 40-41, 62
coalbed methane recovery, 81-84, 173, 181
for combustion turbine emissions, 135, 136
current technology, 56, 57-58, 140-143
development challenges and opportunities, 143-145, 190-191
development needs, 191-192
Emission controls (cont)
DOE R&D, 6-7, 141, 144, 145-146, 189-190
DOE strategic objectives, 189-190, 194
effectiveness, 140-143
electromagnetic field exposure, 255
externality adders, 254-255
flue gas desulfurization, 10, 139, 140, 144, 192
for fuel cell technologies, 128, 129
future of coal use and, 1, 19, 61-62
global warming concerns, 58-59, 62, 252-253
for heavy metals, 144
in integrated gasification combined-cycle systems, 138-139, 141-143, 145, 146
international activities, 24-25, 41
long-term considerations, 190-191
marketability of power generation systems and, 187, 193
membrane materials research, 171-172
for mercury emissions, 144, 190, 252
for noncriteria pollutants, 144, 190
for particulate matter, 249-250
plant siting issues, 254-255
in pressurized fluidized-bed combustion, 138-139, 141, 142-143, 144 , 145, 146
regulatory trends, 56-57, 58-59, 60-61, 62, 189-190, 254-255
salable by-products from, 143, 146
selective catalytic reduction, 140-141
solid waste, 139-140, 143-144, 145-146, 191, 192, 194, 195-196, 254
strategic planning assessment criteria, 70
strategic planning assumptions, 4, 5, 61-62
technical basis, 138-139
water quality standards, 253
See also specific pollutant
Energy, Department of (DOE)
advanced power systems R&D, 7-8, 192-193, 194-195
bioprocessing of coal, research in, 166
budget data, 246-247
Clean Coal Technologies Research, Development, and Demonstration
Program Plan, 34-36
coal catalysis research, 165
coal cleaning R&D, 77-78, 79, 181
coal gasification programs, 93, 95, 106, 201-202, 203
coal liquefaction programs, 12-13, 14-15, 165, 182, 203
coal-liquid mixtures R&D, 80-81, 182
coal program objectives, recommendations for, 5-6, 208, 219
coal program trends, 27-29, 36
coal refinery and coproduction programs, 109, 111,209
coal refinery studies, 201
coalbed methane recovery programs, 82-83, 182
combustion turbine research, 137-138
cross-cutting activities, 25, 34, 36, 160-161, 190
demonstration and commercialization activities, 150, 151, 205-206
direct liquefaction research, 103, 104, 105
efficiency goals for advanced power systems, 183-186
electric utility deregulation and, 42
electrical power generation R&D, 113-114
emission control targets, 6-7, 192
emission control technology research, 141, 144, 145-146, 194
EPACT compliance by, 14-15, 33, 208-219, 225-227
EPACT provisions for, 1, 5, 21-22, 150, 223-225, 228-245
fluidized-bed combustion research, 120, 121, 122, 124
IGCC systems research, 126, 127
information management on coal-related technology, 209, 219, 244
integrated gasification fuel cell research, 131-132
Energy, Department of (DOE) (cont)
magnetohydrodynamics research, 133
mission statement, 33
organizational structure for R&D, 160-161
pulverized coal systems research, 115-119
R&D budget, 160-161
role of, 70-71
role of advanced research in, 162-163
solid waste management R&D, 192, 195-196
strategic planning framework and assessment criteria, 33, 36-37, 64-65, 68-71, 194-195, 223-227
strategic planning horizon, recommendations for, 5, 179-180
systems analysis activities, recommendations for, 13, 205
See also specific programs
Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT), 1, 5, 43, 109
carbon dioxide emissions in, 59
Clean Coal Technology programs and, 32-33, 155-156
on clearinghouse for coal-related technologies, 209, 219, 244
coal provisions, 20, 21-22, 180, 208
coal refinery concept in, 201
coalbed methane recovery requirements, 82, 182
competition in wholesale power market and, 20, 42
demonstration and commercialization requirements, 150, 209
DOE coal activities and, 1, 5, 21-22, 150, 156-157, 223-225
DOE response to, 14-15, 33, 208-219, 225-227
goals, 20
projected electricity demand and, 44
strategic planning recommendations and, 14, 208-219
text of coal section, 228-245
Energy policy trends, 27-29, 41-43
Energy Security Act, 27
Entrained-flow gasification, 86-88, 89, 125
EPACT. See Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT)
European Union, 24-25
Export/import markets, 4
clean coal technology transfer, 238-242
coal-exporting countries, 38-39
coal-importing countries, 39
coal preparation technology, 78-79
coal utilization technology, 40-41, 62
efficiency of power generation systems and, 187, 193
electrical generation technologies, 4, 40-41
EPACT provisions, 156-157, 235-238, 238-242, 244
imported coal costs, 39
projected natural gas, 49
projections for coal, 4
U.S. coal exports, 39-40
Externality adders, 254-255
Externally-fired combined-cycle systems, 7, 115, 117, 155, 169, 170 , 173, 182
F
Fischer-Tropsch process, 11-12, 96, 100-102, 199
Fixed-bed gasification, 86, 88-89
Fluidized-bed processes, 86, 88, 89, 91, 99, 119-121
current programs, 121
current technology, 121
development challenges and opportunities, 122-124, 187
efficiency, 120, 123, 154, 197
Fossil Energy Research and Development (DOE), 2
advanced power system R&D in, 30, 99
advanced research programs, 160-162
See also specific budget categories
Fossil Energy Research and Development (DOE)
demonstration projects, 152, 154, 155, 158-159, 205, 206
gas turbine research, 167
purpose, 2
Fuel cell technology
advantages of, 128-129
demonstration projects, 155
efficiency, 128-129
federal R & D funding, 29n, 30
prospects for development, 188-189
recommendations, 195
technical challenges, 188
See also Integrated gasification fuel cell systems
Future of coal use
advanced power systems and, 7-8
advanced research programs and, 163, 173
alternative strategic scenarios, 65, 68
combustion turbine technology, 138
determinants of, 1, 3, 19-20, 25, 38, 41
DOE and, 21-22
emission control technologies, 146, 190-191
environmental issues in, 56-62
fluidized-bed combustion systems, 124
gasification technology and, recommendation for, 11-13
integrated gasification combined-cycle systems, 126-127
integrated gasification fuel cell systems, 131-132
magnetohydrodynamic power generation, 133-134
planning horizons, 1, 5-6, 22-23, 38, 64, 179-180
projected electricity demand, 43-46
pulverized coal combustion systems, 119
strategic planning assumptions, 3-5, 22-23, 61, 64-65
technological developments needed, 85
G
Gas cleanup technologies, 8
air-blown systems in, 11, 90-91, 92
in coal gasification systems, 89-91, 92, 93, 187
in combustion turbine systems, 136
development needs, 194
for fluidized-bed combustion systems, 123, 187, 194
in gas turbine systems, 168, 171, 183, 188
nitrogen oxide removal, 139, 192
sulfur dioxide removal, 139, 192
Gas turbine technology
advanced systems, research goals for, 167
coal gasification technology and, 168-169, 189
current R&D programs, 2, 137-138
current technology, 8, 134-135, 187
demonstration projects, 154
development challenges and opportunities, 135-137, 168, 188-189
efficiency and projected efficiency, 135, 136, 137, 183, 188
emissions, 135
heat exchanger research, 170
hot gas cleanup systems in, 168, 171, 183
importance of, 167
for integrated gasification combined-cycle systems, 124, 126
materials R&D for, 168-169
metallurgy, 136-137
prospects for, 138, 173, 187-188, 193
technological basis, 134
Gasification systems
challenges to development, 91-93, 163-164
current R&D programs, 34-35, 93-95, 197
current technology, 86-89, 109
development history, 86
Gasification systems (cont)
DOE RD&D activities, 34-35, 197
efficiency, 90-91, 92, 183, 189, 196-197
federal R & D support, 27-28, 197
Fischer-Tropsch process in, 96, 100-102
gas products from, 11, 96, 110, 197-199, 202
for gas turbine use, 168-169, 183, 189
hydrogen production in, 96-97, 197, 202
in IGCC systems performance, 89-91
integrated with fuel cells. See Integrated gasification fuel cell systems
liquid products from synthesis gas, 98-100, 110-111
mild gasification technology, 157-158
nitrogen oxide formation in, 164
private sector research and development, 24
prospects for, 109-110, 173, 193, 196-197, 201-202
recommendations, 9-12, 195, 203
synthetic natural gas production in, 97-98
systems analysis of, 13
See also Integrated gasification combined-cycle
Geothermal energy, 52
Global warming concerns, 58-59, 62, 82, 252-253
Great Plains Gasification Plant, 24, 97
Greenhouse gasses/effects concerns, 58, 252
emission control strategies, 58-60, 252-253
methane as, 82
H
Heat exchanger technology. See Ceramic heat exchangers
High-performance power system, 7, 115, 118, 155, 182
Higher heating value, 2
Hydroelectric power, 52
Hydrogen, coal-derived, 96, 110, 197, 202
I
Independent power producers, 42
Indirect liquefaction, 11-12, 108
Industrial use of coal, 19, 54-55
Integrated gasification advanced-cycle (IGAC) systems, 7, 126, 182 , 187-188
Integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) systems, 6, 7
current R&D programs, 126
current technology, 125
demonstration projects, 154
development challenges and opportunities, 126
economics of, 12, 50, 126, 127
efficiency, 126, 182, 183, 187-188
electrical power system components, 113
emission control technology, 139, 141-143, 145, 146, 192
gas cleanup technologies and, 9-10
gasification technology and, 89-91
process, 124
prospects for, 126-127
R&D funding, 32
recommendations, 9-10, 10, 11-13, 195
Integrated gasification fuel cell (IGFC) systems
current R&D programs, 131
current technology, 129-130
development challenges and opportunities, 8, 130-131
efficiency and projected efficiencies, 7, 9, 130, 182, 183, 188
prospects for, 131-132, 188, 193
See also Fuel cell technology
J
L
Liquefaction of coal
coal catalysis and, 165-166
coal cleaning for, 181
coal pyrolysis and, 105-106
coproduct system, 5
decline in research activity, 165, 199
direct methods, 11, 12, 102-105, 108-109, 166, 199-200, 202
economics, 11-12, 103, 104, 110-111, 158, 196, 199-200, 202
emission controls in production process, 196
in EPACT provisions, 14-15, 234-235
federal R & D support, 27-28
long-term planning, 5
by pyrolysis, 200
R&D needs, 202
strategic planning assumptions, 4
systems, 11-12
for transportation fuels, 35, 202
Liquefied natural gas, 50-51
Low-emission boiler systems, 193
in pulverized coal systems, 115-117, 118, 119, 155
M
Magnetohydrodynamic power generation
current technology, 132-133
development challenges, 133
in EPACT provisions, 234
research, 14, 32, 133-134, 189
technological basis, 132
Materials research, 167
gas turbine systems, 167-169, 173
heat exchangers, 169-171
inorganic membranes, 171-172, 202
thermal barrier coatings, 169
Methane
coalbed release/recovery, 59n, 59-60, 81-84, 173, 181, 182, 232-233
as greenhouse gas, 82
Methanol, coal-derived, 98-100, 198
Molten carbonate fuel cells, 129, 130-131, 193
Morgantown Energy Technology Center, 13, 109, 204
N
National Coal Council, 155, 156, 205-206
National Energy Strategy report, 28
Natural gas
advantages in electrical generation, 4
alternative strategic scenarios, 65, 68
in cogeneration systems, 106-107
EPACT provisions, 297
greenhouse emissions policy and, 29
projections for demand and availability, 47-50, 61
R&D activities, 9
total use of, for energy production, 19
See also Synthetic natural gas
New Source Performance Standards, 7, 189, 248, 249, 250, 254
Nitrogen oxides, 4
from coal combustion, 60
in coal gas-phase chemistry, 164
combustion turbine emissions, 135, 136
development needs for control of, 194
in electrical power generation, 139
emission control technologies, 58, 139, 140-141, 250
environmental regulation, 56, 58
fluidized-bed combustion emissions, 120, 123-124
fuel cell systems emissions, 128
in photochemical ozone, 56n, 250-251
pulverized coal systems emissions, 117
Non-utility generators, 42
O
Oil and petroleum
alternative strategic scenarios, 65, 68
embargo of 1973, 23, 27, 79, 86, 102, 105, 199
projected demand and utilization, 51
total use of, for energy production, 19
Oil embargo of 1973, 23, 27, 79, 86, 102, 105, 199
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 24
Ozone, photochemical, 56, 56n, 250-251
P
Patent rights, 152
Peak load, 46
Petroleum. See Oil and petroleum
Phosphoric acid fuel cell, 129
Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center, 13, 76, 204
Pressurized fluidized-bed combustion (PFBC), 120-121, 122-123, 124
demonstration projects, 154
economic performance, 50
emission control technology, 139, 141, 142-143, 144, 145, 146, 192
funding, 34
future of, 7
gas cleanup technologies and, 10
recommendations, 10
solid waste from, 192
technological status, 8-9
Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act of 1979, 42
Pulverized coal systems
advanced systems in CCT demonstration projects, 155
current R&D programs, 115-118
current technology, 114-115
efficiency and potential efficiency, 114-115, 119, 155, 183
power generation process, 114
prospects for improvement, 119
technical challenges, 118-119
PyGasTM gasification system, 93, 95
Pyrolysis of coal, 105-106, 158
direct liquefaction by, 200
research needs, 164
R
RDD&C programs
advanced research programs, 207
DOE coal programs, 2
EPACT provisions, 228-230
in EPACT provisions for coal, 20
future of coal use and, 19-20
strategic planning scenarios, 64-65, 68-71
systems analysis in, 13, 204-205
Repowering
economic decisionmaking, 50
fluidized-bed combustion systems for, 123
international technology markets, 40
projected electricity capacity and, 46
S
Solar energy, 52
Solid oxide fuel cell, 129
Solid waste management, 5, 139-140, 191, 192, 194, 195-196, 254
Sulfur dioxide, 4
electrical power generation emissions, 139
emission control technologies, 58, 139, 140, 141-142
environmental regulations, 56, 57
fluidized-bed combustion emissions, 123-124
management trends, 248-249
Supercritical steam units, 114-115
Synthetic fuels
private sector research and development, 23-24
Synthetic fuels (cont)
strategic planning assumptions, 4
Synthetic Fuels Corporation, 27
Synthetic natural gas, 11
commercial prospects, 98, 197-198, 202
DOE R&D, 35
recommendations, 203
Systems analysis, 13-14, 203-205
T
Technology transfer, 238-242
Tennessee Eastern syngas-to-chemicals plant, 24
Thermal barrier coatings, 169
THERMIE program, 24-25
Transportation fuels, coal-based
cost estimates, 35-36
direct liquefaction of coal for, 102-103
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products, 100, 199
methanol derived from coal gasification as, 98-99
R&D, 35
U
Utility financing, 35-36
W
Wastewater treatment, coal in, 56
Water quality concerns, 253
Wind energy, 52
World Bank, 41
World coal use, trends in, 1