As a result of activities in grades 5-8, all students should develop

• Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry

• Understandings about scientific inquiry

Students in grades 5-8 should be provided opportunities to engage in full and in partial inquiries. In a full inquiry students begin with a question, design an investigation, gather evidence, formulate an answer to the original question, and communicate the investigative process and results. In partial inquiries, they develop abilities and understanding of selected aspects of the inquiry process. Students might, for instance, describe how they would design an investigation, develop explanations based on scientific information and evidence provided through a classroom activity, or recognize and analyze several alternative explanations for a natural phenomenon presented in a teacher-led demonstration.

Students in grades 5-8 can begin to recognize the relationship between explanation and evidence. They can understand that background knowledge and theories guide the design of investigations, the types of observations made, and the interpretations of data. In turn, the experiments and investigations students conduct become experiences that shape and modify their background knowledge.

With an appropriate curriculum and adequate instruction, middle-school students can develop the skills of investigation and the understanding that scientific inquiry is guided by knowledge, observations, ideas, and questions. Middle-school students might have trouble identifying variables and controlling more than one variable in an experiment. Students also might have difficulties understanding the influence of different variables in an experiment—for

Front Matter (R1-R10)

National Science Education Standards: An Overview (1-10)

1 Introduction (11-18)

2 Principles and Definitions (19-26)

3 Science Teaching Standards (27-54)

4 Standards for Professional Development for Teachers of Science (55-74)

5 Assessment in Science Education (75-102)

6 Science Content Standards (103-208)

7 Science Education Program Standards (209-226)

8 Science Education System Standards (227-242)

Epilogue (243-246)

Appendix (247-253)

Index (254-260)

Credits (261-262)