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INDEX 263
Index
A Babbitt versus Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a
Greater Oregon, 74n
Actinomyx jubatus, 140
Bachman's sparrow, 117, 118, 121
Adaptive management, 105-106
Bachman's warbler, 34
Adaptive variation, 12, 127, 134-135, 143, 184
Background extinction rate, 5, 20, 34, 39
Age structure, 126
Bacteria, 50, 189
Agriculture, 5, 29-30, 39
Balcones Canyonlands HCP, 79
Agriculture, Department of, 19, 73
Bald eagle, 64, 194
Aimophila aestivalis, 117
Bayesian estimation, 158
'Alala, 37
Bears, 28, 29, 33, 62, 64, 194
Aleutian Canada goose, 195
Beavers, 28
Aleuts, 30
Beetles, 48
Allegheny woodrat, 29, 62-63
Behavioral isolation, 59, 62
Alligator mississippiensis, 64
Bering Strait land bridge, 27, 28
American crocodile, 79
Big Cypress, Florida, 64
Ammodramus maritimus nigricens, 126
Biological diversity, 5, 6, 18, 38, 47, 57, 67, 86, 171
Amphibians, 27
and habitat loss, 7, 72-73, 200
Anadromous fishes, 20, 37, 57n, 63, 169-170
see also Genetic diversity and variation
Anasazi, 29
Biological species concept (BSC), 50, 52, 53-54
Angiosperms, 48, 50
Biomes, 95
Aonidiella aurantii, 38
Biosystematics, 53-54
Aphelocoma coerulescens, 63
Birds, 19, 25, 28, 29, 34-35, 39, 47, 55
Arabian oryx, 139
carrion-feeding, 28
Army Corps of Engineers, 200
Hawaiian, 31-32, 35, 199
Asexual reproduction, 50, 53, 54, 126, 142
island extinctions, 30, 31-32, 35, 39
Ash Meadows, 199
and plant dispersal, 32, 35, 39
killifish, 38
see also specific species and subspecies
Asiatic clam, 37
Bison, 28, 29, 102
Asymmetric risk functions, 14, 165, 166-167, 168-170
Biston betularia, 63
Athena cunicularia floridana, 63
use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
Australia, 33-34, 38
B
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INDEX 264
Black Bass Act, 19 Columbia River, 197
Black-capped vireo, 34, 79 Commerce, Department of, 2, 19, 20, 49.
Black-footed ferret, 161, 194 See also National Marine Fisheries Service
Blue-winged warbler (BW), 66 Commercial importance, see Economically important species
Bonneville Power Administration, 197 Conifers, 29, 49
Botanical species concepts, 48-51 Conservation biology, 11, 75, 88-89, 125
Boundaries, 73 Conservation conflicts, 10-11, 111-113, 120-121, 180
Bovid species, 27, 28 Bachman's sparrow and red-cockaded woodpecker, 117,
Brewster's warbler, 66 118, 121
Brown bear, 62, 64 marine mammals and salmonids, 117-120
Brown pelican, 197 northern goshawk and Mexican spotted owl, 113, 114
Bull trout, 21 winter-run chinook salmon and Delta smelt, 113-116
Burden of proof, 167-170, 175 Contingent valuation, 189-190
Burrowing owl, 63 Convention on the International Trade in Endangered
Butterflies, 48 Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES), 47, 49, 154
Cooperative management, 2, 16, 20, 201-202
C Corbiculafluminea, 37
Corridors, 83, 85, 86, 88, 100, 101, 103, 185, 199
California condor, 28, 29, 34, 161, 194
Corvus hawaiiensis, 37
California gnatcatcher, 84-85
Costs and benefits, see Economic impacts
California least tern, 195
Cougars, 100
California red scale, 38
Courtship behavior, 62
California sea lions, 117-120
Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) extinction event, 25-26
Camels, 27, 28
Critical habitat, 1, 2, 7-8, 19, 20, 73-74, 75-77, 179, 185, 198
Captive breeding, 138-140, 158, 161, 170, 186
definition, 19, 149
Capybara, 28
economic impacts, 7, 8, 74, 76-77, 170, 199
Carbon dating, see Radiometric dating
information availability, 75-76
Cardueline finches, 31-32
survival designation, 8, 76-77, 91, 91-92
Carnivores, 64.
Crocodylus acustus, 79
See also specific species
Cultivation, see Agriculture;
Carolina parakeet, 29, 34
Domestication and domesticated species
Carrion-feeding birds, 28
Cycads, 49
Carrying capacity, 128, 129, 132-133
Catastrophes, 96, 104, 105, 131-133
D
Catharanthus roseus, 188
Central Valley Project (CVP), 113-116 Dams, 21, 115
Cerulean warbler, 66 Darwin, Charles, 51
Cetaceans, 150 DDT, 139, 197
Chaco Canyon, 29-30 Dead-end extinction, 24
Channel Islands recovery plans, 199 Decision analysis, 13, 14, 157-175, 200
use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
Cheetahs, 28, 140 articulation of framework, 159
Chendytes lawi, 34 burden of proof, 167-170, 175
Chinook salmon, 113-116 and dispute resolution, 172-173, 175
Cichlid fishes, 38 in federal agencies, 173-174
CITES, see Convention on the International Trade in Endan- types of errors, 14-15, 165-167
gered Species and uncertainty, 12-15, 157, 158, 159-167, 175
Cladistic species concept, 52, 53, 55 using expert opinion, 158, 175
Climate, 71, 95, 96 Declining species, 33, 64-65, 98, 197-198
paleontological, 24-25, 26, 27, 28, 29 Deer, 27, 28, 29
Coachella Valley fringe-toe lizard, 79 Defense, Department of, 73
Coadapted gene complexes, 138 Definitions and terminology
Cohesion species concept, 53 critical habitat, 19, 149
Colaptes auratus subspp., 65-66 in demographic analysis, 127
Colorado River, 38, 105
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INDEX 265
mathematic notation, 128 Elk, 29, 102
and risk assessment, 149 Empetrichthys merriami, 38
taking, 2, 19 Endangered Species Act (ESA), 1, 18
threatened species, 1, 19, 149 conflicts with human objectives, 13-14, 148-149, 170,
see also Species definitions 172-173
Deforestation, 29-30, 39 controversies and criticisms, 1, 2, 13, 14, 18, 21, 149-150,
Deleterious genetic mutation, 128, 133-134, 138 195, 197, 199
Delisting decisions and processes, 21, 81, 150, 156, 161, history, 18-21
174, 196, 197, 199 promoting species recovery, 195-198
Delta smelt, 113-116 protection of ecosystems, 198-200
Demes, 127, 138 reducing extinction risk, 4, 15, 194-195
Demographic analysis, 82, 104-105, 125-130, 132, 136, 142 risk standards, 152-157
information needs, 12, 126, 143, 182-183, 194 species definitions, 5, 46, 47-51, 54, 56, 57, 151
Dendroica cerulea, 66 text, 211-257
Dendroica chrysoparia, 79 uncertainty in decision making, 159-161, 165-167, 179
Density dependence, 127, 129, 130, 132 see also Critical habitat;
Desert tortoise, 84 Delisting decisions and processes;
Desmocerus californicus dimorphus, 48 Listing decisions and systems;
Disease introductions, 5, 29, 37, 38, 40, 138-139 Recovery plans and planning
Dispute resolution, 172-173, 175 Endangered Species Preservation Act, 19, 73
Distinct population segments, 6, 47, 54-55, 56, 62 Environment, see Critical habitat;
in ESA, 1, 5, 19, 46, 48, 56, 57-58, 65n, 67 Environmental variation;
see also Evolutionary units Habitat and ecosystems
Disturbances, 96, 100, 101, 153 Environmental Protection Agency, 116, 200
DNA assays, 60-61 Environmental variation, 80, 96
Dolphins, 150 and demographic stochasticity, 132, 136, 142
Domestication and domesticated species, 29, 138 stochasticity in, 104-105, 130-131, 132
Dreissena polymorpha, 37 Epioblasma, 48
Dusky seaside sparrow, 126 Eriastrum hooveri, 194
Erosion, 29, 30
E Eschrictius robustus, 150
Eskimo curlew, 34
Eagles, 28, 29, 31, 64, 189, 194
Estuaries, see Rivers and estuaries
Eastern woodrat, 62
Eukaryotes, 7, 50, 67
Eastern yellow-shafted flicker, 65-66
Eumatopias stelleri, 117
Ecological theory, 82, 111-112, 125, 171
Evolutionarily significant unit (ESU), 6n, 57n
Economic impacts and analysis, 14, 16-17, 117, 153, 180, 202
Evolutionary species concept (ESC), 52, 53
in critical habitat designation, 7, 8, 74, 76-77, 170, 199
Evolutionary streams and futures, 6, 57n, 67, 95
in recovery planning, 84, 149
and species definitions, 52-53, 54
valuation of rarity, 186-190
Evolutionary units (EUs), 52, 56-58, 67
use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
Economically important species, 5, 47, 48, 71, 188-189
and distinct population segments, 57-58
Ecosystem management, 15-16, 106, 121, 180, 198-200
distinctiveness assessment, 58-65, 67, 181
Ecosystems, see Critical habitat;
and hybrids, 65-67
Ecosystem management;
species definitions, 6, 53, 56-59, 62-67
Habitat and ecosystems
Exotics, see Introduction of nonnative species
Ecotones, 95
Expert opinion, 50, 62, 158, 175
Ectopistes migratorius, 25
Extinction rates, 1, 5, 18, 33-35, 39, 40, 187
Edge effects, 73, 95, 137, 185
Exxon Valdez oil spill, 190
Effective population size, 12, 104, 127, 135, 142-143
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INDEX 266
F Generation times, 77n, 92
Genetic analysis, 48, 51, 58-59, 66, 67, 87
Falco peregrinus, 139
molecular methods, 59, 60-61, 66
Federal agencies
Genetic diversity and variation, 12, 67, 71, 127, 134-135,
actions jeopardizing endangered species, 1-2, 19, 20-21,
142-143, 171, 184
74, 75, 89-91, 149, 195
drift, 60, 127, 135
decision analysis, 173-174
isolation and divergence, 58-59
land acquisition authority, 2, 19, 20, 49, 75, 199
and population bottlenecks, 127, 129, 133
promotion of endangered species conservation, 2, 20,
see also Mutations and mutation rate
199-200
Geographic information systems, 117, 200-201
Federal Endangered Species List, 25, 115.
Geographic ranges and distribution
See also Listing decisions and systems
and climate change, 35
Felis concolor, 64, 100
contractions in North America, 28-29, 33
Ferns, 48, 49, 50
evolutionary units, 57, 67
Fires, 96, 100, 102, 105, 114
isolation, 54, 57, 59, 67, 98
Fish, 55
in recovery plans, 83
introduced species, 37-38
temporal variations in, 101
spawning behavior, 38, 59, 62, 115
Gila trout, 195
see also specific species
Glacial-interglacial cycles, 26, 28, 34
Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)
Global environmental changes, 186
agency consultation, 74
paleoclimatic, 24-25, 26, 27, 28, 29
decision criteria, 150, 151, 171
Glyptodonts, 27
definition of ''harm", 74n
Golden-cheeked warbler, 34, 79
and habitat conservation plans, 79-80
Golden-winged warbler, 66
and management conflicts, 120-121
Gray whale, 150, 197
and plants, 49, 198
Gray wolf, 33, 62
recovery actions, 194-198
Great auk, 34
and recovery planning, 2, 8, 9, 20, 82, 84, 92, 195-198
Greenback cutthroat trout, 195
Fish crow, 29
Grey squirrel, 63
Flickers, 66
Grizzly bear, 33, 62, 194
Floods and flooding, 29, 96
Ground sloths, 28
Florida panther, 64, 195
Guam flycatcher, 25
Flowering plants, 49, 73
Gymnosperms, 48, 50
Food and nutrients, 5, 71, 95, 199
Food webs, 106
H
Forests, 29-30, 39, 118
Habitat and ecosystems, 71-73, 94-97
northern goshawk and Mexican spotted owl, 113, 114
agricultural modification, 5, 29-30, 39
timber harvest, 5, 21, 114, 199
carrying capacity, 128, 129, 132-133
Forest Service, 200
disturbances, 96, 100, 101, 153
Savannah River Site management, 118
use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
in ESA, 7, 71, 73-77, 89-92
Fossil record, 4, 5, 24, 25-26, 27
federal acquisition authority, 2, 19, 20, 49, 75, 199
Fox squirrel, 63
fragmentation, 26, 88, 134, 136-137, 185, 186
Fragmentation of habitat, 26, 88, 134, 136-137, 185, 186
heterogeneity in, 95-96, 97
Freshwater fish and mussels, 33
and metapopulation dynamics, 97, 99-100, 103-105
introduced species, 37
modification construed as taking, 2, 20, 74
Fund for Animals versus Lujan, 121
and nontarget species management, 116-117, 118
Furbish's lousewort, 102-103
patch areas, 86, 89, 95-96, 97, 100, 101, 103-105, 136
Fynbos, 33
and recovery planning, 75, 76, 77, 80-89, 91, 91-92
source-sink dynamics, 97, 98-99, 103-104
G
species listing as means of protecting, 171, 179-180,
Galápagos Islands, 30-31
198-199
Gambusia spp., 63
see also Conservation conflicts;
Gametic mutation rate, 127, 135
Critical habitat;
Gap analysis, 201
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INDEX 267
Ecosystem management; National Biological Service
Environmental variation; International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN),
Forests; 139, 153-155
Habitat conservation plans; International Whaling Commission, 155
Habitat destruction; Introduction of nonnative species, 5, 19, 35, 37-38, 40, 73
Islands; predation losses, 30, 35, 38, 39
Landscapes; to supplement native stock, 137-140, 186
Rivers and estuaries; Invertebrates, 7, 47, 48, 67, 71-72, 105.
Scrub communities; See also Insects;
Survival habitat Mollusks;
Habitat conservation plans (HCPs), 20, 74-75, 78-80, 198-199 names of individual species and species groups
Habitat destruction, 11, 18, 35-37, 38, 40, 96, 139 Islands, 39, 72
and biological diversity, 7, 72-73, 200 background extinction rate, 20
reconstruction, 16, 185-186, 201 bird extinctions, 30, 31-32, 35, 39
Harm, 74n, 94-95 conservation and restoration programs, 33, 39
Harvest, 78, 139 introduced species, 30, 37, 38
Hatcheries, 137, 138-139 prehistoric human activity on, 30-32, 39
Hawaiian crow, 37, 38, 158 Isolation and isolates, 52, 86
Hawaiian honeycreepers, 31-32 behavioral, 59, 62
Heterozygous inheritance, 127, 133 genetic, 58-59
Histochemical stains, 60 geographic, 54, 57, 59, 67, 98
Holocene period, 26 reproductive, 51, 54, 57n, 58, 59, 62, 67
Homozygous inheritance, 127, 133 temporal, 54, 59
Hoover's woolly-star, 194 Isozyme analysis, 59, 60
Horses, 27, 28 Ivory-billed woodpecker, 29, 34
Hunting, 5, 64, 73, 112, 139
K
by early humans, 27-28, 29, 30
Hybrids and hybridization Key Largo cottonmouse, 79
among Florida panthers, 64 Key Largo woodrat, 79
and evolutionary units, 65-67 Killifish, 38
of introduced and endemic salmonids, 37 Kokanee, 169
outbreeding depression, 127, 138
of plants, 50, 65 L
Hypothesis testing, see Statistical tests Labrador duck, 34
Lacey Act, 18-19
I Lakes, 39, 180
Ice age, see Glacial-interglacial cycles Land Management, Bureau of, 200
Impoundments, 38, 115 Landscapes, 39, 73, 86, 96, 97
Inbreeding, 51, 127, 136 Lates nilotica, 38
use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
Incidental taking, 20, 75, 78, 79n, 80 Lawrence's warbler, 66
Information availability and requirements, 157, 182-183 Laws and regulations
and critical habitat designation, 75-76 early, 18-19
for decision analysis, 172-173, 175 and evolutionary unit concept, 7, 57
for habitat conservation plans, 79-80 hunting, 64, 139
and listing decisions, 75, 150, 151, 161 introduction of nonnative species, 38, 40
minimum viable population sizes, 82, 143, 183 on taking, 2, 20, 75, 78
population demographics and dynamics, 12, 126, 143, on trade and import, 19, 73
182-183, 194 see also Endangered Species Act
for recovery planning, 8, 81-82, 83, 86, 92 Least Bell's vireo, 195
systematics, 71-72, 183 Lichens, 49, 50
Insects, 25, 46n Life cycles and histories, 100-101, 140, 155, 160
Interaction networks, 71, 106, 111-112, 120, 121, 199 Listing decisions and systems, 19, 20, 81, 148-151, 156-157,
Interbreeding ability, 5, 46, 52, 53, 54, 58-59, 127 169, 170-171, 188
Interior, Department of the, 2, 19, 20, 48-49, 73, asymmetric risk functions, 14, 168-170
see also Fish and Wildlife Service;
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INDEX 268
FWS, 150, 151, 171, 196 time to extinction, 12, 126n, 129, 132, 142
information needs, 75, 150, 151, 161 Molecular genetic analysis, 59, 60-61, 66
IUCN system, 153-155 Mollusks, 48
as means of protecting habitat, 171, 179-180, 198-199 Monitoring activity, 80, 83, 86, 105-106, 161, 195
risk standards, 13, 153-155, 156-157 Montane red-shafted flicker, 65-66
Smithsonian plant report, 48-49 Moose, 28, 29
upgrading from endangered, 13, 21, 81, 150, 197 Morphological attributes, 48, 51, 54, 57, 59, 67
withdrawal of proposals, 49 Mosaics, 11, 73, 96, 99, 101, 112, 120, 121
see also Delisting decisions and processes; Mosquitofish, 63
Federal Endangered Species List Mountain lion, 33
Long-billed curlew, 29 Multiple-species planning, 11, 85-87, 120-121, 198, 199
Mustela macrodon, 25
M Mutations and mutation rate, 60, 61, 127, 135, 138
deleterious, 128, 133-134, 138
Mace-Lande criteria, 152, 154
Mylagra freycineti, 25
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 64
Malheur wire lettuce, 51
N
Mammals, 33-34, 47
Galápagos extinctions, 30 National Biological Service (NBS), 121, 183
prehistoric, 25, 27-28 National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)
Mammoths, 28 agency consultation, 74
Marine invertebrates, 4, 25, 71 decision criteria, 169-170, 171
Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), 19, 120 evolutionarily significant unit, 6n, 57n, 63
Marine mammals, 19, 35 and management conflicts, 121
and salmonids, 117-120 and plants, 49
Marks, see Morphological attributes; and recovery planning, 2, 20, 195
Tagging and marking National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 190
Mastodon, 28 National Park Service, 199-200
Maui-Molokai, 199 National Wildlife Refuge system, 195
Melanism, 63 Natural Community Conservation Program
Meleagris crassipes, 34 (NCCP), 80, 84-89
Metapopulation dynamics and structure, 57-58, 59, 97, Natural Resources Conservation Service, 200
99-100, 103-105 Natural selection theory, 51
modeling, 80, 82, 100, 103-104, 155 Neotoma floridana and subspp., 62, 79
Mexican spotted owl, 113, 114 Neotoma magister, 62-63
Micronesia, 31, 32 New Jersey Pine Lands, 111-112
Migration, 59, 60, 96-97, 98-99, 115, 134, 136 Nile perch, 38
Migratory Bird Conservation Act, 19 Nonnative species, see Introduction of nonnative species
Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 19 Nontarget species management, 116-117, 118
Minimum viable population (MVP), 82, 140, 143, 152, 183 Non-use value, 189-190
use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
Mission blue butterfly, 78-79 North America
Mississippi kite, 29 early human activity in, 27-30
Mixed management plans, 16, 201 extinction rates, 33, 34-35
Mobile animal populations (MAP) model, 102, 117, 118 introduced mammal species, 37
Models and modeling, 10, 125, 174 prehistoric extinction event, 25, 27-28
limitations of, 117, 155, 182 species-area relationships, 72
mathematic notation in, 128 Northeastern beach tiger beetle, 48
metapopulation dynamics, 80, 82, 100, 103-104, 155 Northern goshawk, 113, 114
mobile animal populations (MAP), 102, 117, 118 Northern spotted owl, 21, 74n, 84, 102, 140, 161, 199
spatially explicit, 100-103 North Key Largo HCP, 79
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INDEX 269
O Pleistocene-Holocene (P-H) extinction event, 25-26, 27-28
overkill theory, 28
Office of Endangered Species, 188, 194
Political boundaries, 58, 64-65, 86
Oil spills, 190
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods, 61
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, 59
Population biology, 52, 61, 102
Oncorhynchus mykiss, 119
Population bottlenecks, 127, 129, 133
Oncorhynchus nerka, 169-170
Population genetics, 11, 12, 53, 66-67, 125, 142-143
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, 48
analysis methods, 60, 61, 166
Orange-throated whiptail lizard, 85
Population growth and growth rate, 125-126, 128, 129, 132
Oregon silver-spot butterfly, 48, 195
Population surveys, 61, 87
Outbreeding depression, 127, 138
Population viability analysis (PVA), 80, 82, 86-87, 104-105,
Overexploitation, 35, 40
141, 154, 173, 200
Porpoises, 150
P
Prairie dog, 195
Pacific Islands, 31-32, 33
Prairies, 39
Pacific Northwest, 21, 102
Precautionary principle, 169
Pacific salmon, 21, 138
Predation losses
Palau dove, 197
cichlid fishes, 38
Palau flycatcher, 197
by introduced animals, 30, 35, 38, 39
Palau owl, 197
resulting from management conflicts, 114, 115, 116
Paleoenvironmental conditions, 24-25, 26
see also Hunting
North America, 27, 28, 29
Prehistoric extinction events, 4-5, 24-33, 39
Passenger pigeon, 25, 34, 35
Prey species, 95
Patch areas, 86, 89, 95-96, 97, 100, 101, 103-105, 136
Private lands, 9-10, 92, 149, 174, 196
Pearly mussel, 48
and extinction risk standards, 157
Peccaries, 28
habitat modification on, 74-75, 78-80, 90-91
Pedicularis furbishiae, 102-103
Prokaryotes, 7, 50, 67
Pepper moth, 63
Pronghorn antelope, 28
Percina tanasi, 197
Proteins, 59, 60, 61
Peregrine falcon, 139, 194
Public lands, 10, 19, 78, 89-91, 92, 149, 157, 174
Permian-Triassic (P-T) extinction event, 25-26
and critical habitat, 1-2, 19, 20, 74, 75-77
Permits
Puerto Rican parrot, 195
incidental take, 20, 78, 79n, 80
Pumas, 29
researcher takes, 20
see also Habitat Conservation Plans
Q
Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola, 79
Qualitative analysis, 13, 152, 173
Pesticides, 29
Quantitative analysis, 12, 13, 152-153, 154, 173-174
Phylogenetics, 52, 53, 54-55, 171
Picoides borealis, 117
R
Pink salmon, 59
use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
Raccoons, 63
Piping plover, 195
Radiometric dating, 24, 25-26
Pitcher plants, 50-51
Random variations and stochasticity, 12, 127, 142
Plants, 9, 25, 29, 47, 48, 89-90, 92, 194, 198
demographic, 132, 136, 142
and climate change, 26, 27, 35
environmental, 104-105, 130-131, 132
dispersal by birds, 32, 35, 39
RAPD analysis, 61
extinction rates, 33
Ravens, 29
introduced and exotic species, 37, 39
Razorback chub, 91, 105
and land acquisition, 49
Reclamation, Bureau of, 200
species definitions, 47, 48-51
Recognition species concept, 52, 53
subspecies and varieties, 7, 49-50, 67
Recolonization, 101, 128, 136
systematics, 50-51, 53-54, 72
Recovery plans and planning, 2, 8-9, 19-20, 120, 195-198
taking of, 2n, 20, 49, 75, 78-79
costs and funding, 2, 20, 80-81, 82, 83-84, 195, 197
see also specific species
Plebejus icarioides missionensis
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INDEX 270
goals and criteria, 2, 9, 10, 20, 80-81, 171, 195-196 San Joaquin Valley, 80, 194, 199
information needs, 8, 81-82, 83, 86, 92 Sarracenia rubra, 50-51
under Natural Community Conservation Program (NCCP), Savannah River Site (SRS), 118
84-89 Sciurus, spp., 63
and survival probability, 10, 81, 91, 92 Scrub communities, 72, 80, 84-89
timetables, 2, 8, 20, 81, 82, 195 Scrub jay, 63, 141
Red-cockaded woodpecker, 34, 117, 118, 121 Sea-level changes, 24, 26, 27
Red wolf, 195 Sea lions, 117-120
Sea mink, 25
Refuge, see Shelter and refuge
Reintroduction programs, 139-140, 161 Sea otters, 30, 194
Reproductive isolation, 51, 54, 57n, 58, 59, 62, 67 Sea turtles, 21, 140, 160
Reptiles, 25, 27, 30 Sex ratio, 126, 130
Research Shelter and refuge, 5, 95, 101, 199
Sink areas, 97, 98-99, 103-104
conservation planning, 80, 82, 86-87
taking permits, 20 Small whorled pagonia, 195
Rice rat, 29 Smithsonian Institution, 48-49
Riparian areas, see Rivers and estuaries Snail darter, 21, 197
Risk estimation, 80, 124-125 Snake River, 199
sockeye salmon, 169-170
of cumulative effects, 155-156, 168
in ESA decision-making, 11-12, 142, 148-149, 174-175 Soil organisms, 71, 189
limitations, 141-142, 155-156, 181-182 Soils and soil chemistry, 5, 29, 39, 95
and sources of risk, 11-12, 125-141 Source areas, 97, 98-99, 103
time to extinction, 12, 128, 129, 132, 140-141, 152-153 Southwestern gilded flicker, 65, 66
Spatially explicit models, 100-103
Risk factors, see Catastrophes;
Deleterious genetic mutation; Species-area relationship, 72
Fragmentation of habitat; Species definitions
Habitat destruction; concepts, 5, 51-54
Supplementation with nonnative stock in ESA, 5, 46, 47-51, 54, 56, 57, 151
evolutionary units, 6, 53, 56-59, 62-67
Risk standards, 10, 152-153, 174-175
and land ownership, 9, 13, 157 invertebrates, 47, 48
listing decisions and systems, 13, 153-155, 156-157 plants, 47, 48-51
for recovery and delisting, 13, 149, 150, 156, 174 subspecies and varieties, 46, 47, 49, 54-55, 56, 57
for threatened status, 156 vertebrates, 47-48, 55
Speyeria zerene hippolyta, 48
Rivers and estuaries, 29, 30, 113-116
RNA assays, 60 Stable populations, 33, 197-198
Rosy periwinkle, 188 States
Rydberg milk-vetch, 197 laws on taking, 2n, 20, 75
and recovery activities, 195
S State Water Project (SWP), 115, 116
Statistical tests, 162-164
use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
Sabertooths, 28
types of errors, 162, 164, 165-167, 168
Sacramento River system, 84
Steelhead trout, 119, 120
chinook salmon and delta smelt conflicts, 113-116
Steller's sea lions, 117, 119
Sage-scrub communities, 72, 84-89
Stephanomeria subspp., 51
Salmonids, 21, 37, 48, 57n, 58, 59, 63, 113-116, 137,
Striped bass, 114, 115, 116
138-139, 169-170, 197
Subjective probabilities, 158
and marine mammals, 117-120
Subspecies and varieties, 71
Sampling programs, 86
definitions, 46, 47, 49, 54-55, 56, 57
San Bernadino Mountains, 102
protection under ESA, 1, 5, 6-7, 19, 46, 48, 49-50, 57, 67
San Bruno Mountain HCP model, 78-79
Successional habitats, 101, 118
Sandhill crane, 29
Suisun Bay, 115, 116
San Gabriel Mountains, 102
Supplementation with nonnative stock, 137-140, 186
San Joaquin River, 84, 113, 115, 116
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INDEX 271
Supreme Court cases Uma inornata, 79
habitat modification and taking, 2, 20, 74n Umbrella species, 171
snail darter ruling, 21 Uncertainty
Survival habitat, 8, 76-77, 91, 91-92 and decision analysis, 12-15, 157, 158, 159-167, 175
Survival probability, 10, 81, 91, 92 in demographic analysis, 82, 104
Swallow-tail kite, 29 in ESA decision making, 159-161, 165-167, 179
Systematics and systematicists, 6, 51-52, 55, 57, 66-67 in genetic diversity, 104, 184
and biological species concept, 50, 53-54 in valuation of rarity, 186-190
genetic analysis methods, 60, 61 Unclassified organisms, 71-72
information needs, 71-72, 183 Ursus horribilis, 64
plants, 50-51, 53-54, 72
V
unclassified organisms, 71-72
Valley elderberry longhorn, 48
T Valuation of rarity, 186-190
Tagging and marking, 59 Vermivora chrysoptera, 66
Taking, 1, 2, 19, 20, 75, 78, 149, 195 Vermivora pinus, 66
habitat modification construed as, 2, 20, 74 Vertebrates, 47, 71, 126
see also Birds;
incidental, 20, 75, 78, 79n, 80
of marine mammals, 19 Fish;
Mammals;
of plants, 2n, 20, 49, 75
of threatened species, 20, 78 Reptiles;
see also Harvest; and specific species
distinct population segments, 1, 5, 19, 46, 47-48, 55, 65n
Hunting
Tapirs, 28 early human impacts on, 27, 28-29, 30
introduced species, 38
Taxonomic extinction, 24
Tellico Dam, 21 island extinctions, 30-31
Temperature, 26, 38, 95 species definitions, 47-48, 55
Vireo antricapillus, 79
Terminology, see Definitions and terminology;
Species definitions Virginia big-eared bat, 195
Thelypteris pilosa, 50
W
Threatened species
defined in ESA, 1, 19, 149 Water projects, 113-116
taking of, 20, 78 Water supply, 29, 30, 39, 199
upgrading from endangered, 13, 21, 81, 150, 197 Western red-shafted flicker, 65
Tigers, 170 Whales, 35, 150, 155
Timber harvest, 5, 114 White-tailed deer, 112
and northern spotted owl, 21, 199 Whooping crane, 29, 34, 189, 194
Time and temporal variation, 95, 96-97, 153 Windstorms, 96, 100
in extinction models, 12, 126n, 129, 132, 142 Winter-run chinook salmon, 48, 58, 113-116
use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
long-term impact evaluation, 10, 13, 39-40, 76, 91,
152-153, 174-175, 181 Y
short-term survival, 13, 77, 91, 153 Yeasts, 7, 50, 67
in speciation, 52, 59 Yellowstone National Park, 102
species isolation in, 54, 59
Time-series data, 82, 86, 194 Z
Topography, 95, 96
Zalophus californianus, 117
Trade and trading, 19, 29, 73
Zebra mussel, 37
Tropical areas, 26, 71
Zoological species concepts, 47-48, 53
Trumpeter swan, 29
Zoos, 140, 170
Turkeys, 34, 39U
U
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OTHER RECENT REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY 272
OTHER RECENT REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY
Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries (1995)
Biologic Markers in Urinary Toxicology (1995)
Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (three reports, 1994-1995)
Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994)
Ranking Hazardous Sites for Remedial Action (1994)
Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993)
Issues in Risk Assessment (1993)
Setting Priorities for Land Conservation (1993)
Protecting Visibility in National Parks and Wilderness Areas (1993)
Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology (1992)
Dolphins and the Tuna Industry (1992) Environmental Neurotoxicology (1992)
Hazardous Materials on the Public Lands (1992)
Science and the National Parks (1992)
Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards (1991)
Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program, Volumes I-IV (1991-1993)
Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants (1991)
Monitoring Human Tissues for Toxic Substances (1991)
Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution (1991)
Decline of the Sea Turtles (1990)
Tracking Toxic Substances at Industrial Facilities (1990)
Biologic Markers in Pulmonary Toxicology (1989)
Biologic Markers in Reproductive Toxicology (1989)
Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academy Press
(800) 624-6242
(202) 334-3313
use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.
