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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Science and the Endangered Species Act. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4978.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Science and the Endangered Species Act. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4978.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Science and the Endangered Species Act. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4978.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Science and the Endangered Species Act. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4978.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Science and the Endangered Species Act. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4978.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Science and the Endangered Species Act. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4978.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Science and the Endangered Species Act. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4978.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Science and the Endangered Species Act. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4978.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Science and the Endangered Species Act. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4978.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Science and the Endangered Species Act. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4978.
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About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please INDEX 263 Index A Babbitt versus Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Greater Oregon, 74n Actinomyx jubatus, 140 Bachman's sparrow, 117, 118, 121 Adaptive management, 105-106 Bachman's warbler, 34 Adaptive variation, 12, 127, 134-135, 143, 184 Background extinction rate, 5, 20, 34, 39 Age structure, 126 Bacteria, 50, 189 Agriculture, 5, 29-30, 39 Balcones Canyonlands HCP, 79 Agriculture, Department of, 19, 73 Bald eagle, 64, 194 Aimophila aestivalis, 117 Bayesian estimation, 158 'Alala, 37 Bears, 28, 29, 33, 62, 64, 194 Aleutian Canada goose, 195 Beavers, 28 Aleuts, 30 Beetles, 48 Allegheny woodrat, 29, 62-63 Behavioral isolation, 59, 62 Alligator mississippiensis, 64 Bering Strait land bridge, 27, 28 American crocodile, 79 Big Cypress, Florida, 64 Ammodramus maritimus nigricens, 126 Biological diversity, 5, 6, 18, 38, 47, 57, 67, 86, 171 Amphibians, 27 and habitat loss, 7, 72-73, 200 Anadromous fishes, 20, 37, 57n, 63, 169-170 see also Genetic diversity and variation Anasazi, 29 Biological species concept (BSC), 50, 52, 53-54 Angiosperms, 48, 50 Biomes, 95 Aonidiella aurantii, 38 Biosystematics, 53-54 Aphelocoma coerulescens, 63 Birds, 19, 25, 28, 29, 34-35, 39, 47, 55 Arabian oryx, 139 carrion-feeding, 28 Army Corps of Engineers, 200 Hawaiian, 31-32, 35, 199 Asexual reproduction, 50, 53, 54, 126, 142 island extinctions, 30, 31-32, 35, 39 Ash Meadows, 199 and plant dispersal, 32, 35, 39 killifish, 38 see also specific species and subspecies Asiatic clam, 37 Bison, 28, 29, 102 Asymmetric risk functions, 14, 165, 166-167, 168-170 Biston betularia, 63 Athena cunicularia floridana, 63 use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Australia, 33-34, 38 B

About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please INDEX 264 Black Bass Act, 19 Columbia River, 197 Black-capped vireo, 34, 79 Commerce, Department of, 2, 19, 20, 49. Black-footed ferret, 161, 194 See also National Marine Fisheries Service Blue-winged warbler (BW), 66 Commercial importance, see Economically important species Bonneville Power Administration, 197 Conifers, 29, 49 Botanical species concepts, 48-51 Conservation biology, 11, 75, 88-89, 125 Boundaries, 73 Conservation conflicts, 10-11, 111-113, 120-121, 180 Bovid species, 27, 28 Bachman's sparrow and red-cockaded woodpecker, 117, Brewster's warbler, 66 118, 121 Brown bear, 62, 64 marine mammals and salmonids, 117-120 Brown pelican, 197 northern goshawk and Mexican spotted owl, 113, 114 Bull trout, 21 winter-run chinook salmon and Delta smelt, 113-116 Burden of proof, 167-170, 175 Contingent valuation, 189-190 Burrowing owl, 63 Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Butterflies, 48 Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES), 47, 49, 154 Cooperative management, 2, 16, 20, 201-202 C Corbiculafluminea, 37 Corridors, 83, 85, 86, 88, 100, 101, 103, 185, 199 California condor, 28, 29, 34, 161, 194 Corvus hawaiiensis, 37 California gnatcatcher, 84-85 Costs and benefits, see Economic impacts California least tern, 195 Cougars, 100 California red scale, 38 Courtship behavior, 62 California sea lions, 117-120 Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) extinction event, 25-26 Camels, 27, 28 Critical habitat, 1, 2, 7-8, 19, 20, 73-74, 75-77, 179, 185, 198 Captive breeding, 138-140, 158, 161, 170, 186 definition, 19, 149 Capybara, 28 economic impacts, 7, 8, 74, 76-77, 170, 199 Carbon dating, see Radiometric dating information availability, 75-76 Cardueline finches, 31-32 survival designation, 8, 76-77, 91, 91-92 Carnivores, 64. Crocodylus acustus, 79 See also specific species Cultivation, see Agriculture; Carolina parakeet, 29, 34 Domestication and domesticated species Carrion-feeding birds, 28 Cycads, 49 Carrying capacity, 128, 129, 132-133 Catastrophes, 96, 104, 105, 131-133 D Catharanthus roseus, 188 Central Valley Project (CVP), 113-116 Dams, 21, 115 Cerulean warbler, 66 Darwin, Charles, 51 Cetaceans, 150 DDT, 139, 197 Chaco Canyon, 29-30 Dead-end extinction, 24 Channel Islands recovery plans, 199 Decision analysis, 13, 14, 157-175, 200 use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Cheetahs, 28, 140 articulation of framework, 159 Chendytes lawi, 34 burden of proof, 167-170, 175 Chinook salmon, 113-116 and dispute resolution, 172-173, 175 Cichlid fishes, 38 in federal agencies, 173-174 CITES, see Convention on the International Trade in Endan- types of errors, 14-15, 165-167 gered Species and uncertainty, 12-15, 157, 158, 159-167, 175 Cladistic species concept, 52, 53, 55 using expert opinion, 158, 175 Climate, 71, 95, 96 Declining species, 33, 64-65, 98, 197-198 paleontological, 24-25, 26, 27, 28, 29 Deer, 27, 28, 29 Coachella Valley fringe-toe lizard, 79 Defense, Department of, 73 Coadapted gene complexes, 138 Definitions and terminology Cohesion species concept, 53 critical habitat, 19, 149 Colaptes auratus subspp., 65-66 in demographic analysis, 127 Colorado River, 38, 105

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About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please INDEX 266 F Generation times, 77n, 92 Genetic analysis, 48, 51, 58-59, 66, 67, 87 Falco peregrinus, 139 molecular methods, 59, 60-61, 66 Federal agencies Genetic diversity and variation, 12, 67, 71, 127, 134-135, actions jeopardizing endangered species, 1-2, 19, 20-21, 142-143, 171, 184 74, 75, 89-91, 149, 195 drift, 60, 127, 135 decision analysis, 173-174 isolation and divergence, 58-59 land acquisition authority, 2, 19, 20, 49, 75, 199 and population bottlenecks, 127, 129, 133 promotion of endangered species conservation, 2, 20, see also Mutations and mutation rate 199-200 Geographic information systems, 117, 200-201 Federal Endangered Species List, 25, 115. Geographic ranges and distribution See also Listing decisions and systems and climate change, 35 Felis concolor, 64, 100 contractions in North America, 28-29, 33 Ferns, 48, 49, 50 evolutionary units, 57, 67 Fires, 96, 100, 102, 105, 114 isolation, 54, 57, 59, 67, 98 Fish, 55 in recovery plans, 83 introduced species, 37-38 temporal variations in, 101 spawning behavior, 38, 59, 62, 115 Gila trout, 195 see also specific species Glacial-interglacial cycles, 26, 28, 34 Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) Global environmental changes, 186 agency consultation, 74 paleoclimatic, 24-25, 26, 27, 28, 29 decision criteria, 150, 151, 171 Glyptodonts, 27 definition of ''harm", 74n Golden-cheeked warbler, 34, 79 and habitat conservation plans, 79-80 Golden-winged warbler, 66 and management conflicts, 120-121 Gray whale, 150, 197 and plants, 49, 198 Gray wolf, 33, 62 recovery actions, 194-198 Great auk, 34 and recovery planning, 2, 8, 9, 20, 82, 84, 92, 195-198 Greenback cutthroat trout, 195 Fish crow, 29 Grey squirrel, 63 Flickers, 66 Grizzly bear, 33, 62, 194 Floods and flooding, 29, 96 Ground sloths, 28 Florida panther, 64, 195 Guam flycatcher, 25 Flowering plants, 49, 73 Gymnosperms, 48, 50 Food and nutrients, 5, 71, 95, 199 Food webs, 106 H Forests, 29-30, 39, 118 Habitat and ecosystems, 71-73, 94-97 northern goshawk and Mexican spotted owl, 113, 114 agricultural modification, 5, 29-30, 39 timber harvest, 5, 21, 114, 199 carrying capacity, 128, 129, 132-133 Forest Service, 200 disturbances, 96, 100, 101, 153 Savannah River Site management, 118 use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. in ESA, 7, 71, 73-77, 89-92 Fossil record, 4, 5, 24, 25-26, 27 federal acquisition authority, 2, 19, 20, 49, 75, 199 Fox squirrel, 63 fragmentation, 26, 88, 134, 136-137, 185, 186 Fragmentation of habitat, 26, 88, 134, 136-137, 185, 186 heterogeneity in, 95-96, 97 Freshwater fish and mussels, 33 and metapopulation dynamics, 97, 99-100, 103-105 introduced species, 37 modification construed as taking, 2, 20, 74 Fund for Animals versus Lujan, 121 and nontarget species management, 116-117, 118 Furbish's lousewort, 102-103 patch areas, 86, 89, 95-96, 97, 100, 101, 103-105, 136 Fynbos, 33 and recovery planning, 75, 76, 77, 80-89, 91, 91-92 source-sink dynamics, 97, 98-99, 103-104 G species listing as means of protecting, 171, 179-180, Galápagos Islands, 30-31 198-199 Gambusia spp., 63 see also Conservation conflicts; Gametic mutation rate, 127, 135 Critical habitat; Gap analysis, 201

About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please INDEX 267 Ecosystem management; National Biological Service Environmental variation; International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Forests; 139, 153-155 Habitat conservation plans; International Whaling Commission, 155 Habitat destruction; Introduction of nonnative species, 5, 19, 35, 37-38, 40, 73 Islands; predation losses, 30, 35, 38, 39 Landscapes; to supplement native stock, 137-140, 186 Rivers and estuaries; Invertebrates, 7, 47, 48, 67, 71-72, 105. Scrub communities; See also Insects; Survival habitat Mollusks; Habitat conservation plans (HCPs), 20, 74-75, 78-80, 198-199 names of individual species and species groups Habitat destruction, 11, 18, 35-37, 38, 40, 96, 139 Islands, 39, 72 and biological diversity, 7, 72-73, 200 background extinction rate, 20 reconstruction, 16, 185-186, 201 bird extinctions, 30, 31-32, 35, 39 Harm, 74n, 94-95 conservation and restoration programs, 33, 39 Harvest, 78, 139 introduced species, 30, 37, 38 Hatcheries, 137, 138-139 prehistoric human activity on, 30-32, 39 Hawaiian crow, 37, 38, 158 Isolation and isolates, 52, 86 Hawaiian honeycreepers, 31-32 behavioral, 59, 62 Heterozygous inheritance, 127, 133 genetic, 58-59 Histochemical stains, 60 geographic, 54, 57, 59, 67, 98 Holocene period, 26 reproductive, 51, 54, 57n, 58, 59, 62, 67 Homozygous inheritance, 127, 133 temporal, 54, 59 Hoover's woolly-star, 194 Isozyme analysis, 59, 60 Horses, 27, 28 Ivory-billed woodpecker, 29, 34 Hunting, 5, 64, 73, 112, 139 K by early humans, 27-28, 29, 30 Hybrids and hybridization Key Largo cottonmouse, 79 among Florida panthers, 64 Key Largo woodrat, 79 and evolutionary units, 65-67 Killifish, 38 of introduced and endemic salmonids, 37 Kokanee, 169 outbreeding depression, 127, 138 of plants, 50, 65 L Hypothesis testing, see Statistical tests Labrador duck, 34 Lacey Act, 18-19 I Lakes, 39, 180 Ice age, see Glacial-interglacial cycles Land Management, Bureau of, 200 Impoundments, 38, 115 Landscapes, 39, 73, 86, 96, 97 Inbreeding, 51, 127, 136 Lates nilotica, 38 use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Incidental taking, 20, 75, 78, 79n, 80 Lawrence's warbler, 66 Information availability and requirements, 157, 182-183 Laws and regulations and critical habitat designation, 75-76 early, 18-19 for decision analysis, 172-173, 175 and evolutionary unit concept, 7, 57 for habitat conservation plans, 79-80 hunting, 64, 139 and listing decisions, 75, 150, 151, 161 introduction of nonnative species, 38, 40 minimum viable population sizes, 82, 143, 183 on taking, 2, 20, 75, 78 population demographics and dynamics, 12, 126, 143, on trade and import, 19, 73 182-183, 194 see also Endangered Species Act for recovery planning, 8, 81-82, 83, 86, 92 Least Bell's vireo, 195 systematics, 71-72, 183 Lichens, 49, 50 Insects, 25, 46n Life cycles and histories, 100-101, 140, 155, 160 Interaction networks, 71, 106, 111-112, 120, 121, 199 Listing decisions and systems, 19, 20, 81, 148-151, 156-157, Interbreeding ability, 5, 46, 52, 53, 54, 58-59, 127 169, 170-171, 188 Interior, Department of the, 2, 19, 20, 48-49, 73, asymmetric risk functions, 14, 168-170 see also Fish and Wildlife Service;

About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please INDEX 268 FWS, 150, 151, 171, 196 time to extinction, 12, 126n, 129, 132, 142 information needs, 75, 150, 151, 161 Molecular genetic analysis, 59, 60-61, 66 IUCN system, 153-155 Mollusks, 48 as means of protecting habitat, 171, 179-180, 198-199 Monitoring activity, 80, 83, 86, 105-106, 161, 195 risk standards, 13, 153-155, 156-157 Montane red-shafted flicker, 65-66 Smithsonian plant report, 48-49 Moose, 28, 29 upgrading from endangered, 13, 21, 81, 150, 197 Morphological attributes, 48, 51, 54, 57, 59, 67 withdrawal of proposals, 49 Mosaics, 11, 73, 96, 99, 101, 112, 120, 121 see also Delisting decisions and processes; Mosquitofish, 63 Federal Endangered Species List Mountain lion, 33 Long-billed curlew, 29 Multiple-species planning, 11, 85-87, 120-121, 198, 199 Mustela macrodon, 25 M Mutations and mutation rate, 60, 61, 127, 135, 138 deleterious, 128, 133-134, 138 Mace-Lande criteria, 152, 154 Mylagra freycineti, 25 Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 64 Malheur wire lettuce, 51 N Mammals, 33-34, 47 Galápagos extinctions, 30 National Biological Service (NBS), 121, 183 prehistoric, 25, 27-28 National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Mammoths, 28 agency consultation, 74 Marine invertebrates, 4, 25, 71 decision criteria, 169-170, 171 Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), 19, 120 evolutionarily significant unit, 6n, 57n, 63 Marine mammals, 19, 35 and management conflicts, 121 and salmonids, 117-120 and plants, 49 Marks, see Morphological attributes; and recovery planning, 2, 20, 195 Tagging and marking National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 190 Mastodon, 28 National Park Service, 199-200 Maui-Molokai, 199 National Wildlife Refuge system, 195 Melanism, 63 Natural Community Conservation Program Meleagris crassipes, 34 (NCCP), 80, 84-89 Metapopulation dynamics and structure, 57-58, 59, 97, Natural Resources Conservation Service, 200 99-100, 103-105 Natural selection theory, 51 modeling, 80, 82, 100, 103-104, 155 Neotoma floridana and subspp., 62, 79 Mexican spotted owl, 113, 114 Neotoma magister, 62-63 Micronesia, 31, 32 New Jersey Pine Lands, 111-112 Migration, 59, 60, 96-97, 98-99, 115, 134, 136 Nile perch, 38 Migratory Bird Conservation Act, 19 Nonnative species, see Introduction of nonnative species Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 19 Nontarget species management, 116-117, 118 Minimum viable population (MVP), 82, 140, 143, 152, 183 Non-use value, 189-190 use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Mission blue butterfly, 78-79 North America Mississippi kite, 29 early human activity in, 27-30 Mixed management plans, 16, 201 extinction rates, 33, 34-35 Mobile animal populations (MAP) model, 102, 117, 118 introduced mammal species, 37 Models and modeling, 10, 125, 174 prehistoric extinction event, 25, 27-28 limitations of, 117, 155, 182 species-area relationships, 72 mathematic notation in, 128 Northeastern beach tiger beetle, 48 metapopulation dynamics, 80, 82, 100, 103-104, 155 Northern goshawk, 113, 114 mobile animal populations (MAP), 102, 117, 118 Northern spotted owl, 21, 74n, 84, 102, 140, 161, 199 spatially explicit, 100-103 North Key Largo HCP, 79

About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please INDEX 269 O Pleistocene-Holocene (P-H) extinction event, 25-26, 27-28 overkill theory, 28 Office of Endangered Species, 188, 194 Political boundaries, 58, 64-65, 86 Oil spills, 190 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods, 61 Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, 59 Population biology, 52, 61, 102 Oncorhynchus mykiss, 119 Population bottlenecks, 127, 129, 133 Oncorhynchus nerka, 169-170 Population genetics, 11, 12, 53, 66-67, 125, 142-143 Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, 48 analysis methods, 60, 61, 166 Orange-throated whiptail lizard, 85 Population growth and growth rate, 125-126, 128, 129, 132 Oregon silver-spot butterfly, 48, 195 Population surveys, 61, 87 Outbreeding depression, 127, 138 Population viability analysis (PVA), 80, 82, 86-87, 104-105, Overexploitation, 35, 40 141, 154, 173, 200 Porpoises, 150 P Prairie dog, 195 Pacific Islands, 31-32, 33 Prairies, 39 Pacific Northwest, 21, 102 Precautionary principle, 169 Pacific salmon, 21, 138 Predation losses Palau dove, 197 cichlid fishes, 38 Palau flycatcher, 197 by introduced animals, 30, 35, 38, 39 Palau owl, 197 resulting from management conflicts, 114, 115, 116 Paleoenvironmental conditions, 24-25, 26 see also Hunting North America, 27, 28, 29 Prehistoric extinction events, 4-5, 24-33, 39 Passenger pigeon, 25, 34, 35 Prey species, 95 Patch areas, 86, 89, 95-96, 97, 100, 101, 103-105, 136 Private lands, 9-10, 92, 149, 174, 196 Pearly mussel, 48 and extinction risk standards, 157 Peccaries, 28 habitat modification on, 74-75, 78-80, 90-91 Pedicularis furbishiae, 102-103 Prokaryotes, 7, 50, 67 Pepper moth, 63 Pronghorn antelope, 28 Percina tanasi, 197 Proteins, 59, 60, 61 Peregrine falcon, 139, 194 Public lands, 10, 19, 78, 89-91, 92, 149, 157, 174 Permian-Triassic (P-T) extinction event, 25-26 and critical habitat, 1-2, 19, 20, 74, 75-77 Permits Puerto Rican parrot, 195 incidental take, 20, 78, 79n, 80 Pumas, 29 researcher takes, 20 see also Habitat Conservation Plans Q Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola, 79 Qualitative analysis, 13, 152, 173 Pesticides, 29 Quantitative analysis, 12, 13, 152-153, 154, 173-174 Phylogenetics, 52, 53, 54-55, 171 Picoides borealis, 117 R Pink salmon, 59 use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Raccoons, 63 Piping plover, 195 Radiometric dating, 24, 25-26 Pitcher plants, 50-51 Random variations and stochasticity, 12, 127, 142 Plants, 9, 25, 29, 47, 48, 89-90, 92, 194, 198 demographic, 132, 136, 142 and climate change, 26, 27, 35 environmental, 104-105, 130-131, 132 dispersal by birds, 32, 35, 39 RAPD analysis, 61 extinction rates, 33 Ravens, 29 introduced and exotic species, 37, 39 Razorback chub, 91, 105 and land acquisition, 49 Reclamation, Bureau of, 200 species definitions, 47, 48-51 Recognition species concept, 52, 53 subspecies and varieties, 7, 49-50, 67 Recolonization, 101, 128, 136 systematics, 50-51, 53-54, 72 Recovery plans and planning, 2, 8-9, 19-20, 120, 195-198 taking of, 2n, 20, 49, 75, 78-79 costs and funding, 2, 20, 80-81, 82, 83-84, 195, 197 see also specific species Plebejus icarioides missionensis

About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please INDEX 270 goals and criteria, 2, 9, 10, 20, 80-81, 171, 195-196 San Joaquin Valley, 80, 194, 199 information needs, 8, 81-82, 83, 86, 92 Sarracenia rubra, 50-51 under Natural Community Conservation Program (NCCP), Savannah River Site (SRS), 118 84-89 Sciurus, spp., 63 and survival probability, 10, 81, 91, 92 Scrub communities, 72, 80, 84-89 timetables, 2, 8, 20, 81, 82, 195 Scrub jay, 63, 141 Red-cockaded woodpecker, 34, 117, 118, 121 Sea-level changes, 24, 26, 27 Red wolf, 195 Sea lions, 117-120 Sea mink, 25 Refuge, see Shelter and refuge Reintroduction programs, 139-140, 161 Sea otters, 30, 194 Reproductive isolation, 51, 54, 57n, 58, 59, 62, 67 Sea turtles, 21, 140, 160 Reptiles, 25, 27, 30 Sex ratio, 126, 130 Research Shelter and refuge, 5, 95, 101, 199 Sink areas, 97, 98-99, 103-104 conservation planning, 80, 82, 86-87 taking permits, 20 Small whorled pagonia, 195 Rice rat, 29 Smithsonian Institution, 48-49 Riparian areas, see Rivers and estuaries Snail darter, 21, 197 Risk estimation, 80, 124-125 Snake River, 199 sockeye salmon, 169-170 of cumulative effects, 155-156, 168 in ESA decision-making, 11-12, 142, 148-149, 174-175 Soil organisms, 71, 189 limitations, 141-142, 155-156, 181-182 Soils and soil chemistry, 5, 29, 39, 95 and sources of risk, 11-12, 125-141 Source areas, 97, 98-99, 103 time to extinction, 12, 128, 129, 132, 140-141, 152-153 Southwestern gilded flicker, 65, 66 Spatially explicit models, 100-103 Risk factors, see Catastrophes; Deleterious genetic mutation; Species-area relationship, 72 Fragmentation of habitat; Species definitions Habitat destruction; concepts, 5, 51-54 Supplementation with nonnative stock in ESA, 5, 46, 47-51, 54, 56, 57, 151 evolutionary units, 6, 53, 56-59, 62-67 Risk standards, 10, 152-153, 174-175 and land ownership, 9, 13, 157 invertebrates, 47, 48 listing decisions and systems, 13, 153-155, 156-157 plants, 47, 48-51 for recovery and delisting, 13, 149, 150, 156, 174 subspecies and varieties, 46, 47, 49, 54-55, 56, 57 for threatened status, 156 vertebrates, 47-48, 55 Speyeria zerene hippolyta, 48 Rivers and estuaries, 29, 30, 113-116 RNA assays, 60 Stable populations, 33, 197-198 Rosy periwinkle, 188 States Rydberg milk-vetch, 197 laws on taking, 2n, 20, 75 and recovery activities, 195 S State Water Project (SWP), 115, 116 Statistical tests, 162-164 use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Sabertooths, 28 types of errors, 162, 164, 165-167, 168 Sacramento River system, 84 Steelhead trout, 119, 120 chinook salmon and delta smelt conflicts, 113-116 Steller's sea lions, 117, 119 Sage-scrub communities, 72, 84-89 Stephanomeria subspp., 51 Salmonids, 21, 37, 48, 57n, 58, 59, 63, 113-116, 137, Striped bass, 114, 115, 116 138-139, 169-170, 197 Subjective probabilities, 158 and marine mammals, 117-120 Subspecies and varieties, 71 Sampling programs, 86 definitions, 46, 47, 49, 54-55, 56, 57 San Bernadino Mountains, 102 protection under ESA, 1, 5, 6-7, 19, 46, 48, 49-50, 57, 67 San Bruno Mountain HCP model, 78-79 Successional habitats, 101, 118 Sandhill crane, 29 Suisun Bay, 115, 116 San Gabriel Mountains, 102 Supplementation with nonnative stock, 137-140, 186 San Joaquin River, 84, 113, 115, 116

About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please INDEX 271 Supreme Court cases Uma inornata, 79 habitat modification and taking, 2, 20, 74n Umbrella species, 171 snail darter ruling, 21 Uncertainty Survival habitat, 8, 76-77, 91, 91-92 and decision analysis, 12-15, 157, 158, 159-167, 175 Survival probability, 10, 81, 91, 92 in demographic analysis, 82, 104 Swallow-tail kite, 29 in ESA decision making, 159-161, 165-167, 179 Systematics and systematicists, 6, 51-52, 55, 57, 66-67 in genetic diversity, 104, 184 and biological species concept, 50, 53-54 in valuation of rarity, 186-190 genetic analysis methods, 60, 61 Unclassified organisms, 71-72 information needs, 71-72, 183 Ursus horribilis, 64 plants, 50-51, 53-54, 72 V unclassified organisms, 71-72 Valley elderberry longhorn, 48 T Valuation of rarity, 186-190 Tagging and marking, 59 Vermivora chrysoptera, 66 Taking, 1, 2, 19, 20, 75, 78, 149, 195 Vermivora pinus, 66 habitat modification construed as, 2, 20, 74 Vertebrates, 47, 71, 126 see also Birds; incidental, 20, 75, 78, 79n, 80 of marine mammals, 19 Fish; Mammals; of plants, 2n, 20, 49, 75 of threatened species, 20, 78 Reptiles; see also Harvest; and specific species distinct population segments, 1, 5, 19, 46, 47-48, 55, 65n Hunting Tapirs, 28 early human impacts on, 27, 28-29, 30 introduced species, 38 Taxonomic extinction, 24 Tellico Dam, 21 island extinctions, 30-31 Temperature, 26, 38, 95 species definitions, 47-48, 55 Vireo antricapillus, 79 Terminology, see Definitions and terminology; Species definitions Virginia big-eared bat, 195 Thelypteris pilosa, 50 W Threatened species defined in ESA, 1, 19, 149 Water projects, 113-116 taking of, 20, 78 Water supply, 29, 30, 39, 199 upgrading from endangered, 13, 21, 81, 150, 197 Western red-shafted flicker, 65 Tigers, 170 Whales, 35, 150, 155 Timber harvest, 5, 114 White-tailed deer, 112 and northern spotted owl, 21, 199 Whooping crane, 29, 34, 189, 194 Time and temporal variation, 95, 96-97, 153 Windstorms, 96, 100 in extinction models, 12, 126n, 129, 132, 142 Winter-run chinook salmon, 48, 58, 113-116 use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. long-term impact evaluation, 10, 13, 39-40, 76, 91, 152-153, 174-175, 181 Y short-term survival, 13, 77, 91, 153 Yeasts, 7, 50, 67 in speciation, 52, 59 Yellowstone National Park, 102 species isolation in, 54, 59 Time-series data, 82, 86, 194 Z Topography, 95, 96 Zalophus californianus, 117 Trade and trading, 19, 29, 73 Zebra mussel, 37 Tropical areas, 26, 71 Zoological species concepts, 47-48, 53 Trumpeter swan, 29 Zoos, 140, 170 Turkeys, 34, 39U U

About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please OTHER RECENT REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY 272 OTHER RECENT REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries (1995) Biologic Markers in Urinary Toxicology (1995) Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (three reports, 1994-1995) Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994) Ranking Hazardous Sites for Remedial Action (1994) Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993) Issues in Risk Assessment (1993) Setting Priorities for Land Conservation (1993) Protecting Visibility in National Parks and Wilderness Areas (1993) Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology (1992) Dolphins and the Tuna Industry (1992) Environmental Neurotoxicology (1992) Hazardous Materials on the Public Lands (1992) Science and the National Parks (1992) Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards (1991) Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program, Volumes I-IV (1991-1993) Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants (1991) Monitoring Human Tissues for Toxic Substances (1991) Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution (1991) Decline of the Sea Turtles (1990) Tracking Toxic Substances at Industrial Facilities (1990) Biologic Markers in Pulmonary Toxicology (1989) Biologic Markers in Reproductive Toxicology (1989) Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academy Press (800) 624-6242 (202) 334-3313 use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.

Science and the Endangered Species Act Get This Book
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The Endangered Species Act (ESA) is a far-reaching law that has sparked intense controversies over the use of public lands, the rights of property owners, and economic versus environmental benefits.

In this volume a distinguished committee focuses on the science underlying the ESA and offers recommendations for making the act more effective.

The committee provides an overview of what scientists know about extinction—and what this understanding means to implementation of the ESA. Habitat—its destruction, conservation, and fundamental importance to the ESA—is explored in detail.

The book analyzes:

  • Concepts of species—how the term "species" arose and how it has been interpreted for purposes of the ESA.
  • Conflicts between species when individual species are identified for protection, including several case studies.
  • Assessment of extinction risk and decisions under the ESA—how these decisions can be made more effectively.

The book concludes with a look beyond the Endangered Species Act and suggests additional means of biological conservation and ways to reduce conflicts. It will be useful to policymakers, regulators, scientists, natural-resource managers, industry and environmental organizations, and those interested in biological conservation.

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