National Academies Press: OpenBook

Chemical Ecology: The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction (1995)

Chapter: Supplementary Images

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Suggested Citation:"Supplementary Images." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Chemical Ecology: The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4979.
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FIGURE 1 Arthropod chemical defenses.

A

(A) Blister beeble (Lytta polita) reflex-bleeding from the knee joints; the blood contains cantharidin, one of the first insect toxins characterized (4).

B

(B) Chrysomelid beetle larva (Plagiodera versicolora) emitting droplets of defensive secretion from its segmental glands; the fluid contains methylcyclopentanoid terpenes (chrysomelidial, plagiolactone) (5).

C

(C) Whip scorpion (Mastigoproctus giganteus) discharging an aimed jet of spray in response to pinching of an appendage with forceps; the spray contains 84% acetic acid (6).

D

(D) Millipede (Narceus gordanus) discharging its benzoquinone-containing defensive secretion from segmental glands (7).


Suggested Citation:"Supplementary Images." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Chemical Ecology: The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4979.
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E

(E) Ctenuchid moth (Cisseps Fulvicollis) discharging defensive droplets (chemistry unknown) from the cervical region.

F

(F) Caterpillar of swallowtail butter fly (ß-selinene; selin-11-en-4a-ol) (8).

G

(G) Stalked eggs of green lacewing (Nodita floridona), showing droplets of defensive fluid (chemistry unknown) on stalks.


Suggested Citation:"Supplementary Images." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Chemical Ecology: The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4979.
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FIGURE 1 Photos of Utetheisa ornatrix

A

(A) Adult, at rest, on pods of one of the larval foodplants (Crotalaria mucronata).

B

(B) Larva within pod of another of the foodplants (Crotalaria spectabilis).

C

(C) Adult, emitting defensive froth.


Suggested Citation:"Supplementary Images." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Chemical Ecology: The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4979.
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D

(D) Adults mating.

E

(E) Adult male, with coremata everted, courting female (laboratory test).

F

(F) coremata, everted.

G

(G) Spermatophores, excised from bursa of just-mated females. (Bar in A = 1 cm; bars in F and G = 1 mm.)


Suggested Citation:"Supplementary Images." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Chemical Ecology: The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4979.
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FIGURE 2 (Left) Diagram of the FKBP12-FK506 complex. The protein is shown by the ribbon convention and FK506 is shown as a ball-and-stick model. The ß-strand numbering referred to in the text is from bottom to top.  (Right) Diagram of the FKBP13-FK506 complex. The disulfide bridge is shown as a yellow zigzag line. The N terminus of the protein is disordered and is not shown.


Suggested Citation:"Supplementary Images." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Chemical Ecology: The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4979.
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FIGURE 3 A stereo view of the FKBP-FK506 binding region. The FKBP13 structure is shown with solid (yellow) lines, and the FKBP12 structure, with dashed (blue) lines. FKBP12 numbering is used.

Suggested Citation:"Supplementary Images." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Chemical Ecology: The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4979.
×

FIGURE 3 Crystal structure of the yeast transcriptional activator GCN4, bound to DNA (83). This structure confirms the prediction that had been based on the alignment of 11 sequences from a range of species that the conserved leucines (highlighted in yellow) would be oriented toward each other along the faces of neighboring helices. As predicted, the helices cross the DNA in the major groove. Surprisingly, the GCN4 residues making specific DNA base contacts (highlighted in red) are conserved among proteins with different DNA binding specificities, whereas the amino acids contacting the DNA backbone in the GCN4 structure (highlighted in blue) are less conserved in this protein family. Thus, while predictions made based upon linear amino acid sequences from 11 species were confirmed, we await three-dimensional structures from diverse sources to elucidate how variant amino acids alter the orientation of the conserved amino acids to effect base-sequence-specific recognition (figure by Tom Ellenberger).

Suggested Citation:"Supplementary Images." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Chemical Ecology: The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4979.
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Page 215
Suggested Citation:"Supplementary Images." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Chemical Ecology: The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4979.
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Page 216
Suggested Citation:"Supplementary Images." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Chemical Ecology: The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4979.
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Page 217
Suggested Citation:"Supplementary Images." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Chemical Ecology: The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4979.
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Page 218
Suggested Citation:"Supplementary Images." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Chemical Ecology: The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4979.
×
Page 219
Suggested Citation:"Supplementary Images." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Chemical Ecology: The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4979.
×
Page 220
Suggested Citation:"Supplementary Images." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Chemical Ecology: The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4979.
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Page 221
Chemical Ecology: The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction Get This Book
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Chemical signals among organisms form "a vast communicative interplay, fundamental to the fabric of life," in the words of one expert. Chemical ecology is the the discipline that seeks to understand these interactions-to use biology in the search for new substances of potential benefit to humankind.

This book highlights selected research areas of medicinal and agricultural importance. Leading experts review the chemistry of:

  • Insect defense and its applications to pest control.
  • Phyletic dominance—the survival success of insects.
  • Social regulation, with ant societies as a model of multicomponent signaling systems.
  • Eavesdropping, alarm, and deceit—the array of strategies used by insects to find and lure prey.
  • Reproduction—from the gamete attraction to courtship nd sexual selection.
  • The chemistry of intracellular immunosuppression.

Topics also include the appropriation of dietary factors for defense and communication; the use of chemical signals in the marine environment; the role of the olfactory system in chemical analysis; and the interaction of polydnaviruses, endoparasites, and the immune system of the host.

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