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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1997. The Industrial Green Game: Implications for Environmental Design and Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4982.
×

Index

A

Accountability, environmental

accountancy for, 26, 185-186

Aluminum

characteristics, 149

industrial ecology implementation, 149-153

industrial energy consumption, 149

public perception of industry, 152-153

recycling, 149, 151, 152

Aquaculture, 85

Asset recovery, 22-23, 96

Auto industry

ecological design, 213-214, 215

life cycle analysis, 124-131

materials recovery market, 18

B

Bans, 7

Business management

customer satisfaction assessment, 133, 134, 143-145

decision making processes, 185-186

distribution of cost information within firm, 43

environment policy of mining companies, 166-167

environmental audit of multinational corporation, 137-143

environmental disclosure, 186-188

environmental goals, 1-2

environmental leadership, 132

environmental learning curve, 8

inadequate accounting systems, 189

incentives for environmental accounting, 191-192

incentives for environmental protection, 191-192

incentives for sustainable practices, 101, 105-106

industrial ecology domains, 150-151

information tools for environmental decision making 3-4

inventory systems, 21-22

measuring environmental performance, 26-27, 133, 134, 146

obstacles to efficient material management, 44

organizational issues for environmental accounting, 190-191

public opinion, 216

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1997. The Industrial Green Game: Implications for Environmental Design and Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4982.
×

setting site-specific environmental goals, 140

shift to functionality economy, 95-96, 98-99

stakeholder interests, 134, 185

strategic environmental auditing, 134-137

structural trends, 101

supplier chain management, 20-21

for sustainable service economy, 96-98

systems-based problem-solving approach, 50

trade codes and practices, 107-108

trends in environmental thinking, 101, 104-105, 107-108, 146, 148, 185

virtual firms, 107

See also Financial management;

Private sector

C

Chlorofluorocarbons, 7, 134, 219

alternative development, 20-21

Command and control regulation, 5

Conservation, 2

Consumer attitudes/behaviors

activism, 217

corporate support for sustainability based on, 104

customer satisfaction measurement, 133, 134, 143-145

environmental concerns, 152-153, 216

environmental considerations in purchasing, 217-218, 224

global patterns, 94

green taxes, 208, 218

in Japan, 237

international variation, 212-213, 215-219

response to green advertising, 219-220, 224

significance of, 2, 27

in sustainable service economy, 98

trends, 27-28, 212, 217-218, 224

variations in U.S., 220

See also Public awareness and understanding

Contingent valuation, 201

Costs of environmental impacts

asset recovery, 23

challenges in estimating, 5

consumer attitudes, 28

current distribution, 5

current regulatory policy, 5-7

effects of product design for recycling, 28

environmental cost accounting, 24-26, 43

environmental reporting in annual reports, 186-188

implementing environmental accounting in businesses, 188-192

market allocation mechanisms, 7

in national accounting systems, 29, 51-57

in private sector decision making, 105-106

quantification in accounting, 194

recycling credits in paper industry, 228

research needs, 193-194

strategies for, 105

sustainability perspective, 92

total cost assessment methodology, 189-190

valuation for market analysis, 87, 125

waste management economics, 43

Critical technology lists, 69

D

Data collection and management barriers to effective waste management , 43-44

consumer attitudes, 27-28

for corporate audit, 137

for environmental accounting, 24-26, 43, 188-190

for environmental protection, 24

for environmental protection plan, 163-164

environmental reporting in annual reports, 186-188

government role, 4, 29

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1997. The Industrial Green Game: Implications for Environmental Design and Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4982.
×

for improving energy system efficiency, 86

for life cycle analysis, 226, 232, 240-241

materials tracking and benchmarking, 29

measuring environmental performance, 26-27

measuring public awareness and understanding, 3-4, 28-29

metabolic process analysis, 61

national accounting systems, 29, 51-57

needs assessment, 133

organizational changes in, 190-191

public relations, 152-153

report formats, 141-142

tools for environmental decision making, 3-4

for total quality environmental management, 133

Design for environment, 105, 125-126, 238-240

Dredging, offshore, 157

E

Economic growth, 31-32 n.4

challenges to sustainability, 103-104

decoupling of natural resource inputs, 52

evolutionary model of environmental policy making, 51-52

Efficiency

in combustion engines, 57-59

in electricity generation, 80-82

energy consumption in buildings, 77-79

in energy system, barriers to, 85-87

for improving environmental quality, 2

industrial ecology goals, 74-75

in materials management, 38-39

resource management goals, 93

Electricity production and consumption

coal vs. gas, 81-82

cost allocation for improving efficiency, 78

delivery system in United Kingdom, 88

end-use case study, 77-80

energy chain, 77

environmental effects in United Kingdom, 75

generation plant design, 80-82

home energy efficiency rating, 78-80

industrial ecology concepts, 73, 77, 82

inefficiencies, 59

interactions of individual enterprises, 77

nuclear fission, 82, 214

patterns in United Kingdom, 75

subsidies for non-fossil-fuel use, 83

use of reject heat, 82, 83-85

waste as fuel, 83

See also Energy systems

Energy systems

achievements of industrial symbiosis project, 120-122

aluminum industry consumption, 149

barriers to efficiency, 85-87

consumption in Japan, 237

corporate audit, 140

decoupling from national accounts, 56

designing for multiple-product cycles, 12

efficiency of combustion engines, 57-59

functionality analysis, 24

industrial ecology goals, 87

metabolic model of consumption, 57

natural gas market, 154-155

paper industry, 229-230

political economy, 59-61

price of energy as policy factor, 85

renewable vs. nonrenewable sources, 229-230

significance of, for industrial ecology project, 75

sustainable development strategies, 74

tracking and benchmarking, 29

waste materials for fuel, 42, 83

See also Electricity production and consumption

Environmental protection

business leadership for, 132

conservation vs. technological strategies for, 2

market-based mechanisms for, 7

public opinion, 208

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1997. The Industrial Green Game: Implications for Environmental Design and Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4982.
×

trends in private sector, 101, 104-105, 107-108

voluntary industrial efforts for, 8

Environmental Protection Agency, 201, 213

innovative approaches in, 5-7

total cost assessment methodology, 189-190

F

Financial management

cost allocation for improving efficiency of buildings, 78

employee incentives for environmental protection, 191-192

environmental cost accounting, 24-26, 43, 105-106, 185-186

environmental reporting in annual reports, 187

federal funding of R&D, 65-66

historical development of accounting, 195-196

implementing environmental accounting, 188-192

incentives for environmental protection in small firms, 192

measurement of economic well being, 95

mining reclamation bonds, 180

national accounting systems, 29, 51-57, 92

overhead costs, 195

political context of ecological spending, 59-61

prospects for environmental accounting, 196-197

quantification in environmental accounting, 194

technoeconomic paradigms, 66-69

total cost assessment methodology, 189-190

traditional linear approach, 92

urban vs. national economies, 70 n.2

in waste management, 43

Functionality economy, 23-24

definition, 91

future prospects, 98-99

implications for workforce, 99

marketing in, 98, 99

materials management for, 106-107

measures of success in. 96

objectives of, 91

sustainability concepts in, 95-96

sustainability goals, 92

G

Global perspective

differences in consumer attitudes, 212-213, 215-219

implications for corporate structure, 107

implications of higher resource efficiency, 95

in life cycle modeling, 231

multinational corporations, 1-2, 137-138, 140, 218-219

post-Cold War policy, 65

rationale, 1

supplier chain management, 21

urban vs. national economies, 70 n.2

Government activities

data collection and management, 4

development of technoeconomic paradigms, 67-69

energy and materials measurements, 29

fragmented policies, 213

for improving environmental protection, 29, 48

Japanese recycling effort, 7-8

materials management, 29

mining industry oversight, 165-166

national accounting systems, 29, 51-57

need for systems-ecology perspective, 48-49, 50-51

political economy, 59-61

rationale for broadening of, 49-51

recycling efforts, 7-8

subsidies for non-fossil-fuel energy production, 83

technology development, 29

See also Policy making and implementation;Regulatory environment

Green Party, 156, 213, 214

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1997. The Industrial Green Game: Implications for Environmental Design and Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4982.
×

H

Horticulture, 85

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons, 134

I

Industrial ecology

as analytical tool, 2, 74

definitions, 2, 30-31 n.2, 74

energy sector, 73, 77, 82, 86, 87

goals, 87, 149

implementation in aluminum industry, 149-153

implications of public perception and understanding, 208-209

natural ecosystems model, 37-38

rationale for broader government role in, 48-51

research goals, 3

scales of implementation, 2-3

space-time hierarchical model, 49-50

spatial implementation, 74-75

steps for implementation, 150

systems perspective, 50-51, 148-149, 153

technoeconomic paradigms for, 66-69

trends in implementation, 148

trends in materials management, 38-39

Industrial manufacturing

functionality perspective, 23-24

microdynamic technologies, 68

regionalization, 96, 99

synergetic/symbiotic relationship, 10-11, 117.

See also Kalundborg (Denmark) industrial project

system complexity, 149

U.S. resource consumption trends, 56

Inventory management, 21-22

ISO standards, 8, 32 n.7, 242

J

Japan

environmental law, 251-252

environmental policy in industries, 235, 246-250

government environmental goals, 234-236

life cycle analysis in, 236, 240, 241-242

recycling policy and practice, 7-8, 236-238, 243-244

K

Kalundborg (Denmark) industrial project, 10

future prospects, 122-123

materials and energy flows, 120-122

origins and development of, 117, 118-120

participants, 117-118

significance of, 117, 148

L

Learning organizations, 50

Leasing arrangements, 23-24, 40, 107

antitrust law and, 46, 107

cost allocation for improving efficiency of buildings, 78

Legal issues

antitrust implications in leasing, 46, 107

environmental reporting by companies, 187-188

historical evolution of corporate law, 102

implications for corporate structure, 107

Japanese environmental law, 251-252

obstacles to recycling and reuse, 45-46

product liability, 98

Life cycle analysis, 105

applications, 20, 106, 242

of buildings, 78

components, 19

conceptual basis, 2

degree of detail, 226

designing for multiple-product cycles, 12-13, 40

distributed nature of manufacturing sector and, 106

emissions projections, 128-129

global consideration, 231

goals, 225, 240

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1997. The Industrial Green Game: Implications for Environmental Design and Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4982.
×

impact analysis in, 225

information needs, 240-241

international scientific exchange on, 124

Japanese policy and implementation, 236, 240, 241-242

limitations, 19-20, 129

of manufacturing processes, 129-130

in materials management, 19-20

procedure, 241

in pulp and paper industry, 226-231

sensitivity analysis in, 127

sensitivity of data in, 232

service and maintenance considerations, 22-23

software for automobile design, 124-131

strategies, 238-240

trends, 8, 225-226

Linear thinking, 92

M

Mail-order businesses, 22

Market functioning

current distribution of environmental costs, 5

energy cost allocation, 78

environmental management mechanisms, 7

historical evolution of corporate entities, 102

home energy efficiency rating, 78-79

limitations of recycling strategies, 93, 95

metals recycling, 41-42

optimization of production, 94

problems of oversupply, 94-95

stakeholder interests of corporations, 102

valuation of environmental impacts, 87, 125

Marketing of goods and services

ecolabeling, 217, 220, 225

functionality basis, 23

global variation in public environmental awareness, 218-219

green advertising, 219-220

industrial ecology approach, 152

in use-based economy, 98-99

Materials management

achievements of industrial symbiosis projects, 120-122

chemical-use evaluations, 19

consumption of nonrenewable resources, 52

corporate culture as obstacle to efficiency, 44

designing for multiple-product cycles, 12-13, 40

government role, 29

for higher resource efficiency, 93-94

industrial ecology in aluminum industry, 149-153

industrial synergetic/symbiotic relationships, 10-11

legal obstacles to efficiency, 45-46

life cycle assessment, 19-20

in natural systems, 8, 37-38, 242-243

opportunities for environmental protection, 18-20

product responsibility loops, 93

regulatory obstacles to efficiency, 44-45, 75

selection of materials, 18-19

significance of, for environmental protection, 8

strategies, 8, 46

for sustainability, 52-53

in sustainable service economy, 96-98

synthetic substitutes for natural resources, 52

system requirements for efficiency, 10-12

systems approach, 8-10, 39

trends, 38-39

waste streams, 38

See also Recycling and reuse; Waste management

Measurement

in complex systems, 149

of customer satisfaction, 133, 134, 143-145

design considerations, 27

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1997. The Industrial Green Game: Implications for Environmental Design and Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4982.
×

of economic system success, 95, 96

ecoscarcity method, 128

environmental audit of multinational corporation, 137-143

environmental performance of corporations, 26-27, 133, 134

goals, 27, 133, 146

of home energy efficiency, 78-79

importance of, 132

measurability considerations, 27

of national economic performance, 29, 51-57

process measures, 133, 134

of public perceptions, 201-207

quantification in environmental accounting, 194

of recycling rate, 244

report formats, 141-142

of resource efficiency, 93

strategic environmental auditing, 134-137

of sustainable resource use, 52-53

systems approach, 134

in total quality environmental management, 133

in toxic release inventory, 134

Metals industry

economics of recycling, 41-42, 43

industrial ecology implementation, 149-153

information needs for waste management efficiency, 43-44

recycling technology, 42

zinc contamination in recycled steel, 42

Microdynamic technologies, 68

Mining

corporate environment policy, 166-167

environmental impacts in process of, 174-179

exploration phase, 174-175

mine closure and rehabilitation, 179-180

organizational structure and operations, 167-170, 176-179

policy issues, 175-176, 178-179

public perception, 165

reclamation bonds, 180

regulatory environment, 165-166

waste generation, 177-178

waste site cleanup, 170-174

Multinational corporations

environmental performance evaluation, 137-138

global variation in public environmental awareness, 218-219

setting site-specific environmental goals, 140

trends, 1-2

N

Natural capital/resources

components, 70 n.4

consumption in Japan, 237

economic valuation, 52, 70 n.5, 105, 125

environmental performance evaluation, 134

historical trends in consumption, 52

metabolic model of consumption, 57-61

optimization of use, 74

substitutability, 52

sustainable use, 52-53

U.S. consumption trends, 56

Nuclear power, 82, 214, 230

O

Obsolescence, 22

P

Packaging

aluminum, 152

consumer evaluation of environmental performance, 143, 144-145

ecolabeling, 217

environmentally friendly, 146 n.3

life cycle analysis, 242

opportunities for environmental improvement, 21

Paper industry, 219

carbon cycle, 230-231

energy consumption, 229-230

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1997. The Industrial Green Game: Implications for Environmental Design and Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4982.
×

life cycle analysis, 226-231

liquid paper board, 227

recycling credits, 228

recycling degradation, 228-229

Permits, pollution, 7

Pipeline project(s)

economics, 156

environmental protection plan, 154, 162-164

monitoring, 164

North Sea project, 154-164

project planning, 156

supplier chain management, 21

technical challenges in environmentally sensitive area, 157-162

Plastics, 219

design for recycling/reuse, 19

technology partnerships, 21

Policy making and implementation

consumer activism, 217

critical technology lists, 69

evolutionary model of environmental perspectives, 51-52

federal funding of R&D, 65-66

hierarchical model of industrial system interactions, 49-50

for higher resource efficiency, 93-94

of home energy efficiency rating, 79-80

for implementing sustainable economy, 110-111

in Japan, 234-246

lack of global perspective, 1

metabolic process analysis, 61

for mining industry, 175-176, 178-179

pipeline project planning and, 156

political context of ecological spending, 59-61

post-Cold War, 65

product take-back systems, 106-107

significance of public perception for, 200

state vs. federal mandates, 213

systems-based problem-solving approach, 50

technoeconomic paradigms, 66-69

See also Government activities;Regulatory environment

Pollution abatement

corporate audit, 140-141

in electricity generation, 81-82

emissions reporting requirements, 108

in Japan, 215

technical development vs. conservation for, 2

tradeable permits program, 7

Population growth, 56

Prices

economics of recycling, 93

energy, 85

environmental costs in, 5

Private sector

boundary definitions in sustainable economy, 110-111

goals conflict with sustainability, 103-104

historical evolution, 102

need for systems-ecology perspective, 50

profit-seeking goals, 102-103

prospects for implementing sustainable practices, 108-110

public interest behaviors in, 102-103

technology needs of sustainable economy, 104-105

See also Business management;Market functioning

Product design

commonality principle, 96-98

demand-side concept of quality, 98

design for environment tools, 125-126

life cycle approach, 2, 12-13

for multiple-product cycles, 12-13, 40

product definition for, 13-16, 32 n.6, 125

for recycling/reuse, 18, 22-23, 28, 39

reducing materials use in, 18

for sustainable service economy, 96

upgradability/interchangeability of parts, 16, 96-98

Product stewardship, 8

Production design

electricity generation, 80-82

environmental learning curve, 8

green, 1

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1997. The Industrial Green Game: Implications for Environmental Design and Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4982.
×

life cycle analysis of environmental effects, 129-130

opportunities for environmental protection, 18

trends in materials management, 39

Professional associations

for life cycle analysis, 124

trade codes and practices, 107-108

Public awareness and understanding

assessment of, 28-29

current environmental reporting practices of businesses, 186-188

demographic differences, 220

developing risk communications materials for, 207-208

difficulties in predicting, 201-202

employee role in influencing, 152-153

environmental goals of Japanese industry, 249

environmental reporting in annual reports, 186

environmental risk assessments, 201-202

in Europe, 213, 214, 222

home energy efficiency rating, 78-79

implications for industrial ecology, 208-209

in Japan, 222

measurement techniques, 203-207

mental models of risk processes, 203-206, 211

moral issues in, 208, 209

risk communication, 29

on role of business in environmental protection, 216

significance of, 3-4, 152-153, 200

waste composition, 219

waste incineration concerns, 83

See also Consumer attitudes and behaviors

R

Radon, 103-105

Recycling and reuse, 3

in aluminum industry, 149, 151, 152

asset recovery for, 22-23, 96, 106-107

barriers to, in metals markets, 42-46

corporate culture as obstacle to, 44

economic limitations, 93-95

goals, 243-244

Japanese policy and practice, 235-236, 243-244

lead products, 39

legal obstacles to, 45-46

market functioning, 43

materials management for, 18-19

measuring, 244

metals markets, 41-42

in paper industry, 228-229

policy approaches, 7-8

product design for, 18, 28

product take-back programs, 106-107, 108, 214

public practice, 217

recycle society concept, 236-238

regulatory obstacles to, 44-45

suitability of materials for, 42

Regulatory environment

allocation of environmental costs, 5

command and control approach, 5

corporate compliance auditing, 134-137

European, 213-215

flexibility of, 3

fragmentary nature, 213

inadequacies in, 5-6, 109

incentive-based approach, 6-7, 105-106

in Japan, 215

for mining industry, 165-166, 175-176

obstacles to efficient waste management, 44-45, 75

recycling mandates, 7-8

take-back provisions, 108, 214

transition to self-organizing sustainable economy, 109-110, 111

See also Policy making and implementation

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 44

Risk assessment

developing risk communications materials, 207-208

as measure of environmental performance, 26

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1997. The Industrial Green Game: Implications for Environmental Design and Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4982.
×

mental models of, 203-206, 211

public awareness and understanding, 29

public opinion, 201-202

S

Service economy, 23-24.

See also Functionality economy

Sherwood plot, 41

Solvent use and disposal, 44, 141

Standard of living, 28

Supplier chain management

global considerations, 21

opportunities for environmental improvement, 20-21

Sustainability

broad perspective, 92

critical systems, 91-92

economic modeling, 52-53

economic structure for, 99

functionality economy goals, 91-92

goals conflicts in private sector, 103-104

in Kalundborg (Denmark) industrial project, 117

prospects for private sector implementation, 108-111

service economy for, 95-96

sociopolitical evolution to, 51-52, 125

strategies for energy systems, 74

technoeconomic paradigms for, 68-69

technology for, 104-105

T

Taxes

for environmental management, 7

public opinion, 208, 218

United Kingdom policy, 214

Technology

barriers to recycling, 42

critical technology lists, 69

design for environment tools, 125-126

development of technoeconomic paradigms, 66-69

diffusion and transfer, 109-249

electricity production, 80-82

environmental assessment, 18

environmental goals of Japanese industry, 248-249

federal funding, 65-66

government role in developing, 29

hierarchical model of industrial system interactions, 49-50

metals recycling, 42

miniaturization, 68

opportunities for environmental protection, 30

pipeline construction, 157-159

in post-Cold War environment, 65

private sector structures for innovation, 108-109

product substitution vs. product upgrade, 94

production design for environmental protection, 18

for sustainable economy, 98, 104-105, 108-109

vs. conservation for environmental improvement, 2

Technology partnerships, 20-21

Total cost assessment, 189-190

Total quality environmental management, 133

Toxic release inventory, 20, 134

Transportation of goods

ecological trends, 213-214

metabolic model of consumption, 57-59

opportunities for environmental improvement, 22

political economy, 61

U.S. consumption trends, 56

U

Utility elicitation, 201

W

Wadden Sea pipeline project, 154-164

Waste management

disposal costs, 43

economic of, 41-42, 43

electricity production from waste, 83

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1997. The Industrial Green Game: Implications for Environmental Design and Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4982.
×

historical development, 37

industrial practice in Japan, 235

information needs, 43-44

Japanese policy, 235-236

mine cleanup, 170-174

mining process, 177-178

need for, 37

political economy of water, 61

problematic components in materials, 42

product design for, 16-18

suitability of materials for recycling, 42

sustainability perspective, 92

traditional linear conceptualization, 92

use of reject heat from electricity generation, 83-85

See also Materials management; Recycling and reuse

Water

economic metabolism, 61

political economy, 61

resource management evaluation, 134

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1997. The Industrial Green Game: Implications for Environmental Design and Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4982.
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The Industrial Green Game: Implications for Environmental Design and Management Get This Book
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Industrial ecology is a concept that has emerged in response to growing public concern about the impact of industry on the environment. In this framework the natural flow (or circulation) of materials and energy that takes place in biological ecosystems becomes a model for more efficient industrial "metabolism." What industrial ecology is and how it may be applied to corporate environmentalism are the subject of The Industrial Green Game.

This volume examines industrial circulation of materials, energy efficiency strategies, "green" accounting, life-cycle analysis, and other approaches for preventing pollution and improving performance. Corporate leaders report firsthand on "green" efforts at Ciba-Geigy, Volvo, Kennecott, and Norsk Hydro. And an update is provided on the award-winning industrial symbiosis project in Kalundborg, Denmark.

The Industrial Green Game looks at issues of special concern to business, such as measuring and shaping public perceptions and marketing "green" products to consumers. It offers discussions of the appropriate roles of government and private business.

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