National Academies Press: OpenBook

Biographical Memoirs: Volume 68 (1995)

Chapter: Carl Frederic Schmidt

« Previous: William Cumming Rose
Suggested Citation:"Carl Frederic Schmidt." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 68. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4990.
×
Page 273
Suggested Citation:"Carl Frederic Schmidt." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 68. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4990.
×
Page 274
Suggested Citation:"Carl Frederic Schmidt." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 68. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4990.
×
Page 275
Suggested Citation:"Carl Frederic Schmidt." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 68. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4990.
×
Page 276
Suggested Citation:"Carl Frederic Schmidt." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 68. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4990.
×
Page 277
Suggested Citation:"Carl Frederic Schmidt." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 68. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4990.
×
Page 278
Suggested Citation:"Carl Frederic Schmidt." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 68. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4990.
×
Page 279
Suggested Citation:"Carl Frederic Schmidt." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 68. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4990.
×
Page 280
Suggested Citation:"Carl Frederic Schmidt." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 68. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4990.
×
Page 281
Suggested Citation:"Carl Frederic Schmidt." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 68. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4990.
×
Page 282
Suggested Citation:"Carl Frederic Schmidt." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 68. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4990.
×
Page 283
Suggested Citation:"Carl Frederic Schmidt." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 68. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4990.
×
Page 284
Suggested Citation:"Carl Frederic Schmidt." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 68. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4990.
×
Page 285
Suggested Citation:"Carl Frederic Schmidt." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 68. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4990.
×
Page 286
Suggested Citation:"Carl Frederic Schmidt." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 68. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4990.
×
Page 287
Suggested Citation:"Carl Frederic Schmidt." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 68. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4990.
×
Page 288
Suggested Citation:"Carl Frederic Schmidt." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 68. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4990.
×
Page 289
Suggested Citation:"Carl Frederic Schmidt." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 68. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4990.
×
Page 290

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

CARL FREDERIC SCHMIDT July 29, 1893-April 4, 1988 BY GEORGE B. KOELLE CARE FREDERIC SCHMIDT was born on duly 29, IS93, in Leba- non, Pa. Less than fifty years earlier, Ruclolf Bucheim (~820-79) set up in Dorpat, Estonia, the worId's first labora- tory devoted to the study of the actions of cirugs. Bucheim's successor, Oswald Schmiedeberg ( ~ 838-1921 ), subsequently moved to Strassburg where he eventually became univer- sally regarded as the father of pharmacology; in all, he helped to train approximately 120 students from twenty or so coun- tries. Thus, the birth of Carl F. Schmidt and that of the science of pharmacology were nearly synchronous. Carl Schmidt's paternal grandfather, Jacob, came to the Unitecl States from Germany in IS70 for the same reason as mine: to avoid the Kaiser's draft. He settled in Philaclel- phia, where his dual trades were violinist and repairer of pipe organs. His son, Jacob Carl, was apprenticed to a jew- eler in Reacting, Pa. The son was approximately six and half feet tall, weighed 300 pounds, and was quite an athlete; he pitched for a short time for the Baltimore Orioles, and for several years thereafter was a "scorcher," or demon rider of penny-farthing bicycles. After establishing his own jewelry store in Reading, where Jacob met his wife, Ella Greth of Scotch-Trish ancestry, the family en c! business moved to Leba- non, Pa., where Carl was born. 273

274 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS Carl enjoyed the standard boyhood offered by a small town at the turn of the century. He and his elder brother, Edward, were active in the usual sports, particularly base- ball, football, bicycling, fishing, and hiking. He recalled that at one time they constructed a crystal set radio re- ceiver, but they never learned whether it functioned be- cause there was no broadcasting station in the vicinity. Throughout high school Car} received good grades and finished first in his class. He was then faced with the deci- sion of what career to choose. He decided against taking un his father's trade as a jeweler as well as that of an auto- ~ · 1 1 · . ~ · ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ mobile mechanic at which he had dabbled for several years. Two more plausible choices remained: he was offered a two-year scholarship at Lebanon Valley College, on the ba- sis of his high school grades, and an appointment to West Point. He opted for the latter, but failed the physical ex- amination (because of his limited chest expansion); there- fore, he accepted the college scholarship. This was subse- quently renewed. Halfway through college he met Elizabeth (Betsy) Viola Gruber, the middle member of a family of seven sisters plus one brother. They went steady for six years. then became engaged, and eventually, when Carl completed his internship, were married. They enjoyed an ideal mar- riage for sixty-two years until the death of Mrs. Schmidt. remember her as a lovely person. Just before Carl's graduation from college, the Schmidt family physician was elected state senator, which permitted him to offer Car! a scholarship to any school at the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania. He accepted with alacrity and chose the medical school because of its outstanding reputation. He remained there most of the time from then on as a student, intern, faculty member, department chairman, and professor emeritus until his death at the age of ninety-four. During his precTinical two years at Penn, Schmidt was

CARL FREDERIC SCHMIDT 275 particularly impressed by the courses of Allen J. Smith in pathology and Alfred Newton Richards in pharmacology. The latter was the youngest chairman, having arrived at Penn jut half a dozen years earlier in 1910. Carl graduated in HIS, at the top of his class. He re- ceived a commission in the Army Medical Corps and en- tered a rotating internship at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (HUP). There, his first assignment was to complete the blood counts of members of a crew of British and Indian seamen from a ship that had put out from Bombay a month earlier, had been refused landing at Liverpool be- cause of an undiagnosed illness aboard, and had gone on to Philadelphia. They were found to be suffering from a vague but deadly type of respiratory infection and were wisely held in a quarantined ward at HUP. These patients proved to be the first seen in the United States in the three- wave great influenza pandemic. Before it had run its course it was responsible for several million deaths. In Philadel- phia, it was the greatest medical crisis since the yellow fever epidemic of 1793. The disease was found eventually to be caused by a virus (at the time, these were only theoretical entities) with a secondary streptococcal pulmonary infec- tion; no treatment other than palliative was available. The course of the pandemic extended well beyond the armi- stice of World War ~ on November Il. 1918. Consequently, Carl Schmidt's internship was a grim, exhaustive experi- ence. When it ended, in August 19:~9, Carl considered a number of possibilities and settled for the offer of an in- structorship in pharmacology from Alfred Newton Richards. He never regretted the decision. With Carl's addition to the department, the faculty now numbered three, the other member being Oscar Plant who was an active participant in Richards's early memorable studies of glomerular filtration. In addition to his teaching duties,

276 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS which he entered with enthusiasm, Schmidt initiated his own research program in collaboration with W. Benson Harrer (1923), which focused on the interrelationships be- tween carbon clioxide, and morphine, heroin, and several other drugs, in their moctif~cation of respiration of the clog. For a short time Carl participated with Richards in the latter's renal program ancI succeeded in cleveloping a method! for visualizing the circulation of the kidney by means of a cov- erslip and overheat! illumination (1924,11. However, these microscopic studies prover! harmful to his eyes and he aban- clonect them. While casting about to decicle on his next research program, an opportunity presented itself that, af- ter some deliberation, he and Mrs. Schmidt seizer! upon with enthusiasm. Through Richards, he was invited to spend two years teaching at the Peking Union Meclical College with the support of the Rockefeller Foundation _ . , Early in the summer of 1922 the Schmidts set out to China by way of Vancouver, the Great Circle route near the Aleutian Islands, Yokohama, Tokyo, Kobe, Nagasaki, and Shanghai, anc! from there by an exhausting train trip to Peking, or as it is now called, Beijing. They were surpriser! ant! delighted by the spectacle of the medical college itself ~ ~ . ~ ~ . ~ ~ anct ot the comfortable cottage on the grounds which they were to occupy for the next two years. During that time the two outstanding events that occurred! in their lives were the birth of Car! F. Schmidt, Jr., on June 16, 1923, and the discovery or rediscovery along with K. K. Chen, of the sym- pathomimetic alkaloid! ephedrine (cliscussed below). It is notable that a remarkable number of outstanding Ameri- can meclical educators and investigators spent varying peri- ocis at Peking Union Meclical College during those years. in spite of the many changes in government, the medical school still functions as such; my wife Win and ~ visited Schmidt's oils laboratory there ten years ago en cl were de- ~ . ~ ~

CARL FREDERIC SCHMIDT 277 lighted to see the medical students still conducting phar- macological exercises. While a number of battles were oc- curring during the early twenties among the major war- lords, particularly in Manchuria to the north, fortunately for the Schmidts Peking did not become involved until af- ter they left. Following the Schmidts' return to Philadelphia in 1924, Carl resumed his former post at Penn as assistant professor of pharmacology, then associate professor ~ 1929), profes- sor ~ 1931 ), chairman (1939), and professor emeritus ~ 1959- 881. In 1927 their daughter Barbara Elizabeth (deLong) was born. Just before and after his retirement from the University of Pennsylvania, Carl served as the editor of Cir- culation Research ~ ~ 958-62), and was then appointed research director of the Naval Air Developmental Center at Johnsville, Pa. (1962-69), from which he finally retired at age seventy- five. He and Mrs. Schmidt moved temporarily to Florida, where he served as clinical professor of pharmacology at the University of South Florida College of Medicine in Tampa (1970-821. His research, additional activities, and honors are related in the sections that follow. RESEARCH Fortunately for the writer, Schmidt separated his publica- tions into appropriate categories; here, the sequence and titles are modified slightly to allow a more chronological presentation. CHINESE DRUGS When Carl Schmidt embarked on his Chinese adventure, it had been suggested that he investigate the drugs in the Chinese pharmacopoeia to find any that might be of par- ticular value. There were approximately 4,000. As a basis for starting this awesome project, he and his young Chinese

278 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS colleague, K. K. Chen, selected the drugs, mostly of botani- cal origin, that were prescribed most frequently. (This was long before the advent of the computer, which would have simplified the task somewhat.) The results obtained with the first half-dozen drugs that were tested were discourag- ing. Then Chen discussed the project with his uncle, a Chi- nese pharmacist. The latter suggested that they investigate ma huang, a plant that had been tasted by the Emperor Shen Nung more than 5,000 years earlier and placed in the "medium class." Chen prepared an aqueous extract of the crude drug which was injected into a dog at the conclusion of a student practice experiment. To their amazement it produced a prolonged rise in blood pressure (all other bo- tanical extracts produced only hypotension or nothing. ~ Within a few days Chen isolated the active principle; a search of the literature revealed that it had been found nearly fifty years earlier by the Japanese investigator N. Nagai and named ephedrine. However, only a few short notes had been pub- lished on its actions. Chen and Schmidt conducted a thor- ough investigation of ephedrine, which showed it to be an orally active, long-acting sympathomimetic amine of a struc- ture somewhat similar to that of epinephrine (1924,21. As a result, ephedrine and similar synthetic compounds were in- troduced into Western medicine and became widely em- ployed for their cardiovascular, bronchodilator, and other actions (19301. RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY REFLEXES After his return from China, along with excursions into other areas, Schmidt's major investigative work was divided between studies of respiratory and circulatory reflexes and the cerebral circulation. In IS67 von Bezold and Hirt2 reported that the injection of veratrine in rabbits caused bradycardia, hypotension, and

CARL FREDERIC SCHMIDT 279 apnea. This observation was practically overIookecl until it was recliscoverecl by Jarisch in 1940,3 when it was namecl the Bezold-larisch reflex. Further investigation of this phe- nomenon by Corneille F. Heymans of Ghent and his col- laborators4 lecT to the discovery of both chemoreceptors and pressoreceptors in the region of the internal carotid artery that procluce(1 marked reflexes in the respiratory and circulatory systems. Car! Schmidt ant! his colleagues became involved in the same field. The latter group inclu(lecl principally Julius H. Comroe, fir., ant! Domingo M. Aviado, fir., as well as Aurilio CerIetti, Robert D. Dripps, Jr., Paul R. Dumke, Marilyn E. Hess, Orville Horwitz, Werner Kalow, T. H. Li, and others. The laboratories of Heymans en cl Schmidt became the pre- eminent ones in the world for their work in unraveling these complicated systems. To summarize this research, it was shown that nicotine and other drugs also elicit the same reflexes. They were found to arise from one or both types of receptor not only in the carotid area but from the aortic body (the equivalent of the chemoreceptors of the carotid bocly) and aortic arch (which resembles the pressoreceptors of the carotid sinus), as well as from the upper respiratory tract, pulmonary venous area, coronary artery, and cardiac muscle and surface. Aluch of the early work was reviewe(1 by Schmidt (] 945,]) and by Aviaclo en c] Schmidt (19551; it has recently been updated by Aviaclo.5 These studies represented not only a major con- tribution to basic physiology, but were of great importance in the work of Schmidt and his colleagues (1943,1) in avia- tion medicine during Florid War IT and in Schmidt and Lambertsen's ~965) later involvement in the physiological aspects of space travel as cliscussed below.

280 CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS Carl Schmidt's interest in the control of respiration di- rected him to studies of the influence of cerebral blood flow on respiration (1923, 1928), in which measurement of the perfusion function was initially based on venous out- flow, giving way eventually to the use of a cooled or heated thermocouple (19341. In 1943, with Paul Dumke, he made the first quantitative and reliable measurements of cerebral blood flow in the macaque monkey by intercalating into the arterial input a bubble flow meter (1943,21. Two years later he extended his measurements to cerebral oxygen con- sumption under a variety of experimental conditions ~1945,2). While participating in those studies, Seymour Kety, who had joined the laboratory in 1943, devised a technique for mea- suring the blood flow through the human brain, utilizing the exchange of an inert gas between the perfusing blood and the brain. With Carl Schmidt he tested the technique in the monkey and calibrated it against the bubble flow meter (1945,31. The Kety-Schmidt technique was applied in 1948 to normal volunteers for the first measurements of blood flow and energy metabolism in the human brain (194S,7) and then to a number of physiological and patho- logical states ~ ~ 94S,2-5) . RENAL CIRCULATION In addition to his early work with A. N. Richards, cited above, Car} Schmidt subsequently investigated the renal cir- culation in collaboration with I. M. Hayman, {r. ~ ~ 929), Arthur M. Walker (1937), and John H. Moyer, HadIey Conn, and others (19501. MISCELLANEOUS In collaboration with Alfred E. Livingston, Schmidt pub- lished a number of studies on the actions of morphine and

CARL FREDERIC SCHMIDT 28 related drugs (1933). He and Harry D. Bruner (1947) stud- ied the bloodflow in the bronchial artery. With Christian I. Lambertsen, P. L. Bunce, and David L. Drabkin (1952) he measured the relationship between oxygen tension and he- moglobin oxygen saturation. Although I was Schmidt's first graduate student, I never had the privilege of working in his laboratory. He graciously allowed me to submit some work I had completed during World War IT in collaboration with Alfred Gilman at the Medical Research Laboratory, Edgewood Arsenal, as a the- S1S. AVIATION AND SPACE MEDICINE With the advent of World War II, Schmidt became deeply involved in aviation medicine. Here his aim was the devel- opment of means for improving the performance of pilots under extremes of gravitational and anoxic stresses (1943). He returned to the same area many years later at another level, after he became research director of the Naval Air Development Center, which contained the world's largest human centrifuge. He worked closely with John Glenn, Scott Carpenter, Wally Schirra, L. Gordon Cooper, Virgil Grissom, Frank Borman, Neil Armstrong, and the other pioneer as- tronauts in showing them how to deal with the tremendous G-forces they would encounter (1965). HONORS AND MEMBERSHIPS The list of Schmidt's societies and offices, editorships, committees, lectureships, and honors is a long one. Phar- macology on the international scene began as the Section on Pharmacology (SEPHAR) of the International Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS), which in turn belonged to the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). (At the annual meetings of the American Pharmacological So-

282 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS ciety, Schmidt used to delight us all with accounts of the activities of these acronymical associations.) Among all the pharmacologists of the florid, Schmidt was electec! the first president of SEPHAR, in 1959. When pharmacology achieved independent status in ~ 965 as TUPHAR the reader can work out that one Schmidt, by then retired, was elected its honorary president. Schmidt belonged to the American Society for Pharma- cology and Experimental Therapeutics (vice-presiclent, 1940- 42; president, 1948-501. He was also a member of the Na- tional Academy of Sciences (elected! 1949~; the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; American Heart Association; American Physiological Society; Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine; Association of American Physicians; American Association for the Advancement of Science (fel- Tow); Physiological Society of Philaclelphia; College of Phy- sicians of Philadelphia (fellow); Penn Valley Association (presi- clent, 1944-461; Meclical Association of the Argentine; Merion Cricket Club; ant! others. Schmidt was managing editor of the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics ~~ 940- 42) anc! Circulation Research (1958-62) and associate editor of Chemical Abstracts (1942-481. The list of his memberships on important international ant! national committees is ex- tensive. Among Carl Schmicit's many honors were honorary cle- grees from his alma maters, Lebanon Valley College ant! the University of Pennsylvania, and from Charles University in Prague. In 1984 he received the Distinguishes! Graduate Awarc! of the School of Medicine of the University of Penn- sylvania. In 1962 he was the sixth recipient over many years of the Schmiecleberg Plakette of the German Pharmaco- Togical Society. The citation that accompanied the award captured the man: "for magnificent contributions to ser-

CARL FREDERIC SCHMIDT 283 vice for pharmacology and in recognition of his spirit of magnanimity and great humanity." GENERAL The designation "clinical pharmacology" refers to a rela- tively young branch of the science that concerns the inves- tigation of new drugs in human subjects after their efficacy and safety have been established by animal studies. Although T never heard either of them use the term, Schmidt and his predecessor Richards ~1971~ were among the pioneers in this field. Most of their junior associates were residents in internal medicine, anesthesiology, and other medical spe- cialties who spent one or more years in the Department of Pharmacology learning the principles of pharmacological research. They then returned to their clinical departments to put these principles into practice. In addition to their extended stay in China early in Carl Schmidt's career, the Schmidts did considerable traveling . . . . . . . . . for his participation In International meetings, lecturing, and service with the Unitarian Medical Mission to Germany in 1948. Their most extensive journeys were taken shortly before his retirement from Penn; between July 1955 and February 1956, they took four trips covering some 50,000 miles. On those occasions their destinations included the Philippines, Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Burma, India, Pakistan, Sudan, _ Rhodesia, Uganda, Kenya, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Madagascar, Turkey, Italy, Spain, France, Greece, and Monaco. In spite of his numerous other activities related above, Schmidt always considered his primary responsibility to be teaching. His lectures were models of clarity, precision, and enthusiasm, and inspired his younger colleagues to follow

284 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS suit. As a result, pharmacology was generally acknowlecigecI by the students to be the best course in the meclical school. In 1976 his old department established the Car! F. Schmidt Honorary Lectureship. Schmidt gave the first annual lec- ture of the series. Subsequent lectures, which are followed by dinner en cl an evening of goof! fellowship, were pre- sented by his former associates and by distinguishes! phar- macologists from throughout the world. He and Mrs. Schmidt attended all up to the time of their cleaths. The Schmidt lectures will continue in perpetuity. After the death of Mrs. Schmidt in 1982, Carl Schmidt liver} with his son, Carl, Jr., and his wife Betty. Shortly after Schmicit's death, at the age of ninety-four, the tragic prema- ture death of his son followed. Betty ministered to them both, with deep affection and devotee! care to the end. In adclition to his daughter, Barbara Elizabeth deLong, Schmidt left five grancichiTciren and two great-grancichildren. AM ESPECIALLY G~TEFUL to Mrs. Carl F. (Betty) Schmidt, Jr., for her time and expertise in assembling the considerable volume of her father-in-law's unpublished writings and correspondence, upon which most of this memoir is based. Portions of this memoir are repro- duced from a shorter one published by the author in the Transac- tions of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia (ser. 5, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 261-65, 1989), for which permission has been granted. Mrs. Ava M. Evans typed the manuscript. NOTES 1. I. Z. Bowers. The founding of Peking Union Medical College. Policies and personalities. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 45 ~ 1971 ~ :305- 21, 409-29. 2. A. van Bezold and L. Hirt. Uber die physiologischen Wirkungen des essigsauren Veratrin e. Unters. Physiol. Lab. Wurzburg 1 ~ 1 867 ): 73- 122. 3. A. Jarisch. Vom Herzen ausgehende Kreislaufreflexe. Arch. Kreasl.- Forsch 7 ~ 1940) :260-74.

CARL FREDERIC SCHMIDT 285 4. C. F. Heymans, and E. NeiL ~~r ~~ ~ r6~ C~- c~r ~~. Boston: Lisle, Brown, 1 g58. 5. D. hi. Misdo. Nicotinic receptors in healthy and ischemic heart ash special reference to the Bezoldjar~ch reflex. Add. ~r A. 319~1992~:5-23.

286 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1923 With W. B. Harrer. The action of drugs on respiration. I. The mor- phine series. [. Exp. Med. 37:47-67. 1924 With A. N. Richards. A description of the glomerular circulation in the frogs kidney and observations concerning the action of adrenalin and various other substances upon it. Am. f. Physiol. 71:178-208. With K. K. Chen. The action of ephedrine, the active principle of the Chinese drug, Ma Huang. [. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 24:339-57. 1928 The influence of cerebral blood flow on respiration. I. The respira- tory responses to changes in cerebral blood flow. Am. f. Physiol. 84:202-22. 1929 With J. M. Hayman, Jr. A note upon lymph formation in the dog's kidney and the effect of certain diuretics upon it. Am. J. Physiol. 91:157-60. 1930 With K. K. Chen. Ephedrine and related substances. Medicine 9:2- 117. 1933 With A. E. Livingston. The relation of dosage to the development of tolerance to morphine in dogs. [. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 47:443- 71. 1934 With I. C. Pierson. The intrinsic regulation of the blood vessels of the medulla oblongata. Am. J. Physiol. 108:241-63. 1937 With A. M. Walker, K. A. Elsom, and C. G. Johnson. Renal blood

CARL FREDERIC SCHMIDT 287 flow of unanesthetized rabbits and dogs in diuresis and antidiuresis. Am. I. Physiol. 118:95-110. 1943 Some physiological problems of aviation. Tr. Stud. Coll. Phys. Phila. 11 :57-64. With P. R. Dumke. Quantitative measurements of cerebral blood flow in the macaque monkey. Am. J. Physiol. 138:421-31. 1945 Respiration. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 7:231-74. With S. S. Kety and H. H. Pennes. The gaseous metabolism of the brain of the monkey. Am. I. Physiol. 143:33-52. With S. S. Kety. The determination of cerebral blood flow in man by the use of nitrous oxide in low concentrations. Am. J. Physiol. 143:53-66. 1947 With H. D. Bruner. Blood flow in the bronchial artery of the anes- thetized dog. Am. J. Physiol. 148:648-66. 1948 With S. S. Kety. The nitrous oxide method for the quantitative de- termination of cerebral blood flow in man: Theory, procedure and normal values. {. Clin. Invest. 27:476-83. With S. S. Kety, R. B. Woodford, M. H. Harmel, F. A. Frehan, and K. E. Appel. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in schizophre- nia. The effects of barbiturate semi-narcosis, insulin coma and electroshock. Am. i. Psychiat. 104:765-70. With S. S. Kety. The effects of altered arterial tensions of carbon dioxide and oxygen on cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen consumption of normal young men. [. Clin. Invest. 27:484-92. With S. S. Kety and H. A. Shenkin. The effects of increased intra- cranial pressure on cerebral circulatory functions in man. J. Clin. Invest. 27:493-99. With S. S. Kety, B. D. Polis and C. S. Nadler. The blood flow and oxygen consumption of the human brain in diabetic acidosis and coma. [. Clin. Invest. 27:500-510.

288 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS 1950 With I. H. Moyer, H. Conn, and K. Markley. Attempt to demon- strate vascular by-passes in the kidney (the Trueta phenomenon). Am. f. Physiol. 161:250-58. 1952 With C. I. Lambertsen, P. L. Bunce, and D. L. Drabkin. Relation- ship of oxygen tension to hemoglobin oxygen saturation in the arterial blood of normal men. {. Appl. Physiol. 4:873-85. 1955 With D. M. Aviado, Jr. Reflexes from stretch receptors in blood vessels, heart and lungs. Physiol. Rev. 35:247-300. 1965 With C. J. Lambertsen. Pharmacology in space medicin Pharmacol. 5:383-404. 1971 .e. Ann. Rev. Alfred Newton Richards. In Biographical Memoirs, vol. 42, pp. 271- 318. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Next: John Clark Sheehan »
Biographical Memoirs: Volume 68 Get This Book
×
Buy Hardback | $107.00
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Biographic Memoirs: Volume 68 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!