Index
A
A Rations
application, 7-8
cholesterol levels, 249
energy balance, 46
nutrient intake, 139
preparation, 117
in training environment, 50
Aerobic capacity, 277
energy metabolism and, 268-273,
in ketogenic diet, 306
women and, 277
Altitude-induced effects, 126, 128
Anemia, iron deficiency, 13
Animal studies
food variety as intake factor, 164
generalizability, 18
learning and consumption, 292
social facilitation of intake, 374-375, 384, 385
Anorexia nervosa
application to troop underconsumption, 400-401
clinical features, 398-399
cytokine-mediated, 313
dehydration-induced, 140
energy metabolism, 307
epidemiology, 399
See also Eating disorders
Appetite
fluid intake and, 222, 223-224
situational cues and, 22
in stressful situations, 262, 401
Army Field Feeding System (AFFS)
deficiencies of current system, 69-70
evaluation and results, 50, 66
implementation, 66-69
potential application, 48-49
Army Field Feeding System-Future (AFFS-F)
advantages, 76
cook staff, 70-72
equipment, 72
mobile kitchen trailer, 72, 74-75
operational design, 70-74
ration planning, 75-76
sanitation center, 72
status, 66
water storage, 75
Army Physical Fitness Research Institute (APFRI), 83
Artificial sweeteners, 51, 142
Aspirin, 369
Assimilation model, 26, 27, 188-189, 190-192, 197-198
Attitudes
about food appropriateness, 24-25
behavior and, 353
commanders', as intake determinant, 23-24, 42
as focus of interventions to overcome underconsumption, 52
individual differences in intake, 43
mood, 287
perceived lack of meal choices, 330
role of commanders in shaping, 74
toward ration consumption, 325
toward weight loss in military settings, 10, 15
See also Food image and stereotypes
B
B Rations
development and testing, 117
ingredients, 7
in training environment, 50
Baseline data
cognitive performance, 288-289
Beverages
accessibility, 29, 30, 222-226 227-228, 236-237
artificially sweetened, 51, 142
attributes of, as intake factor, 229-230
caloric intake and, 217-222, 230, 231-232
CMNR identifies research needs for, 53
CMNR recommendations regarding, 51
consumer behavior situational research, 343-344
determinants of intake, 29-30
dietary role, 217
energy-containing, food intake and, 27-28
factors affecting intake in field, 226-230
hedonic qualities, 30
hot drink consumption in cold environments, 220
liquid diet, portion size as intake factor, 206-207
lubricating effect, 225
preparation requirements, 233
social factors affecting intake, 229
variety, 232
water intake in ration consumption, 60
water storage in AFFS-F, 75
See also Dehydration;
Hypohydration
Biodegradable components, 115
Biological/chemical warfare, ration packaging for, 112
Bulimia nervosa, 395
See also Eating disorders
C
C Rations
described, 98
Calcium
intake studies, 133-134
MRDA, 133
Carbohydrate metabolism
dietary conceptualizations, 303-307
garrison studies, 123
glycogen function, 147, 148-149, 305
low-carbohydrate diets, 19
mental functioning and, 293
in physical activity, 130-132, 250, 305
underconsumption and, 18-21, 141
Cardiac function, 259-260, 271
chronophysiologic monitoring, 369-370
early effects of caloric deprivation, 308
high-fat diet and, 306
Cholesterol, 249
Chronobiology. See Circadian rhythms
Circadian rhythms
on consumption, effect of, 21
in consumption interventions, 368-369
during deployment, 324
exercise effects, 366
general health applications, 369-370
meal timing and, 30, 327, 361-371
troop relocation effects, 406-407
CMNR. See Committee on Military Nutrition Research
Cognitive performance
baseline data, 288-289
CMNR identifies research needs for, 53
control group data for field research, 289
dehydration effects, 15
effects of underconsumption, 15-18, 43, 47, 292-294, 298-299
environmental factors in field-ration studies, 290
glycogen metabolism in, 132
individual differences, 291
investigator bias, 292
learning, 292
motivational factors, 290-291
obstacles to assessment of, 15, 18, 47, 172, 289-290
obstacles to field research, 289-292, 298
operational measures, 287
psychomotor performance vs., 287
ration as force multiplier, 111
research methodology, 287-292
severe deficits, 294
underconsumption combined with stress and, 293
Cold environments
effect on food, 128
energy metabolism, 9
fluid intake, 220
food intake in, 128-130
high-fat diet in, 140
intake in, 140
macronutrient consumption, 18-19
MRE testing, 105
T Ration arctic module, 116
Combat Field Feeding System
development of, 100
field testing of, 101-102, 104, 122, 126, 264
role of CMNR in evaluating testing of, 101, 104
Commanders
in AFFS-F implementation, 74
in AFFS-F structure, 73
attitudes of, regarding field feeding, 23-24, 42, 59
exemplary beverage consumption by, 233
field feeding decisions, 32, 66, 80-81
field feeding guide for, 51
in group performance motivation, 291
as intake variable, 140-141
in interventions to overcome underconsumption, 45, 48, 51
monitoring of troop weight loss, 141
perceived responsibility for feeding soldiers, 80-81
survey of attitudes and knowledge about feeding, 77-83
Committee on Military Nutrition
Research (CMNR)
Army questions to, 5
answer to Army questions, 41-45
conclusions of, 45-49
in developing military nutritional standards, role of, 91, 92, 94
emphasis on labeling, 31, 45, 118
in evaluating ration testing, role of, 3, 99, 101, 104
identifying research needs, 52-53
previous reports of, 11, 19-20, 118, 257
recommendations of, 49-52
task from the Army, 4-5, 57, 122
Constipation, 81
Cooks
in AFFS-F, 70-72
in Combat Field Feeding System, 100
future policy for field feeding, 33
Cytokine-mediated
underconsumption
CMNR identifies research needs for, 53
as result of trauma and sickness, 307
D
Dehydration
cognitive functioning and, 15
criteria for monitoring, 106
in deployment, 324
field monitoring, 51
See also Hypohydration
Deployment process, 323-325, 406-407
Desert Shield/Storm
anecdotal evidence of feeding patterns, 4, 81
feedback on weight loss during, 52
regarding labeling, feedback from, 31
troop weight loss, 147
use of MREs during, 7
Detraining effects, 270
Development and evaluation of feeding systems
acceptance measures, 358
B Rations, 117
beverage components, 218-222, 232
dehydration criteria, 106
future developments, 118-119
KCLFF-E, 53
MFM, 115
MRE, 3-4, 31, 58, 60, 98-100, 104-105, 112-115, 128, 152-159
novelty of new rations as consumption variable, 148, 159
nutritional criteria, 97-98
nutritional labeling, 118
responsibility, 109-110
UGR, 117-118
See also Intake studies
Diarrhea, 147
Disease. See Trauma and sickness
E
Eating disorders
assessment, 394
biological factors, 395-396
clinical features, 394-395
cognitive factors, 397
cognitive treatments, 406
epidemiology, 393
family risk factors, 395
personality characteristics, 396, 397
prevalence in military, 405
risk factors, 393-394
symptoms, 393
See also Anorexia nervosa;
Binge eating disorder;
Bulimia nervosa
Education and training
for AFFS-F, 74
CMNR recommendations regarding, 50, 51
to increase food intake, 45
Energy metabolism
aerobic capacity and, 268-273
in anorexia of illness or injury, 307
baseline data, 255-256
between-meal foods and fluids in, 126
calculations, 20
carbohydrate intake and, 148-149
criteria for evaluation, 49
effects of deficits in, 308-309
effects of ration modifications on, 10
fat consumption and, 205
field monitoring, 53
field studies, 125-128
fluid intake and, 217, 220-222
garrison studies, 123-124
immune function and, 309
macronutrient intake and, 20-21
mental functioning and, 293
during military exercise, 8-10
MRE field testing, 99-100, 104
partial consumption of ration and, 135
performance decrements, research in, 254
protein intake and, 312-313
rate of weight loss, 12-13, 47
requirements of field feeding doctrine, 49
in short-term high-intensity activity, 273-276, 314-315
sources of caloric restriction, 307
in starvation/semistarvation, 260, 308
strength and, 265-268
underconsumption of MREs and, 3-4, 46
utilization of A Rations, 46
weight loss and, 11-12, 45, 138-139
women intake studies, 130
work capacity and, 259-262
Energy source
energy density, satiation and, 27, 204
fluids as, 29
wastage, 10
Environmental factors
challenges for military feeding, 110-111
in cognitive performance studies, 290
in interventions to overcome underconsumption, 44-45, 48, 51
in MRE intake, 153
See also Cold environments;
Hot environments;
Situational factors;
Temperate environments
Evaluation and testing. See Development and evaluation of feeding systems
Expectancies
assimilation model, 188-189, 190-192
commander's role in determining, 196-197
commercial vs. military packaging, 194-196
consumption and, 194
informational variables in food acceptance, 187-188
models of disconfirmed expectations, 188-189
sensory, 343
troop survey, 178
F
Fat, dietary
contradictory messages to soldiers, 247, 248
eucaloric ketogenic diet, 305-306
flavor effects, 246
high-fat diets, 19-20, 44, 140, 203-205, 206, 213, 304, 306-307, 309
normal, 255
omega-3/omega-6 polyunsaturates in, 306-307
physical activity and, 250
underconsumption and, 18-21
women, 258
Field feeding doctrine
CMNR recommendations regarding, 49-51, 53
Flameless ration heater
development of, 113
Fluids. See Beverages
Water
Focus groups
CMNR recommendations regarding, 52
Food acceptance
appropriateness of food and, 24-25, 42-43, 357-358
assimilation-contrast model, 189
assimilation model, 26, 27, 188-189, 190-192, 197-198
challenges for military feeding, 110
CMNR identifies research needs for, 52
consumption modeling, 63-64
effects of ration modifications on, 10-11
energy density of food as factor in, 27, 204
fiber content of food as factor in, 27
food industry research, 240, 246
food stereotypes and, 25-27, 45
form of food and, 207-208, 236
generalized negativity model, 189
informational variables in, 187-188, 194
lack of choice and, 329-330
long-term monotony effects, 164-165, 211
military vs. commercial food, perceptions of, 187-188, 194-196
monotony effects, 10
in MRE developmental testing, 99, 154-156
MRE performance, 48
MRE supplement pack, 157
palatability as factor in, 27, 28
portion size as factor in, 27, 28
ration-related determinants, 42, 47
reintroduction of food item, 168
replacement vs. variety, 163
sensory cues and, 328
situational factors in, 170-171
T Rations, 160
troop expectations, 178-181
within-meal variety, 208-210
Food appropriateness
categorization, 346-353
elements of, 342
laboratory studies, 354-355
situational factors, 25
Food image and stereotypes
characteristics and sources, 183-187
commander's role in determining, 196-197
current understanding, 197-198
expectations among military, 25, 178-183, 185-187
informational variables in food acceptance and consumption, 187-188, 194
intake and, 208
models of disconfirmed expectations, 26, 27, 188-189
program for improving, 198
See also Food appropriateness
Food quality
current state, 44
food acceptance and, 26, 27-28
in interventions to overcome underconsumption, 47
military vs. commercial food, perceptions of, 183
in models of disconfirmed expectations, 189
shelf life, 111
troop expectations, 178, 181-183
See also Palatability
Future developments
CMNR identifies research needs for, 52-53
field feeding concepts, 118-119
field feeding, 33
MRE beverages, 219
ration design, 31
self-heating group meal, 119
self-heating individual meal, 118-119
G
Gastrointestinal functioning, 81, 147, 152, 153
Glycogen, 132, 147, 148, 305, 308
Grazing, 359
Group interaction, 23, 48, 331, 374-375, 387-388
H
High-altitude environments, 9
High-fat diets
CMNR identifies research needs for, 44
in cold environments, 140
high-fiber diet vs., 213
high-carbohydrate diet vs., 304
omega-3/omega-6 polyunsaturates in, 306-307
use of carbohydrate to prevent ketosis in, 19-20
Hot environments
conducting field studies in, 53
energy intake, 9
food intake in, 140
heat-stable chocolate, 113
hypohydration in, 217
weight loss in, 12
Hot meals
access to ration heating as intake factor, 329
food acceptance and, 69-70
nutrient intake and, 139
possibilities with KCLFF-E, 72
self-heating group meal, 119
self-heating individual meal, 118-119
Hypohydration
CMNR recommendations regarding, 50, 53
in food intake studies, 222-226, 230
in hot environments, 217
reduced food intake as a result of, 21, 41
See also Dehydration
I
Ibuprofen
CMNR identifies research needs for, 53
cytokine-mediated underconsumption and, 14, 53
Individual differences
attitudes toward rations, 325
cognitive performance, 291
in eating disorders, 396
self-selected ration components, 135, 211
weight loss and physical performance, 47
Intake studies
access to water as factor in, 222-226
beverage consumption in, 218-222, 226-230
calcium, 133-134
carbohydrate metabolism, 130-132
cognitive factors in food behavior, 346-357
cold environment training, 128-130
commander's attitude as variable in, 196-197
energy metabolism, 138-139
field studies, 125-128
folate, 134
food quality variables, 203-206
food waste in, 135
form of food as variable in, 207-208
in garrison, 123-124
intentional weight loss, 130, 256-257
labeling as variable, 208
long-term effects of monotony/variety, 164-165, 211
methodological issues, 122-123, 167-168, 169
portion size as variable in, 206-207
protein metabolism, 132-133
ration changes as factor in, 162-165
self-reports, 377-378
sensory-specific satiety in, 208-212
single meal per day, 362-365
social facilitation of food consumption, 374-383
variety as variable in, 135-138
women, 130
Interventions to overcome
underconsumption
anorexia nervosa model, 400-402
beverage-related, 30, 44, 212-213, 231-233
changes in MRE design, 154-159
changes in T Ration design, 159-162
CMNR identifies research needs for, 48, 52-53
CMNR recommendations regarding, 50-52
education and training, 24, 45
emotional factors, 48
environmental factors in, 44-45, 48, 412-413
field feeding doctrine, 44, 48, 49
food appropriateness as element of, 25, 47
food image and stereotypes as focus of, 198
hot meals, 49
implications of assimilation model, 192
improving food image, 26-27, 47
improving food quality, 28, 47, 212
informational variables in, 194
labeling, 212
leadership issues, 48
long-term plans, 414-415
manipulation of situational factors, 22, 23, 34, 44, 47, 332-333
marketing concepts for, 62
packaging-related, 194-196
portion size, 212
presentation, 212
ration-related, 412-413
research design, 33-34
short-term plans, 413-414
social facilitation of intake, 48, 387-388
use of circadian rhythms in, 368-369
J
Jet lag, 406
K
K Ration, 31
KCLFF. See Kitchen Company
Level Field Feeding
KCLFF-E. See Kitchen Company
Level Field Feeding-Enhanced
Ketones, 306
Ketosis
dietary prevention, 20
in high-fat diet, use of carbohydrate to prevent, 19-20
in low-carbohydrate diets, 19
physical capacity during, 305-306
Kitchen Company Level Field
Feeding (KCLFF), 68
Kitchen Company Level Field
Feeding-Enhanced (KCLFF-E)
CMNR evaluation of, 53
command structure, 73
equipment and capabilities, 33, 72-73
tactical flexibility, 73-74
Korean War, 31
L
Labeling
CMNR recommendations regarding, 51
current developments, 118
feedback from Operation Desert Shield/Storm regarding, 31
intake and, 208
military vs. commercial, food acceptance and, 187-188
survey of commanders' knowledge of, 79
Liquid diet, 206-207
Liquids. See Beverages
Water
Logistics package, 68
Long Range Patrol Food Packet, 30
Low-fat diets, 205, 213, 303-304
M
Magnesium, 306
Marketing concepts, 62
See also Food image and stereotypes
Meal, Combat Individual. See C Ration
Meal, defined, 6
Meal, Ready-to-Eat (MRE)
applications, 7, 48, 49, 70, 112
beverage interactions, 29
carbohydrate content, 132
CMNR recommendations regarding, 51
cold environments testing, 105
commercial items in, 115
commercial-like packaging, 194-196
development, 3, 4, 31, 60, 98, 112-115, 152
duration of field use, 3, 4, 31, 113, 152-153
ease of opening, 329
effects of ration modifications, 10
energy metabolism in field, 9, 10, 45-46, 58
field feeding, 65
field tests, 3, 58, 112-113, 152
flameless ration heater and, 70, 73, 113, 114
fluid intake studies, 218-222
Improved version, 154, 155-156
individual selection, 120, 247
intake studies, 128
macronutrient consumption, 46
menus, 7, 10-11, 112, 113, 114, 115, 329
modifications, 154-159
nutritional testing, 98-100, 104-105
in Operation Desert Shield/Storm, use of, 7
portion size, 330
prolonged feeding studies, 152-153
role of CMNR in evaluating testing of, 99
short-term applications, evaluation of, 50
Soldier Enhancement Pack, 157-159, 219, 220-221
supplement pack, 156-157
in training environment, 50
underconsumption, 3-4
wastage of, CMNR identifies research needs for, 53
weight, 7
weight loss in field study, 9
Meal size, social mediation of, 378-382
Meal timing
in AFFS, 68-69
circadian rhythms and, 30, 327, 361-370
CMNR identifies research needs for, 53
duration of meal, 326, 386, 387-388
in field operations, 325
frequency, 326
perceived appropriateness, 354
physical performance and, 366
regularity and predictability, 326-327
Menu cycle
CMNR identifies research needs for, 53
current standard, 112
defined, 160 n.3
food monotony study, 164-165
logistical constraints, 111-112
T Rations, 160
Menus
CMNR identifies research needs for, 53
food appropriateness considerations, 24-25
KCLFF-E flexibility, 73-74
MFM, 115
MRE, 7, 10-11, 112, 113, 114, 115, 329
ration changes as intake factor, 162-165
ration types, 7-8
vegetarian, 115
Military Nutrition Division (MND), 5
Military Recommended Dietary Allowances (MRDAs)
calcium, 133
carbohydrate, 132
cold environment training, 128-130
Combat Field Feeding System, 104
folate, 134
historical development, 30-31, 59-60, 91-94
intake studies in garrison, 123
MRE conformity, 3
nutritional criteria for testing, 97-98
protein, 132
ration formulations excepted from, 30
role of, 30
T Rations, 160
Minerals
deficits in women, 258-259
immune function and, 309
in ketogenic diets, 306
long-term effects of deficits, 141
See also Calcium
Mission, Energy, Troops, Terrain, and Time (METT-T)
field decision making, 32
in field feeding, 66
ration choice and, 6
MND. See Military Nutrition Division
Mobile kitchen trailer, 72, 74-75
Modularity, 111
Morale, 99
MRE. See Meal, Ready-to-Eat
Multi-Faith Meal (MFM),
described, 115
N
Nibbling. See Snacking behavior
Nitrogen metabolism, 308, 309, 311
Norepinephrine, 396
NRDEC. See U.S. Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center
Nutrition.
See also Military Recommended Dietary Allowances
adaptation to macronutrient changes, 19
circadian rhythms and, 327
commanders' understanding of, 24
energy-density of foods, 27, 204
importance in military setting, 121
initial status and response to energy deficit, 255-256
ketogenic diets, 305-307
long-term effects of deficits, 141
Military Nutrition Division test
methods, 122-123
MRE, 112
status of women, 258-259
survey of commanders' knowledge of, 78-80
underconsumption and, 18-21
weight loss and, 287
O
Odor research, 243
Officers. See Commanders
Omega-3/omega-6
polyunsaturates in high-fat diets, 306-307
Operational rations
defined, 6
design considerations, 31, 44, 110-112
Overconsumption, 84-85, 124, 212, 256-257
Oxygen uptake
aerobic capacity, 268-273, 277, 306
performance effects, 272
in physical performance measurement, 14
P
Packaging
against biochemical threats, 112
camouflage considerations, 244
challenges for military feeding, 112
CMNR recommendations regarding, 45, 51
commercial vs. military, consumption and, 194-196
on consumption, effects of, 27, 29, 42, 194
food industry research, 244
for operational rations, 31
product name, 244
storage of unused portions, 370
Palatability
as determinant of intake, 203-204
food interactions during meal, 208-210
long-terms effect, 211
micronutrients and, 210
military vs. commercial food, 183
physical exertion and, 243, 249
role of fat, 246
sensory cues and, 328
Physical performance
aerobic capacity, 268-273, 277
body temperature in exertion, 260
carbohydrate metabolism and, 130-132
CMNR identifies research needs for, 53
effects of underconsumption on, 43, 46-47
energy metabolism and, 254, 259-262
fat loss as enhancer of, 257
glycogen function in, 305
during ketogenic diets, 305-306
macronutrient requirements, 18-21
meal timing and, 366
measurement strategies, 13-14, 61, 262-265
physical training test data, 147, 171-173
psychological factors, 264-265, 272-273
ration as force multiplier, 111
weight loss and, 11-14, 251, 253-254
women with nutritional deficits, 258-259
Platoon sergeants, 45
Pogey bait, 81
Portion size
consumer lack of control over, 330
design considerations, 243
intake and, 206-207
liquid diets and, 206-207
wastage related to, 139
Preparation of rations
access to ration heating, 329
accessibility of food, 328-329
in AFFS, 68-70
in AFFS-F, 72-75
field challenges, 32
flameless ration heaters and, 70, 73, 113, 114
future developments, 31
future policy for field feeding, 33
in harsh environments, 128, 140
military vs. commercial food, perceptions of, 183
MREs, 7
odor effects, 242-243
sensory cues in, 327-328
strategies to increase food intake, 44-45
T Rations, 7
UGR, 8
use of prepared foods, 75
use of sauces, 75-76
Presentation
See also Meal timing
Private sector research
amount of consumption, 243
consumer choices, 241-242, 344-346
food acceptance, 240
food behavior, 240-241
observation techniques, 242
packaging, 244
physiological data, 242-243
vs. academic research, 239-240
Product name, 244
Protein metabolism
energy needs, 20
garrison studies, 123
intake studies, 132-133
mental functioning and, 293
partial consumption of ration and, 135
underconsumption and, 18-21
weight loss and, 20
Psychological factors
adaptation to deployment, 325
eating disorder model of troop underconsumption, 400-401
economic modeling of behavior, 319-321, 333
in etiology of eating disorders, 394, 395, 396-397
evidence for social mediation of food intake, 374-377, 378-383, 388 , 392
meal regularity and predictability, 326-327
performance motivation, 290-291
physical performance and, 264-265, 272-273
situational cues, 21-22
social behavior, 373-374
theoretical models for social mediation of food intake, 383-387
See also Attitude;
Cognitive performance
Psychomotor performance, 286
R
Rate of weight loss
energy metabolism and, 12-13, 47
health risk, 12
Ration, Cold Weather (RCW), 132
Ration, defined, 6
Ration, Lightweight (RLW), 30
Religious observances. See Multi-Faith Meal
Restricted rations, 30
Retort pouch, 327 n.2
Retort processing
application, 112 n.2
process, 7 n.1
in self-heating group meal, 119
S
Salt
in ketogenic diets, 306
Sanitation center, 72
Satiety
dietary fiber and, 206
intake and, 203-204
liquid vs. solid foods, 236
motivation to eat, 341
sensory-specific, 164, 208-212
social effects, 385-386
variety and, 164
Sauces, 75-76
Seasonings
CMNR identifies research needs for, 44
food industry practice, 29
preference for, 244-245
group meal, 118-119
individual meal, 118-119
Self-selection
food intake and135, 211, 241-242, 330
Sensory cues
expectancies, 343
on food intake, effects of, 21-22, 327-328
nonsensory cues, 330-331
Sensory-specific satiety
defined, 164
variety and, 208-212
Serotonin, 396
Shelf life, 111
Situational factors
acceptance modeling, 63-64
CMNR identifies research needs for, 53
cognitive functioning in field exercises, 15
consumer behavior research, 343-346
deployment process, 323-325
economic modeling of behavior, 319-321, 333
expectations of food acceptance, 179-181
expectations of food quality, 181-183
field research methodology, 28
field research vs. multifactorial modeling, 33-34
in food acceptance, 170-171
food accessibility, 357
general field conditions, 323
in interventions to overcome underconsumption, 47
meal timing, 30, 44, 125, 325-327
nonsensory cues, 330-331
physical setting, 21-22
research models, 319-323
social environment, 22-23, 331
in underconsumption, 11, 15, 41-42, 286, 288, 343
See also Environmental factors
Snacking behavior,
CMNR recommendations regarding, 51
grazing, 359
on nutrient intake, impact of, 10, 29, 45, 241-242, 338-339
social effects, 376
Social environment
beverage intake and, 229
as disinhibiting, 386-387, 408
eating disorder risk, 397-398, 405
emotional response, 384-385
enhanced consumption in, 48
evidence for mediation of food intake, 374-377, 378-383, 388, 392
food intake and, 22-23, 42, 331
food stereotypes, 25-27
individual behavior and, 373-374
snacking behavior and, 376
theoretical models for mediation of food intake, 383-387
use of, to facilitate intake, 387-388
Sodium
in ketogenic diets, 306
Somalia, 147
Storage
shelf life, 111
of unused ration portion, 370
water, 75
Stress
in cognitive performance-underconsumption relationship, 293
combat anxiety, 22
ibuprofen and cytokine-mediated, 14, 53
meal regularity and, 326
in training environment, 50
underconsumption as response to, 14
Supply logistics
AFFS, 66-69
food delivery and, 32-33, 41-42
menu cycle constraint, 111-112
Survival General Purpose, Food
Packet, 30
Survival ration, 30
T
T Rations. See Tray rations
Temperate environments,
conducting field studies in, 53
Testing. See Development and evaluation of feeding systems
Trauma and sickness
anorexia related to, 307
resulting in cytokine-mediated undersonsumption, 307
Tray Ration (T Ration)
acceptance, 160
arctic module, 116
in Combat Field Feeding System, 100, 104
development and testing, 116, 159-162
effects of ration modifications, 10
nutritional balance, 7, 116, 160
short-term applications, evaluation of, 50
Tumor necrosis factor, 307, 313
U
Underconsumption
clinical context, 62
commanders' attitudes and, 23-24, 140-141
contributors to, 9-10, 41-43, 44, 139-141, 177, 341-342
cytokine-mediated, 14, 53, 307, 313
dehydration as a factor in, 12, 15, 17, 44, 46, 51
effects in women, 258
effects on cognitive performance, 15-18, 43, 46, 47, 49-50, 292-294, 298-299
effects on physical performance, 43, 46-47, 49-50, 253-254
energy expenditures and work capacity, 259-262
food attributes as factor in, 25-30
food waste as measure of, 135
lack of appetite in, 14
macronutrient metabolism and, 18-21
MRE field tests, 3-4
physical eating situation and, 21-22
physiological effects, 254, 307-309
ration modification and, 11
ration-related variables, 11, 47, 412
research procedure, 8-9, 33-34
in short-term high-intensity activity, 273-276
situational factors, 11, 15, 21-23, 47, 139-140, 286, 288, 343
social environment as factor in, 22-23, 331
systemic factors, 32
in training environment, 49-50, 139-140
weight loss as indicator of, 10, 11-14, 15, 18, 21, 34, 42, 43, 45 -47, 49, 50, 51, 52
See also Interventions to overcome underconsumption
Unitized Group Ration (UGR)
in AFFS-F, 75-76
development and testing, 117-118
USARIEM. See U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine
U.S. Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center (NRDEC), 5
U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), 5
V
Variety
beverages, 232
body weight and, 212
current menu cycle, 112
intake studies, 135-138
within meal, 208-210
military vs. commercial food, perceptions of, 183
ration changes as intake factor, 162-165
replacement vs., 163
sensory-specific satiety and, 164, 208-212
Vegetarian menus, 115
Veterans, in focus groups, 52
W
Water
access to, and food intake, 222-226, 228-229
access to, as intake determinant, 227-228, 233
carbohydrate supplements in, 148
food intake in extreme environments and, 140
See also Beverages;
Dehydration;
Hypohydration
Weight loss
baseline data, 255-256
CMNR identifies research needs for, 52-53
CMNR recommendations regarding, 45-47, 49-52
cognitive performance and, 15-18, 251, 292-294, 298
criteria for evaluation, 49, 106, 141
in deployment, 324
early effects of caloric deprivation, 308, 309
effects on physical performance, 11-14, 43, 46-47, 251, 253-254, 312
energy metabolism and, 138-139
fat consumption and, 205-206
field intake studies, 126-128
field monitoring for, 51, 53, 141
food variety and, 212
forms of, 11-12
as indicator of underconsumption, 10, 11-14, 15, 18, 21, 34, 42,43, 45-47, 49, 50, 51, 52
individual differences, 291
initial nutritional status and, 255-256
intentional, 130, 256-257, 305
ketogenic diets, 305
military attitudes toward, 10, 15
MRE field studies, 9, 58, 99-100, 128
during Operation Desert Sheild/Storm, feedback on, 52
physiological effects, 11-12
protein intake and, 20
recent operational data, 147, 171-172
in short-term high-intensity activity, 274, 275
strength effects, 265-268, 276-277
vs. nutritional loss, 287
Women
aerobic capacity and, 277
calcium intake, 104, 133-134, 141
carbohydrate intake, 19
