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Suggested Citation:"6 References." Institute of Medicine. 1995. Health Services Research: Work Force and Educational Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5020.
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Suggested Citation:"6 References." Institute of Medicine. 1995. Health Services Research: Work Force and Educational Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5020.
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Page 86
Suggested Citation:"6 References." Institute of Medicine. 1995. Health Services Research: Work Force and Educational Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5020.
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Page 87
Suggested Citation:"6 References." Institute of Medicine. 1995. Health Services Research: Work Force and Educational Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5020.
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Page 88
Suggested Citation:"6 References." Institute of Medicine. 1995. Health Services Research: Work Force and Educational Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5020.
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Page 89
Suggested Citation:"6 References." Institute of Medicine. 1995. Health Services Research: Work Force and Educational Issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5020.
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Page 90

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References AUCPR (Agency for Health Care Policy and Research). National Research Service Award Individual Postdoctoral Fellowships (Publication Number 94-0078~. Rockville, Md.: Department of Health and Human Services, June, 1994. AHCPR. National Research Service Award Institutional Grants Policy and Guidelines (Publication Number 95-00139. Rockville, Md.: Department of Health and Human Services, December, 1994. Anderson, O. The Uneasy Equilibrium: Private and Public Financing of Health Services in the United States 1875-1965. New Haven, Conn.: College and University Press, 1968. Brook, R.H., and Lohr, K.N. Efficacy, Effectiveness, Variations, and Quality: Boundary-crossing Research. Medical Care 23 :710-722, 1985. Brook, R., Chassin, M., Park, R., et al. A Method for Detailed Assessment of the Appropriateness of Medical Technologies. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 2:53~3, 1986. Brown, D. Small Agency Is a Target in Budgeting. New York Times, April 16, 1995, p. 17. Browne, M.W. Supply Exceeds Demand for Ph.D.'s in Many Science Fields. New York Times, July 4, 1995, p. 16. Capilouto, E., Capilouto, M.L., and Ohsfeldt, R. A Review of Methods Used to Project the Future Supply of Dental Personnel and the Future Demand and Need for Dental Services. Journal of Dental Education 59~1~:237-257, 1995. 85

86 / HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH CCMC (Committee on the Costs of Medical Care). Medical Care for the American People. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1932. (Reprinted by U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1972.) Chassin, M., Kosecoff, J., Park, R., et al. Does Inappropriate Use Explain Geographic Variations in the Use of Health Care Services? A Study of Three Procedures. Journal of the American Medical Association 258:2533-2537, 1987. Codman, E.A. The Product of a Hospital. Journal of Surgery, Gynecology, and Obstetrics 18~4~:491~96, 1914. COSEPUP (Commission on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy) of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. Reshaping the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1995. Densen, P.M., Shapiro, S. and Einhorn, M. Concerning High and Low Utilizers of Service in a Medical Care Plan, and the Persistence of Utilization Levels Over a Three-Year Period. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 37:217-250, 1959. Donabedian, A. Evaluating the Quality of Medical Care. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 44:166-203, July (part 2) 1966. Donabedian, A. Explorations in Quality Assessment and Monitoring; Vol. 1. The Definition of Quality and Approaches to Its Assessment; Vol. 2. The Criteria and Standards of Monitoring; Vol. 3. The Methods and Findings of Quality Assessment and Monitoring: An Illustrated Analysis. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Health Administration Press, 1980, 1982, 1985. Ebert-Flattau, P., and Perkoff, G.T. The Health Services Research Labor Force in the United States. Medical Care 21 :253-265, 1983. Eddy, D. Oregon's Methods: Did Cost-effectiveness Analysis Fail? Journal of the American Medical Association 266:2135-2141, 1991. Eddy, D., and Billings, J. The Quality of Medical Evidence: Implications for Quality of Care. Health Affairs 7:19-32, 1988. Eisenberg, J. Doctors' Decisions and the Cost of Medical Care: The Reasons for Doctors' Practice Patterns and the Ways to Change Them. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Health Administration Press Perspectives, 1986. Ellwood, P. Alternatives to Regulation: Improving the Market. In: Controls on Health Care. Papers of the Conference on Regulation in the Health Industry, January 7-9, 1974. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1975, pp. 49-72. Ellwood, P. Shattuck Lecture. Outcomes Management: A Technology of Patient Experience. New England Journal of Medicine 318: 1549-1556, 1988. Enthoven, A. Managed Competition: An Agenda for Action. Health Affairs 7~39:25-47, 1988.

REFERENCES / 87 Epstein, A.M. U.S. Teaching Hospitals in the Evolving Health Care System. Journal of the American Medical Association 273: 1203-1207, 1995. Fell, E.C., Welch, H.G., and Fisher, E.S. Why Estimates of Physician Supply and Requirements Disagree. Journal of the American Medical Association 269:2859-2863, 1993. FHSR (Foundation for Health Services Research). Directory of Training Programs in Health Services Research, 1991-1992. Washington, D.C.: Foundation for Health Services Research, 1992. Fifer, W.R. Quality Assurance in the Computer Era. In: N.O. Graham, Quality Assurance in Hospitals: Strategies for Assessment and Implementation. Rockville, Md.: Aspen Publishers, pp. 288-296, 1990. Flock, E.E., and Sanazaro, P.J., eds. Health Services Research and R&D in Perspective. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Health Administration Press, 1973. Gaus, C.R. Health Services Research: Now More than Ever. Journal of the American Medical Association 274: 108, 1995. Goldschmidt, P. G. Health Services Research and Development: The Veterans Administration Program., Health Services Research 20~6~:789-824, 1986. Gray, B.F. The Legislative Battle Over Health Services Research. Health Affairs 11:3 8~6, 1992. Green, J., and Wintteld, N. Report Cards on Cardiac Surgeons: Assessing New York State's Approach. New England Journal of Medicine 33 2: 1229-1232, 1995. Greenlick, M.R., Freeborn, D.K. and Pope, C.R. Health Care Research in an HMO: Two Decades of Discovery. Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988. Hadley, J., Steinberg, E.P., and Feder, J. Comparison of Uninsured and Privately Insured Hospital Patients. Journal of the American Medical Association 265:374-379, 1991. Hannan, E.L., Kilburn, H., Racz, M., Shields, E., and Chassin, M. Improving the outcomes of coronary artery bypass surgery in New York State. Journal of the American Medical Association. 271~10~: 761-6, 1994. Harrington, C., and Newcomer, R.J. Social Health Maintenance Organizations' Service Use and Costs, 1985-89. Health Care Financing Review 12(3):37-52, 1991. IOM (Institute of Medicine). Health Services Research: Report of a Study. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1979. IOM. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1983. IOM. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1985. IOM. Controlling Costs and Changing Patient Care: The Role of Utilization Management. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1989.

88 / HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH IOM. ClinicalPractice Guidelines: Directionsfora New Program. M.J. Field and K.N. Lohr, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990a. IOM. Medicare: A Strategy for Quality Assurance. K. Lohr, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990b. IOM. Improving Information Services for Health Services Researchers. A Report to the National Library of Medicine. J. Harris-Wehling and L.C. Morris, eds. Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press, 1991. IOM Guidelines for Clinical Practice: From Development to Use. M.J. Field and K.N. Lohr, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1992. IOM. Access to Health Care in America. M. Millman, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1993a. IOM. Employment and Health Benefits: ~ Connection at Risk. M.J. Field and H.T. Shapiro, eds. Washington,D.C.: NationalAcademy Press, 1993b. IOM. Balancing the Scales of Opportunity: Ensuring Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the Health Professions. M.E. Lewin and B. Rice, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1994a. IOM. Health Services Research: Opportunities for an Expanding Field of Inquiry. An Interim Statement. S. Thaul, K.N. Lohr, and R.E. Tranquada, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1994b. IOM. Dental Education at the Crossroads: Challenges and Change. M.J. Field, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1995. Kane, R.L., and Blewett, L.A. Quality Assurance for a Program of Comprehensive Care for Older Persons. 14:89-110, 1993. Kindig, D.A. Counting Generalist Physicians. Medical Association 271: 1505-1507, 1994. Koen, M.E. Hospitals in Profile. Inquiry 2~2~:43-58, 1965. - Health Care Financing Review Journal of the American Langwell, K., Rossiter, L., Brown, R. et al. Early Experience of Health Maintenance Organizations Under Medicare Competition Demonstrations. Health Care Financing Review 8:37-55, 1987. Lasker, R.D., Humphreys, B.L., and Braithwaite, W.R. Making a Powerful Connection: The Health of the Public and the National Information Infrastructure. Report of the U.S. Public Health Service Public Health Data Policy Coordinating Committee, Washington, D.C. July 6, 1995. Lurie, M., Ward, N.B., Shapiro, M.F., et al. Termination from Medi-Cal: Does It Affect Health? New England Journal of Medicine 311:480~84, 1984. Newhouse, J.P., and the Insurance Experiment Group. Free for All?: Lessons from the RAND Health Insurance Experiment Group. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993. NRC (National Research Council). Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Academy Press, 1975a. Personnel Needs and Training for Washington, D.C.: National

REFERENCES / 89 NRC. Report of the Committee on a Feasibility Study of National Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Pres, 1975b. NRC. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1976. NRC. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Sol. 1. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1977. NRC. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1978. NRC. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1979. NRC. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1981. ARC. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1989. NRC. Meeting the Nation's Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral Scientists. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1994. NRC and IOM. Toward a National Health Care Survey: A Data System for the 21st Century. G.S. Wunderlich, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1992. Office of Technology Assessment. Identifying Health Technologies That Work: Searching for Evidence. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994. PSAC (President's Science Advisory Committee), Office of Science and Technology, Executive Office of the President. Improving Health Care Through Research and Development. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, March 1972. Rorem, C.R. A Quest for Certainty: Essays on Health Care Economics, 1930-1970. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Health Administration Press, 1982. Shortell, S.M., and Reinhardt, U.E., eds. Improving Health Policy and Management: Nine Critical Research Issues for the 1990s. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Health Administration Press, 1992. Somers, H.M., and Somers, A.R. Doctors, Patients, and Health Insurance. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1961. Starr, P. The Social Transformation of American Medicine. New York, N.Y.: Basic Books, 1982. Steinwachs, D.M. Health Services Research: Its Scope and Significance. In: Promoting Health Services Research in Academic Health Centers, P. Forman, ed. Washington, D.C.: Association of Academic Health Centers, 1991.

90 / HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH University of California, Universitywide Health Sciences Committee. Univer- sitywide Health Sciences Applicant Pool Study and Outreach Program Inventory. Vol. I: Executive Summary Findings. Oakland, Calif.: University of California, 1993. USDHEW (U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare). Training Grants Program of the National Center for Health Services Research and Development: Policies and Guidelinesfor Applicants. Bethesda,Md.: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1970. Wennberg, J. Dealing with Medical Practice Variations: A Proposal for Action. Health Affairs 3 :6-32, 1984. Wennberg, J., and Gittelsohn, A. Variations in Medical Care Among Small Areas. Scientific American 246: 120-134, 1982. Young, L.A. From the Blue Shield Perspective. Inquiry 2:5-15, 1965.

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In a health care environment undergoing major restructuring, health services researchers have an important contribution to make in evaluating the impact of change and in guiding policymakers, clinicians, corporate purchasers, and patients. This book examines the health services research work force and its education. Conclusions focus on the quantity and quality of the work force, prospects for the future, and directions for government policy.

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