National Academies Press: OpenBook

Shipbuilding Technology and Education (1996)

Chapter: Front Matter

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Shipbuilding Technology and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5064.
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Shipbuilding Technology and Education

Committee on National Needs in Maritime Technology

Marine Board

Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems

National Research Council


NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1996

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Shipbuilding Technology and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5064.
×

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20418

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the panel responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Harold Liebowitz is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. Harold Liebowitz are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

The program described in this report is supported by Cooperative Agreement No. DTMA91-94-G- 00003 between the Maritime Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation and the National Academy of Sciences.

Limited copies are available from:

Marine Board

Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems

National Research Council

2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.

Washington, DC 20418

Additional copies are available for sale from:
National Academy Press
Box 285 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20055 800-624-6242 202-334-3313 (in the Washington Metropolitan Area)
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 95-72456
International Standard Book Number 0-309-05382-X

Copyright 1996 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Cover photo courtesy of National Steel and Shipbuilding Company.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Shipbuilding Technology and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5064.
×

COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL NEEDS IN MARITIME TECHNOLOGY

JOHN M. STEWART (chair)

McKinsey & Company, Inc., New York, New York

GERALD J. BLASKO,

Newport News Shipbuilding, Newport News, Virginia

EDWARD J. CAMPBELL,

NAE, Case Industries (retired), Racine, Wisconsin

JOSEPH J. CUNEO,

Marinex International Inc., Hastings-on-Hudson, New York

ARTHUR J. HASKELL,

Matson Navigation Company (retired), Oakland, California

HAROLD C. HEINZE,

Alaska Petroleum Contractors, Talkeetna, Alaska

GEORGE H. KUPER,

Council of Great Lakes Industries, Ann Arbor, Michigan

HENRY S. MARCUS,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

T. FRANCIS OGILVIE,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

IRENE C. PEDEN,

NAE, University of Washington (retired), Seattle

RICHARD W. THORPE,

Kværner Masa Marine Inc., Annapolis, Maryland

JOHN S. TUCKER,

National Steel and Shipbuilding Company, San Diego, California

RICHARD H. WHITE,

Institute for Defense Analysis, Arlington, Virginia

Liaison Representatives

ANDY DALLAS,

Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Virginia

JAMES A. FEIN,

Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Virginia

PAUL B. MENTZ,

Maritime Administration, Washington, D.C.

THOMAS L. NEYHART,

Maritime Administration, Arlington, Virginia

ROBERT W. SCHAFFRAN,

Advanced Research Projects Agency, Arlington, Virginia

CHARLES E. STUART,

Advanced Research Projects Agency, Arlington, Virginia

ALBERT J. TUCKER,

Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Virginia

ROD VULOVIC,

Sea-Land Service, Inc., Elizabeth, New Jersey

Staff

ROBERT A. SIELSKI, Project Officer

DELPHINE D. GLAZE, Administrative Assistant

ANN COVALT, Editorial Consultant

CATHY BROWN, Editor

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Shipbuilding Technology and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5064.
×

MARINE BOARD

RICHARD J. SEYMOUR (chair)

Texas A&M University and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California

BERNARD J. ABRAHAMSSON,

University of Wisconsin, Superior

JERRY A. ASPLAND,

ARCO Marine, Inc., Long Beach, California

ANNE D. AYLWARD,

Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Milton, Massachusetts

MARK Y. BERMAN,

Amoco Corporation, Houston, Texas

BROCK B. BERNSTEIN,

EcoAnalysis, Ojai, California

JOHN W. BOYLSTON,

Argent Marine Operations, Inc., Solomons, Maryland

SARAH CHASIS,

Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., New York, New York

CHRYSSOSTOMOS CHRYSSOSTOMIDIS,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

BILIANA CICIN-SAIN,

University of Delaware, Newark

JAMES M. COLEMAN,

NAE, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge

BILLY L. EDGE,

Texas A&M University, College Station

MARTHA GRABOWSKI,

LeMoyne College and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Cazenovia, New York

M. ELISABETH PATÉ-CORNELL,

Stanford University, Stanford, California

DONALD W. PRITCHARD,

NAE, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Severna Park, Maryland

STEPHANIE R. THORNTON,

Coastal Resources Center, San Francisco, California

KARL K. TUREKIAN,

NAS, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut

ROD VULOVIC,

Sea-Land Service, Inc., Elizabeth, New Jersey

E. G. "SKIP" Ward,

Shell Offshore, Inc., Houston, Texas

ALAN G. YOUNG,

Fugro-McClelland BV, Houston, Texas

Staff

CHARLES A. BOOKMAN, director

DONALD W. PERKINS, associate director

DORIS C. HOLMES, staff associate

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Shipbuilding Technology and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5064.
×

Acknowledgments

The committee gratefully acknowledges the contributions of time and information provided by the many persons who addressed the committee, including: Howard M. Bunch, University of Michigan; Ian Cuckneil, Braemar Developments LTD.; David P. Donohue, The Jonathan Corporation; James A. Fein, Office of Naval Research; Jose Femenia, Jr., State University of New York Maritime College; Albert Herberger, Maritime Administration; J.F. Hillman, Colton and Associates; John Goodman, National Council of Economic Advisors; John Kaskin, Office of Naval Operations; Zelvin Levine, Maritime Administration; William W. Lewis, McKinsey Global Institute; Michael McGrath, Advanced Research Projects Agency; Paul Mentz, Maritime Administration; Thomas Neyhart, Maritime Administration; Robert F. O'Neill, American Waterways Shipyard Conference; Frank Peterson, Office of Naval Research; Charles Piersall, AMADIS, Inc.; Nils Salvesen, Science Applications International Corporation; Paul A. Schneider, Naval Sea Systems Command; Robert W. Schaffran, Advanced Research Projects Agency; Rod Vulovic, Sea-Land Service, Inc.; and Raymond A. Yagle, University of Michigan.

The following persons addressed the Workshop on the Role of Technology in Shipbuilding: Torben Andersen, Odense Steel Shipyard Ltd., Denmark; Joachim Brodda, Bremer Vulcan AG, Germany; Michael Cecere, Naval Sea Systems Command; David H. Hill, General Motors (ret.); Thomas Lamb, Textron Marine and Land Systems; Kai Levander, Kværner Masa Yards Technology, Finland; Chris Lloyd, Kockums Computer Systems Ltd; David L. Luck, General Electric; Anthony Manchinu, Total Transportation Systems Inc.; Ronnal Reichard, Structural Composites Inc.; George Sawyer, Sperry Marine; Bruce R.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Shipbuilding Technology and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5064.
×

Scott, Harvard Business School; Richard G. Woodhead, Shipkits International, England.

The following additional persons participated in the Workshop on the Role of Technology in Shipbuilding: Eugene Aspuru, Avondale Industries Inc.; Joseph A. Byrne, Maritime Administration; Stephen S. Clarey, National Steel & Shipbuilding Company; Tim J.V. Colton, Colton and Company; Andy Dallas, Advanced Research Projects Agency; Thomas H. Doussan, Avondale Industries Inc.; Roger Eshelman, Newport News Shipbuilding; Richard Goldbach, Metro Machine; Jon Grunning, Kockums Computer Systems AB, Sweden; H. T. Haller, Maritime Administration; Norman O. Hammer, Maritime Administration; Thomas W. Harrelson, Maritime Administration; Zelvin Levine, Maritime Administration; Thomas Lockwood, MARITECH; Phillip Nuss, Trinity Marine Group; Ellsworth Peterson, Peterson Builders Inc.; Bård Rasmussen, Kockums Computer Systems AB, Sweden; Todd Ripley, Maritime Administration.

The following persons participated in the workshop on Education in Naval Architecture: Michael Bernitsas, University of Michigan; Margaret D. Blum, Maritime Administration; David Billington, Princeton University, Board on Engineering Education; Francis M. Cagliari, Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers; James J. Conti, Webb Institute; Robert Holzman, U.S. Coast Guard; Robert Latorre, University of New Orleans; Peter Majumdar, Office of Naval Research; Joseph A. Schetz, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Frederick Seibold, Maritime Administration; Stephen E. Sharpe, U.S. Coast Guard; Ronald Yeung, University of California, Berkeley.

The following shipyard executives met with members of the committee: Albert L. Bossier, Jr., Thomas H. Doussan, Eugene J. Aspuru, Avondale Industries; Duane B. Fitzgerald, Gerard F. Lamb, Bath Iron Works Corporation; and Richard H. Voortman, Alfred W. Lutter, Jr., Stephen H. Streifer, National Steel and Shipbuilding Company.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Shipbuilding Technology and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5064.
×

Preface

The U.S. shipbuilding industry is at a turning point. Two decades ago the industry produced ships for both commercial and military markets. In the 1980s, the industry designed and built the world's most advanced naval capability in response to the U.S. Navy's goal of a 600-ship fleet. U.S. shipbuilders came to excel in producing complex, high-quality naval vessels. Yet commercial markets were left to foreign shipbuilders whose governments provided handsome subsidy support in the shipbuilding arena. Recently, dramatic declines in U.S. defense spending are forcing many large U.S. shipbuilders to translate their skills once again from military to commercial markets if they are to thrive or, in some cases, simply survive.

Congress and the Clinton administration have shown increasing concern about the industry's health as a matter of both military and economic security. In response to the National Defense Authorization Act of 1993, the administration developed "a comprehensive plan to enable and ensure that domestic shipyards can compete effectively in the international shipbuilding market." In this plan, Strengthening America's Shipyards, the president called for a major national initiative in shipbuilding, with the goal of assisting the efforts of the nation's shipyards to make a successful transition from military to commercial shipbuilding—a competitive industry in a truly competitive marketplace.

Accordingly, the U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and the Office of Naval Research requested that the National Research Council, through the Marine Board, study the role of technology in renewing the U.S. shipbuilding industry and the health of the research, education, and training infrastructure that supports shipbuilding. The U.S. Maritime Administration also supported this study.

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Shipbuilding Technology and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5064.
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To address this charge, a Marine Board committee was formed representing broad expertise in ship design, shipbuilding, ship operations, systems engineering, manufacturing technology, education in naval architecture and marine engineering, technology policy, research and technology management, and economics. National Research Council procedures to ensure balance on the committee were followed. Appendix A presents short biographies of committee members.

The study used several methods to obtain a wide range of additional expert views. Three working papers were commissioned, two on technology application in U.S. and foreign shipbuilding (one primarily a literature search) and a third on naval architecture and marine engineering education. Over the course of the study, two workshops were also held, one on technology application in shipbuilding and one on naval architecture and marine engineering education.1 The National Research Council Board on Engineering Education contributed to the study, notably by participating in the education workshop. In addition, the committee was briefed by numerous representatives of government agencies, shipowners, shipbuilders, educators, and managers of technology. Finally, committee members consulted with the heads of several major U.S. shipbuilding companies in addition to providing their own extensive experience with U.S. and foreign yards. Appendix B details the additional sources of information, including a full list of briefings to the committee.

The committee and the Marine Board hope this report will be useful to a number of audiences. Beyond the study's sponsors, Advanced Research Projects Agency and Office of Naval Research, these audiences are policymakers and technical experts associated with interested public and private agencies, including the U.S. Coast Guard and Maritime Administration; shipyards and shipowners; educators; and others in the marine and shipbuilding communities. The report is a potential road map for shipyard revitalization to maintain a shipbuilding base for defense purposes in a time of declining naval construction.

1  

The two working papers on technology application are by Bunch and Associates and Colton and Co.; the paper on national architecture and marine engineering education is by Raymond A. Yagle. All three of these reports, as well as proceedings of the committee's workshop on technology application in shipbuilding, are available in limited quantities from the Marine Board, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Shipbuilding Technology and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5064.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Shipbuilding Technology and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5064.
×

Tables and Figures

Tables

Table 1-1

 

U.S. Builders of Large Oceangoing Ships by Work Force Size

 

10

Table 1-2

 

Global Market Segments for Commercial Ships

 

13

Table 1-3

 

Difficulty of U.S. Entry to Selected Segments of the International Shipbuilding Market

 

14

Table 2-1

 

Ship Design and Product Technologies

 

52

Table 2-2

 

Priorities for Technology Investment

 

57

Table 3-1

 

MARITECH and TRP Projects, by Primary Technology Area

 

64

Table 3-2

 

MARITECH and TRP Projects, by Both Primary and Secondary Technology Areas

 

65

Table 3-3

 

MANTECH Projects, by Primary Technology Area

 

66

Table 3-4

 

MANTECH Projects, by Both Primary and Secondary Technology Areas

 

67

Table 4-1

 

Schools of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering

 

76

Table 4-2

 

Fields of Study, Enrollment, and Degrees Awarded, by School

 

78

Figures

Figure 1-1

 

Major Shipbuilders in the United States and Their Locations

 

10

Figure 3-1

 

Number of Programs Addressing Technology Areas

 

72

Figure 3-2

 

Dollar Amounts Invested in Each Technology Area

 

73

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Shipbuilding Technology and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5064.
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The U.S. shipbuilding industry now confronts grave challenges in providing essential support of national objectives. With recent emphasis on renewal of the U.S. naval fleet, followed by the defense builddown, U.S. shipbuilders have fallen far behind in commercial ship construction, and face powerful new competition from abroad. This book examines ways to reestablish the U.S. industry, to provide a technology base and R&D infrastructure sustaining both commercial and military goals.

Comparing U.S. and foreign shipbuilders in four technological areas, the authors find that U.S. builders lag most severely in business process technologies, and in technologies of new products and materials. New advances in system technologies, such as simulation, are also needed, as are continuing developments in shipyard production technologies. The report identifies roles that various government agencies, academia, and, especially, industry itself must play for the U.S. shipbuilding industry to attempt a turnaround.

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