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Page 231
Index A acoustical holography 123
acoustical index of refraction 124
adaptive current tomograph (ACT) 145
aliasing 62
amplifier design 70
analytical inversion 117
anatomical priors 193
angiography 52
imaging techniques for 62
angioplasty 171
anisotropic diffusion 82
applied potential tomography (APT) system 145
artifacts 28, 60
motion-related 29, 66
patient-related 29
physics-related 28
ring-shaped 29
system-related 29
attenuation 24, 30, 91, 97, 98, 99, 126, 159, 202
coefficients 24, 91, 97-99
compensation 99
distribution 159, 202
distribution, non-uniform 91, 99
distribution, uniform 99
linear 24
SPECT 91, 97, 98
three-dimensional correction, 118
ultrasound 126
avalanche photodiodes 109
B backprojection method 209
backpropagation method 127
Bayesian method 56, 59, 61, 204, 223, 224
beam forming 122, 124
beam hardening 25, 28, 30, 200
artifacts 25
beam propagation 123
boundary-element method (BEM) 136, 137, 150
biopsy 169, 173
Biot-Savart law 149, 213
Bloch equation 38, 209
blood flow 37, 62, 67, 106
imaging of 37
blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) effect 69
Born approximation 205
C cardiac imaging 19, 91, 99
cardiac strain 67
Cauchy problem 136, 214
chemical shift imaging 75
chest radiography 14, 16, 18
cluster analysis 189
coil designs 54, 79
partial-volume 50
superconducting 79
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Page 231
Index A acoustical holography 123
acoustical index of refraction 124
adaptive current tomograph (ACT) 145
aliasing 62
amplifier design 70
analytical inversion 117
anatomical priors 193
angiography 52
imaging techniques for 62
angioplasty 171
anisotropic diffusion 82
applied potential tomography (APT) system 145
artifacts 28, 60
motion-related 29, 66
patient-related 29
physics-related 28
ring-shaped 29
system-related 29
attenuation 24, 30, 91, 97, 98, 99, 126, 159, 202
coefficients 24, 91, 97-99
compensation 99
distribution 159, 202
distribution, non-uniform 91, 99
distribution, uniform 99
linear 24
SPECT 91, 97, 98
three-dimensional correction, 118
ultrasound 126
avalanche photodiodes 109
B backprojection method 209
backpropagation method 127
Bayesian method 56, 59, 61, 204, 223, 224
beam forming 122, 124
beam hardening 25, 28, 30, 200
artifacts 25
beam propagation 123
boundary-element method (BEM) 136, 137, 150
biopsy 169, 173
Biot-Savart law 149, 213
Bloch equation 38, 209
blood flow 37, 62, 67, 106
imaging of 37
blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) effect 69
Born approximation 205
C cardiac imaging 19, 91, 99
cardiac strain 67
Cauchy problem 136, 214
chemical shift imaging 75
chest radiography 14, 16, 18
cluster analysis 189
coil designs 54, 79
partial-volume 50
superconducting 79
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coil designs (continued)
surface gradient coils 50
whole-body gradient coils 49
whole-volume coils 50
collimator designs 93, 94, 101, 102
astigmatic 101
cone-beam 94, 101
converging-hole, 94
fan-beam 94
parallel-hole 94
variable focal 101
see also RF coils, gradient coils
collimator-detector response 98
collimator-detector system 100
Compton scattering 91, 96, 108, 118
computational anatomy 191
computed tomography (CT) 1, 14, 23, 157, 159, 160, 168
CT angiography 33, 34
high-speed 30
spiral CT 23, 31, 33, 169
computer-assisted visualization 168
conductivity distribution 144
cone beam errors 33
conjugate gradient algorithm 99
contrast agents 162
contrast resolution 23
contrast-to-noise ratio 79
convergence 204
convolution kernels 31
convolution methods 98
cryosurgery 177, 178, 194
D data acquisition 33, 34, 41, 45, 47, 56-59, 62, 63, 70, 94, 101, 112, 116, 125, 134, 157, 158, 175, 187, 193
for optical methods 158
systems 27
three-dimensional 114, 116
data correction 27, 112
data display 33, 63
multi-dimensional 187
three-dimensional 31, 33, 74, 129
data fitting 191, 193
data fusion 188
data interpolation 31
data reduction 33, 187, 193
data sampling 117
data visualization 188
detector systems
arrays 33, 148
efficiency 108
elements 27, 108
noise in 153
ring-based 28
scintillators 27, 92
SPECT 95
transducer development 122
see also scintillation cameras, scintillation crystals
dielectric constant, changes in 143
diffraction integral 123
diffraction tomography 127, 206
diffusion 80-82
anisotropic 82
coefficients 65
measurements 66
diffusion MRI 49, 66
application to strokes 81
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) 81
digital subtraction angiography (DSA) 13
discrete Fourier transform 40
display 31, 33, 68, 74, 81, 125, 129
three-dimensional 31, 33, 74, 129
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Doppler shift 211
Doppler tomography 212, 226
dynamic imaging 4, 37, 56, 93
E echo-planar imaging (EPI) 49, 50, 53, 56, 60, 63, 66, 68-70, 74, 81, 171
eddy currents 50, 60, 73, 74, 81
in MRI 50
edge detection 189
elastic warping 192
electrical impedance tomography (EIT) 143, 209, 216
electronics for 144
inversion algorithms for 144
electrical source imaging (ESI) 214
electrocardiography (ECG) 133, 134
electroencephalography (EEG) 3, 133
electron beam systems 32-34
emission CT 202, 203
endocardial potentials 135
endoscopy 167, 170
energy resolution 117, 119
expectation maximization algorithm 99, 113
F fan beam systems 25, 28, 29
reconstruction algorithm for 25
fast Fourier transform (FFT) 56, 57, 60, 61, 222
Fermi motion 110
field inhomogeneities 58
film subtraction angiography 13
filtered backprojection algorithm 33, 115, 118, 119, 200, 204
three-dimensional 116, 117
filtered backprojection of filtered projection 98
finite-element method (FEM) 46, 74, 123, 136, 137, 150
fitting algorithm 193
focused ultrasound (FUS) 4, 179, 180
forward models 153
forward problem 136, 215
Fourier optics 124
Fourier projection theorem 98, 113
Fourier reconstruction 117
Fourier space interpolation 211
Fourier transform 40, 52, 58, 117, 206, 210, 211, 222
FFT 56, 57, 60, 61, 222
functional imaging 3
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 1, 68, 70, 72-74, 148
fuzzy logic 189
G Gauss-Seidel algorithm 99
Gelfand-Levitan procedure 217
Gibbs-Markov random field 204
Gibbs ringing 57, 58
global thresholding 189
gradient coils 49, 51, 70, 72
for MRI 49
local 50, 51
surface 78
whole-body 49
gradient descent method 52
H half-value layer 91
heart arrhythmia 135
heat surgery 177
Helmholtz equation 224
high-temperature superconductor 37
magnets 42
histogramming 189
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Holder stability 218
holography 21
Hounsfield numbers 30
hyperpolarized gases 78
I ill-posedness 59, 115, 136, 144, 160, 209, 214, 217, 218
image combination, image fusion 47, 193
image contrast 66
image-guided therapy 168
image processing 187, 188, 193
image processing methods 64, 189, 190, 194
cluster analysis 189
edge detection 189
enhancement 187
filtering 56
global thresholding 189
histogramming 189
region growing 190
registration 174, 175, 189, 191, 193, 195
segmentation 77, 188-191, 194
shape analysis 189
statistical edge finding 189
surface rendering 194
thresholding 190
volume rendering 194
see also signal processing
image reconstruction 25, 31, 33, 37, 48, 56, 60, 61, 91, 99, 106, 113, 116, 135, 154
see also reconstruction
immobilization during intervention 174
impedance tomography (see electrical impedance tomography)
index of refraction, acoustical 124
instability
of instruments 71
mathematical 209, 214, 216, 217
integral geometry 211
interpolation 48
in Fourier space 211
interventional MRI 4, 66
interventional radiology 168
inverse problem 113, 114, 135-137, 148, 202, 205, 206, 208, 209, 214-216, 224
inversion algorithms for EIT 144
inversion problem 158, 160
iterative reconstruction algorithms 98-101, 151
conjugate gradient 99
expectation maximization 99, 113
Gauss-Seidel 99
K k-space coverage 56
keyhole imaging 60
Klein-Nishina formula 118
L Lagrange multipliers 52
LANDSAT 190
laser optical tomography 157, 160
layer stripping 209
Levenberg-Marquardt iterative method 216, 221
light tomography 208
limited-angle reconstruction, SPECT 101
linear attenuation coefficient 24
local gradient coils 50, 51
local RF coils 50
logarithmic stability 218
magnetic field gradients 70
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magnetic resonance (MR) 37
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) 74, 194
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 1, 3, 5, 14, 37, 38, 159, 167, 169-171, 176, 190, 209-211
fast data acquisition 175
flow imaging 65
intervention and 66, 172
magnetic field for 41
magnets for 42, 175
microscopy 80
pulsed-field 44
magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) 75
magnetic source imaging (MSI) 147-149, 152, 213, 214
sensors for 148
magnetocardiography (MCG) 147
magnetoencephalography (MEG) 147
mammography 14, 15
maximum a posteriori (MAP) method 99
maximum entropy method 61, 99, 100, 193, 220
maximum likelihood method 99, 100, 204
measurement of electrical conductivity 144
measurement of oxygen 67
Metz filter 100
microscopic imaging 78
microscopy 1
minimally invasive surgery 168
minimum mean squares error 100
Monte Carlo methods 52
motion detection 189
movement during data acquisition 29, 66, 193
multi-dimensional data 187
multiple coils 47, 48, 54
multiple receivers 48
N neural networks 61, 189
Newton's method 209, 216
noise 28, 70, 91, 99, 117, 118, 136, 153, 154, 160
detector 153
patient-based 46
physiological 73
quantum 28
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging—see magnetic resonance imaging
nuclear medicine imaging 89, 90, 95
objective function 138
optical tomography 158, 161, 207, 208, 216
data collection for 158
paramagnetic contrast agents 78
parametric estimation techniques 59
patient management 167
perturbation theory 127
phase aberration 124
phase-contrast MR imaging 62
phase errors 57
phase mapping methods 63, 64, 68
phased array system 123
photomultiplier tubes 90, 108
photon attenuation and scatter 97
physics-related artifacts 28
positron emission tomography (PET) 3, 105-114, 117, 119, 148, 159, 160, 203
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PET (continued)
data corrections 112
detectors 109, 117
detector systems 108, 112
efficiency 108
image reconstruction 113
scintillators for 109
system electronics 111
precession frequency 39
principal component analysis (PCA), combination by 47, 48
priors (prior information) 154, 204
anatomical 193
use of 153, 154
projection on convex subsets (POCS) 223
pulsatile flow 63
pulse-echo techniques 126
pulse sequences 171
pulsed-field MRI 44
Q quantum efficiency 27
R radiopharmaceuticals 90, 91
Radon inversion formula 200
Radon transform 200, 211, 212
attenuated 97
inverse 98
real-time imaging 168
reconstruction 26, 28, 56, 94, 96, 112, 135, 152, 158
reconstruction methods 33, 34, 60, 127
backpropagation method 127
limited-angle reconstruction 101
maximum a posteriori (MAP) 99
maximum entropy 61, 99, 193, 220
maximum likelihood 99, 204
PET 113
three-dimensional 119
see also image reconstruction
region growing 190
regularization methods 138, 214, 215, 217, 218, 220-222
Tikhonov-Phillips 221
reprojection techniques 194
resolution 60, 65, 78-80, 90, 91, 93-96, 109, 110, 116, 121, 125-127, 144, 150, 152, 161, 206, 221
EIT 144
energy 117, 119
ESI 135
MSI 152
PET 110
spatial 23, 31, 33, 49, 51, 56, 58, 59, 90, 92, 94-96, 110, 135, 144, 152
SPECT 92, 94-96
temporal 49, 152
restoration filter 100
RF coils 41, 45
design 45, 51, 53
efficiency 52
local 50
partial-volume 50
ring detector based systems 26, 28
robot-assisted surgery 168
Rytov approximation 127
S sampling 23, 33, 60, 124, 221, 222
Fourier space 222
three-dimensional 221
scanner aperture 117
scan times 23
scattering 126, 159, 201
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scattering (continued)
correction/compensation 20, 100, 117, 118
response function 100
scintillation cameras 95, 102
scintillation crystals 108
see also detector elements
segmentation 77, 188-191, 194
spectral techniques 190
shape analysis 189
signal processing 62, 80, 124, 125
see also image processing
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 43, 44, 46, 51, 56, 60-63, 79, 116, 117, 152, 193
simplex method 52, 193
simulated annealing 52, 193
single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) 7, 90-94, 96-102, 148, 159, 160, 203
brain 93
converging-beam 102
dynamic 93
heart 91, 99
instrumentation 90-92
sensitivity 96
singular value decomposition 193
spatial resolution 23, 31, 33, 49, 51, 56, 58, 59, 90, 92, 94-96, 110, 135, 144, 152
speckle 124
SPECT detectors 95
cadmium zinc telluride 95
germanium 95
multi-detector systems 92, 93
semiconductor 95
silicon 95
SPECT image reconstruction 91, 96-99
iterative methods 99
limited-angle 101
SPECT system design—see SPECT instrumentation 93
spectroscopic imaging 75, 76
spiral CT 23, 31, 33, 169
spiral scan methods 63
SQUIDs (superconducting quantum interference devices) 147, 148, 150, 153
stability, magnetic field 41
stability, mathematical 61, 160, 193, 201, 206-208, 217
estimate of 218
Holder stability 218
inverse problems 205, 206, 209
logarithmic 218
statistical edge finding 189
stochastic model 203, 208, 223
surface morphology 190
surface rendering 194
surgery
cryosurgery 177, 178, 194
minimally invasive 168
planning 173, 194
robot-assisted 168
thermal surgery 177
tracking during 175
synthesis of parametric images 192
system-related artifacts 29
T temporal regularization 138
temporal resolution 49
tensor tomography 212
therapeutic intervention 167
three-dimensional attenuation correction 118
three-dimensional data acquisition 114, 116
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three-dimensional displays 31, 33, 74, 129
three-dimensional reconstruction algorithms 119
three-dimensional sampling 221
three-dimensional visualization 46, 172, 193, 194
thresholding 190
Tikhonov-Phillips regularization method 138, 218, 224
time domain methods 206
time-of-flight information 119
tissue fiber orientation 82
transducer development 122
transmission tomography 199, 202, 203, 216, 221
transport equation 207, 208, 215
transport operator 216
treatment planning 195
U ultrasonics 4
ultrasound 14, 122, 167, 205, 215, 216
instrumentation 122
inverse scattering problem 127
system electronics 124
transducers 123, 180
ultrasound imaging 121, 122, 124, 127, 153, 169, 176, 178
reconstruction with backpropagation method 127
V vectorcardiography (VCG) 134
vector tomography 212
visualization 8, 193
external 8
three-dimensional 46, 172, 193, 194
volume imaging 73
volume rendering 194
W wavelets 56, 61
wave numbers, handling large 207
weighted least squares 100
Wiener filter 100, 101
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome 134
X xeromammography 17
x-ray fluoroscopy 167, 168
x-ray projection imaging 13, 14
x-ray sources,
monochromatic 34
multiple monochromatic 21
tubes 26, 28, 29, 32, 34
x-ray tomography 208, 216
Representative terms from entire chapter:
gradient coils
