National Academies Press: OpenBook

Understanding Violence Against Women (1996)

Chapter: Index

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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1996. Understanding Violence Against Women. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5127.
×

Index

A

Abusive Behavior Inventory, 16

Administration for Children and Families, 148, 149

Advertising Council, 97

Advocacy services, 105-106, 108, 110, 112, 128, 141 n.1

African Americans, 26, 27, 29-31, 34, 40-41, 78, 81, 103, 118, 133

Age

homicide victims, 24-25, 32

and recovery from violence, 80

and violence against women, 19, 32, 71-72

Alaska Natives, 42

Alcohol use/alcoholism

in victims, 70, 71, 72-73, 80, 83

and violent offending, 53, 54-56

American Indians, 42

American Medical Association, 109

American Psychological Association, Task Force on Male Violence Against Women, 10

Antistalking laws, 18, 130

Asian Americans, 41, 80, 103

Athletic team sports, 63

Attitudes, and violent offending, 58-59

Avoidance/resistance strategies, 98-99

B

Battered woman syndrome, 84, 140

Battered women, 17.

See also Intimate partner violence

Battered Women's Justice Project, 149

Batterers

arrest, 98, 110, 116-118, 141 n.3

characteristics of, 50, 56, 57, 62, 73-74

counseling/educational groups, 106, 122, 131-133

couples therapy, 133-134

courts and judicial processing, 121-123

homicides of, 25

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1996. Understanding Violence Against Women. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5127.
×

prosecution, 98, 118-119

protective orders, 120-121

self-reporting by, 32

stalking behavior, 18, 121, 130

Battering. See Intimate partner violence

Bureau of Justice Statistics, 27-28

C

California Wellness Foundation, 149-150

Canada, 27, 36

Canadian Violence Against Women Survey, 34

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 5, 27-28, 104, 147-148, 150, 152

Child abuse, 16-17, 19, 62, 70, 71, 73-74, 84-85

Cognitive processing intervention, 101

Commonwealth Fund, 150

Confidentiality issues, 28, 109

Conflict resolution programs, 94-95

Conflict Tactic Scales, 14, 16

Conrad N. Hilton Foundation, 150

Consequences of violence against women

economic, 87-88

to family and friends, 2, 84-86

indirect costs, 88-89

physical, 75-78

psychological, 1, 79-84, 86-87

to society, 2, 86-89

to victims, 74-84

Context issues

definitional, 13-14

research needs, 47-48

in surveys, 38, 43, 45-46

Counseling and peer support

for offenders, 106, 122, 130, 131-133

for victims, 99-100, 112

Couples therapy, 100, 130, 133-134

Criminal justice services.

See also Interventions with offenders;

specific services and types of offenders

arrest/law enforcement, 116-118, 120, 128-129

courts and judicial processing, 121-123

and deterrence, 97-98, 115, 118, 122-124

interventions for victims, 109-111, 151

prosecution of perpetrators, 118-119, 128-129

protective orders, 120-121

training projects, 149

statutory reforms, 124-128

Cultural mores, and violent offending, 50, 59, 67-68

D

Dating, rape and violence, 17, 20, 65-66, 72, 95, 96

Definitions

acquaintance, 17

incidence, 28

intimate partner violence, 10

physical violence, 13-14

prevalence, 28-29

psychological abuse, 15-18

rape, 11-12

sexual assault, 12-13

stalking, 18

violence, 9-10

violence against women, 8-11, 35, 44-45

Depression, 79-80

Deviance disavowal theories, 56

Domestic violence, 17, 87

Domestic Violence Prevention Project, 150

Domestic Violence Resource Network, 149

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1996. Understanding Violence Against Women. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5127.
×

E

Emotional abuse. See Psychological abuse

Evolution, and violent offending, 49-50, 51-52

F

Family

consequences of violence to, 84-86

and violent offending, 62, 70

Family Violence Prevention Fund, 97, 149-150

Fatal violence, statistics, 7, 24-27, 76

Fear, 8, 10-11, 76, 79, 81, 82, 86-87, 98, 101, 109-110

Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reports, 12, 24, 28 , 128

Firearms, 26

Ford Foundation, 150

G

Gender issues

interviewer sex, 38-39

schema, and violent offending, 50, 58-59

sex role stereotypes, 62-63

H

Health Resource Center on Domestic Violence, 149

Health services, 108-109

Hispanics, 29, 30, 34, 41, 78, 80, 81, 103

Homelessness, 88, 103

Homicides

economic costs, 87

statistics, 24-27, 76.

See also Fatal violence, statistics

Hormones, and aggression, 52, 53

I

Immigrants, 42

Indianapolis Domestic Violence Prosecution Experiment, 119

Intentionality issue, 13, 15

International studies, 36-37

Interpersonal Support Evaluation List, 107

Interventions for victims.

See also Preventive interventions

and batterer homicides, 25

community-level, 101-114

crisis-oriented services, 101-108

evaluation of, 100-101

individual-level, 99-101

service-seeking behavior, 39, 111-114

Interventions with offenders

batterers, 116-124, 131-134

coordinated community responses, 123-124

criminal justice, 114-130

culturally relevant programs, 132-133

sex offenders, 124-129, 134-136

stalkers, 129-130

treatment, 130-136

Intimate partner violence.

See also Batterers

biopsychosocial model of, 68

childhood abuse and, 62

definitions, 9-10

evolutionary theory of, 52

fatal, 25-27

legal support for, 65

metatheories of, 50, 69

physical consequences, 77-78

power motives, 59-60

prosecution of, 119-120

rape, 12, 28, 43, 65, 78, 127-128

reporting of, 28, 33, 40-41, 117

statistics, 1, 7, 23, 32-34

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1996. Understanding Violence Against Women. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5127.
×

L

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, 141 n.2

Lesbians, 21 n.2

M

Media

prevention roles, 96-97

and violent offending, 63-64

Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment, 116, 117

Minnesota Coalition for Battered Women, 95

Models/modeling, multifactorial, for violent offending, 68-69

Moslem women, 80

N

National Center for Health Statistics, 24

National Center for Prevention and Control of Rape, 29

National Clearinghouse on Marital and Date Rape, 128

National Crime Victimization Survey, 8, 20, 29, 32-33, 117, 128

National Family Violence Surveys, 23, 29, 33, 38, 114, 118, 141 n.2

National Institute of Justice, 5-6, 116, 147, 148-149, 150, 151

National Institute of Mental Health, 10, 141 n.2, 149, 152

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 149

National Institutes of Health, 5, 148, 150

National Resource Center on Domestic Violence, 149, 156 n.1

National Science Foundation, 6, 151

National Television Violence Study, 64, 97

National Women's Study, 29

Neurophysiology, and violent offending, 52-54

Neurotransmitters, 52, 53-54

New York Community Trust, 150

Norman Foundation, 150

P

Personality traits

of victims, 70-71

of violent offenders, 50, 55, 56-58, 60, 62, 63

Physical violence.

See also Intimate partner violence

defining, 13-14

measures of, 14

psychological abuse with, 16-17, 69

Physiology, and violent offending, 49, 52-54

Pornography, 63

Posttraumatic stress syndrome

in victims, 80, 81-84, 91 n.1, 101, 113, 129, 140

in violent offenders, 56

Pregnant women, 44, 76, 78

Preventive interventions

deterrence, 97-98

evaluation of, 40, 95-96

goals, 93-94, 148

media roles, 96-97

research centers, 152-155

school-based programs, 94-96, 137

youth programs, 137-138

Protective orders, 26, 98, 110-111, 112, 120-121

PSTD. See Posttraumatic stress syndrome

Psychological abuse

categories of behavior, 15-16

of children, 16-17

definitional issues, 11, 15-18

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1996. Understanding Violence Against Women. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5127.
×

measurement of, 16

and physical violence, 16-17, 69

Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory, 16

Psychopathology, and violent offending, 52, 56-58

R

Race/ethnicity

and criminal justice processing, 129

cultural sensitivity of researchers and practitioners, 146-147

data gaps, 40

and homicide rates, 26-27

interventions targeting, 132-133, 139-140

measures and instruments specific for, 42-43

patterns in violence against women, 29-30, 78

and recovery from violence, 80-81

and reporting of violence, 40-41

and shelter use, 103

Rape.

See also Sexual assault

acquaintance attacks, 55, 61-62, 81, 98

age and, 20, 71-72

avoidance strategies, 98, 99

awareness/education programs, 67, 94-95

crisis centers, 76, 107-108, 112-114, 128

date, 17-18, 61-62

defining, 11-12, 38, 125

evolutionary theory, 52

fear of, 8, 10-11, 76, 98

homicides, 76

laws and reforms, 12, 65, 111, 115, 124-128, 140

marital, 12, 28, 43, 65, 127, 128

myths, 59, 66-67, 129

physical consequences, 75-77

reporting of, 28, 33, 57, 81, 111

resistance strategies, 72, 98-99

shield provisions, 111, 125, 126

statistics, 1, 8, 23, 33, 67-68

types of, 67-68

Rape trauma syndrome, 82, 140

Rapists and sex offenders

characteristics, 57-58, 60, 62, 63

convictions, 125-126, 128

interventions, 124-129, 131, 134-136

prediction of future dangerousness, 136

prosecution of, 81, 98, 128

recidivism, 135-136

Relationship stage, and violent offending, 61-62

Religion, and violent offending, 63

Research on violence

available data, use of, 39-40

confidentiality concerns, 28

data sources, 24, 27-29, 43-44

and definitions, 8-9, 13, 35, 44-45

findings, 29-34

funding, 147-150, 151

gaps in data, 40-44, 46, 74-75, 114

life-span perspective, 75

methodological issues, 8, 33, 34-39, 42, 44-45, 56, 71, 85, 104-105, 132, 134

outcome measures, 104-105, 136-137

rape crisis services, 108

sample populations, 34, 40-42, 45, 74-75, 85, 90

shelter studies, 104-106

status of, 8

training of researchers and practitioners, 139, 144-147, 153

Research recommendations

building knowledge, 4-5, 152-155

consequences of violence, 89-91

context of violence, 47-48

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1996. Understanding Violence Against Women. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5127.
×

criminal justice system, 140-141

definitions and measurement, 44-47

government coordination and leadership, 150-152

infrastructure development, 5-6. 150-155

instruments and measures, 45-47

longitudinal research, 90

methodological improvements, 3-4, 44-45

multidisciplinary centers, 152-155

offender interventions, 139-140

outcome measures, 136-137

panel's charge and scope, 2, 18-20

preventive interventions, 2-3, 137-138

victim interventions, 138-139

Resource Center on Child Protection and Custody, 149

Risk factors, for victimization, 70-73

Robert Sterling Clark Foundation, 150

S

Schools

preventive intervention programs, 67, 94-96, 137

and violent offending, 62-63

Serotonin, 52, 53

Sex offenders. See Rapists and sex offenders

Sex versus power motives for violent offending, 59-60

Sexual abuse, 12-13, 125

Sexual assault.

See also Rape

age and, 20, 32

data collection methods, 34-35

defining, 12, 112-113, 125

physical consequences, 75-77

reporting of, 109-110, 127

statistics, 1, 8, 32, 34

Sexual assault nurse examiner programs, 109

Sexual battery, 12

Sexual scripts, and violent offending, 65-67

Sexually aggressive men, 57, 58-59, 60, 66

Sexually transmitted diseases, 76

Shelters and shelter programs, 101-107, 111-112, 114

Social information processing, 50, 55-56, 60-61, 73

Social learning, and violent offending, 50, 60-62, 85, 131

Socioeconomic status

and reporting of violence, 40-41

of shelter users, 102-103

Somatization disorder, 77

Spouse abuse. See Intimate partner violence

Spouse Assault Replication Program, 116

Stalking

defining, 18

interventions, 18, 121, 129-130

Statistics

fatal violence, 24-27

intimate partner violence, 1, 7, 23

nonfatal violence, 27-44

official data, 27-28

rape, 1, 8, 23

surveys, 28-29

Stress inoculation training, 101

Suicide, 79-80, 83

T

Television/cinema violence, 64

U

U.S. Attorney General's Task Force on Family Violence, 114-115

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1996. Understanding Violence Against Women. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5127.
×

U.S. Department of Education, 6, 148, 151

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 152

U.S. Department of Justice, 147, 151, 152

U.S. Department of Labor, 148

V

Victimization/victims.

See also Interventions for victims

examination and treatment, 109

patterns of, 7-9

personality traits, 70-71

physical effects of violence, 74-78, 87-88

productivity losses, 88-89, 91

prosecution of offenders, 118-119

psychological effects of violence, 76-77, 79-84, 86, 89, 91 n.1, 112

risk factors for, 32, 70-73

and service utilization, 100-101, 111-114, 120, 138-139, 149

Violence Against Women Act of 1994, 2, 18, 115, 124, 143, 151

Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, 18, 115

Violent offending.

See also Batterers;

Interventions with offenders;

Rapists and sex offenders

childhood predictors of, 137-138

deterrence, 97-98

dyadic contexts, 61-62

individual determinants, 51-61

institutional influences, 62-64

multifactoral models, 68-69

societal influences, 64-68

W

Wife beating, 65, 67.

See also Intimate partner violence

Women's Health Initiative, 150

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1996. Understanding Violence Against Women. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5127.
×
Page 219
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1996. Understanding Violence Against Women. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5127.
×
Page 220
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1996. Understanding Violence Against Women. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5127.
×
Page 221
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1996. Understanding Violence Against Women. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5127.
×
Page 222
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1996. Understanding Violence Against Women. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5127.
×
Page 223
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1996. Understanding Violence Against Women. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5127.
×
Page 224
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1996. Understanding Violence Against Women. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5127.
×
Page 225
Understanding Violence Against Women Get This Book
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Violence against women is one factor in the growing wave of alarm about violence in American society. High-profile cases such as the O.J. Simpson trial call attention to the thousands of lesser-known but no less tragic situations in which women's lives are shattered by beatings or sexual assault.

The search for solutions has highlighted not only what we know about violence against women but also what we do not know. How can we achieve the best understanding of this problem and its complex ramifications? What research efforts will yield the greatest benefit? What are the questions that must be answered?

Understanding Violence Against Women presents a comprehensive overview of current knowledge and identifies four areas with the greatest potential return from a research investment by increasing the understanding of and responding to domestic violence and rape:

  • What interventions are designed to do, whom they are reaching, and how to reach the many victims who do not seek help.
  • Factors that put people at risk of violence and that precipitate violence, including characteristics of offenders.
  • The scope of domestic violence and sexual assault in America and its conequences to individuals, families, and society, including costs.
  • How to structure the study of violence against women to yield more useful knowledge.

Despite the news coverage and talk shows, the real fundamental nature of violence against women remains unexplored and often misunderstood. Understanding Violence Against Women provides direction for increasing knowledge that can help ameliorate this national problem.

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