Index
A
Adaptation, 75
Agency for International Development, 93
Agribusiness, 61-62
Agrobacterium radiobacter, 107
Aldrin, 23
Apples, 24
Arthropod management
appetite suppression, 34
behavioral strategies, 77
biological-control organisms for, 46
chemical signaling strategies, 77-78
in cotton production, 30-31
cultural techniques for, 17-21
exotic pests, 32
genetic engineering strategies, 79-81
growth of chemical insecticide use, 23, 24
historical biological strategies, 12-13
host-range predictions, 102
host selection/specificity dynamics, 81
insecticide selectivity, 48
in IPM, 25-26
nontarget effects, 103
pest resistance problems, 26-28
problems created by pesticide use, 29
use of disease pathogens for, 79
Arthropods, as biological-control organisms
aquatic weed management, 37
characteristics, 46
Australian ladybird beetle, 13
B
Bacillus thuringiensis, 47, 64, 76, 78-79, 98-99, 103, 113
Baculoviruses, 79
Banana plants, 17
Benomyl, 29
Biodiversity, 82-84
Biological-control organisms
aquatic weed management, 36-37
in citrus farming, 50-51
for managing plant viruses, 34
cover crop design, 45
cultural practices to encourage, 20-21
current registration, 96
definition, 46
early farm practices, 12-17
EBPM principles, 46-47
ecosystem interaction, 43-44, 76-82
environmental persistence, 110-111
experimental demonstrations, 18-19
in IPM, 25-26
molecular mechanisms, 76
natural reservoirs, 82-83
nontarget effects, 74, 100-105
objectives, 46
pathogenic potential, 105-108
regulatory environment, 112-114
risk assessment, 8-9, 97, 100, 105, 108-109
scale of use, 110
self-perpetuation of, 110-111
for soybean cyst nematode, 33
specificity, 81
success rate, 70
use of disease pathogens as, 79
Biological-control products
definition, 47
potential risks, 98-100
predator-prey population dynamics, 102-103
small-market support, 64, 97-98
Black scale, 65
Boll weevil, 30-31
Botrytis rot of cyclamen, 29
Broad-spectrum pesticides, 1, 26
naturally occurring, 47
obstacles to continued use, 26-40
use in cotton farming, 30-31
Brown soft scale, 29
C
California red scale, 18, 50, 65
Cancer, 40-41
Certification, 64
Chemical signaling, 77-78
Citrus farming
biological pest control, 50-51
early biological control mechanisms, 12, 13
pest-management cooperatives, 63, 65
pesticide-associated problems, 29
pesticide use, 24
Citrus rust mite, 50
Commercial development
biological management of diseases, 17
genetically engineered plants, 23
growth of chemical pesticide industry, 23-25
health risks for workers, 98
pesticide industry trends, 28-29
regulatory obstacles, 48, 112-115
small-market products, 64, 97-98
Communication among organisms, 77-78
Corn
growth of pesticide use, 24
hybridization, 21
leaf blight, 21
Cost-benefit analysis
data base for, 90-91
feasibility of EBPM, 49-56
measuring direct and indirect effects in, 89-90
role of, 89
Cotton, 24
arthropod management strategies, 30-31
pesticide use trends, 24
Cottony cushion scale, 13, 18, 29, 51
for soybean cyst nematode management, 33
Cropping patterns
for managing plant viruses, 34
historical applications for biological control, 17-21
landscape ecology, 74-75
predictive models for, 86-87
row crop pests, 35
use of cover crops, 45
wheat monoculture for disease control, 22
Cryphonectria parasitica, 79, 80
D
DDT, 23, 26, 28, 29, 30, 38, 39
Dichloropropenes, 23
Dieldrin, 23
Disease management
biological-control organisms for, 46-47, 51
development of resistant cultivars for, 82
early biological strategies, 17
fungicide use as obstacle to, 29
genetic diversity of crop species and, 21
genetic engineering for, 22-23
host selection dynamics, 81
limitations of chemical strategies, 34-35
plant resistnace for, 47-49
resistance in pathogens, 28
soil-borne diseases, 32-34
take-all disease in wheat, 22
through monoculture planting, 22
use of disease pathogens for, 79
Durability
EBPM objectives, 3, 4, 42, 43, 115
monitoring for pest resistance, 64-68
of plant-host resistance, 87-88
E
EBPM. See Ecologically based pest management
Ecologically based pest management (EBPM)
biodiversity and, 82-84
continuum of tactics, 108
economic feasibility, 49-56, 90
environmental risks, 100
integrated pest management and, 3, 10, 86, 94
knowledge base, 3, 43, 69, 70-71
leadership, 93-94
research needs, 4-8
use of biological-control organisms, 46-47
use of resistant plants, 47-49
use of synthetic chemicals, 47
See also Implementation of EBPM
Economic feasibility of EBPM, 49-56
Ecosystem functioning
cover crop planning and, 45
feedback, 43
gene transfers between microorganisms, 105-108
integration of EBPM, 43-46
landscape ecology, 74-75
managed systems and, 72-76, 86-87
microbial communities, 72, 73, 84-85, 103
potential risks of EBPM, 100
predator-prey population dynamics, 72-76, 102-103
stability, 72
Education and training
for EBPM implementation, 7-8
introducing new technologies/practices, 60-62
pest-management consultants, 62
role of the university, 62-63
Environmental Protection Agency, 93, 96, 98, 109
creation of, 38-39
regulation of biological-control organisms, 110, 112, 113
regulatory suspension of chemical pesticides, 38-39
Eurasian water milfoil, 13
Exotic species, 32
as biological-control organisms, 101
federal regulations for managing, 112-113
weeds, 35
Extension system, 7-8, 60-61, 93
F
Farming practice
accessibility of research, 85
chemical runoff, 39-40
cultural techniques, historical development of, 17-21
early biological management strategies, 12-17
groundwater contamination, 40
grower cooperatives, 63-64, 65
information flow, 58-59
operational models, 60
pest management knowledge needs, 59-60
risk behavior, 54-55
whole-farm system, 44
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 37, 38, 112-113
Federal Plant Pest Act, 112-113
Fire blight, 57
Food and Drug Administration, 112
Food contamination
by biological-control organisms, 98-99
pesticide tolerances, 26
Forest management, 17
Fungicides, biological, for aquatic weed management, 37
Fungicides, chemical
disease problems created by, 29
historical development, 23
limitations of, 32-34
pest resistance to, 28
G
Gene transfer in nature, 105-108
Genetic engineering
to affect host selection/specificity, 81
for appetite suppression in pests, 35
of arthropod predators, 79-81
commercial development, 23
concerns about, 74
durability of resistance genes, 87-88
expression of coat protein genes, 22-23
hybrid plant breeding, 21
potential human health risks, 99-100
risk assessment in, 97
toxin-encoding, risks of, 103
transgenic plant breeding, 21-22
Genetic uniformity, 21
Geographic information systems, 7, 75
Grass carp, 36
Grazing land, 35
Groundwater contamination, 40
Grower cooperatives, 63-64, 65
H
Herbicides, biological
for aquatic weed management, 36-37
obstacles to development, 37
for weed management, 104
Herbicides, chemical
for aquatic weed control, 36
historical development, 23, 24
plant resistance to, 28
runoff problems, 39-40
Historical developments
arthropod management, biological strategies for, 12-13
boll weevil control strategies, 30-31
chemical pesticides, 23-25, 69
cultural practices for biological control, 17-21
disease management, biological strategies for, 17
genetically engineered plants, 22-23
origins of weeds, 106
plant breeding, 21
public concerns about chemical pesticides, 37-40
weed management, biological strategies for, 13
Human health
acute effects of pesticide exposure, 40
chronic effects of pesticide exposure, 40-41
genetic engineering, potential risks in, 99-100
potential effects of biological-control products, 98-100
potential effects of resistant cultivars, 99
risk assessment of biological controls, 97, 111-112
scale of use of biological-control organisms and, 110
use of chemical pesticides and, 26, 37-40
Hybridization, 21
gene transfer between crops and weeds, 105-108
weed-eating fish, 36
I
Implementation of EBPM
certification, 64
collective action for, 63
corporate-level, 66-67
demonstration projects, 60-61
economic considerations, 49-56
grower cooperatives in, 63-64, 65
impact of new technologies, 89, 108-109
information transfer, 7-8, 56-63
initial targets, 56
ongoing monitoring activities, 64-68
oversight activities, 8-10
planning for, 41
requirements for success, 10
research funding for, 94-95
research needs, 7, 69-71, 84-86, 88
risk aversion and, 54-56
small-market support for, 64, 97-98
socioeconomic issues, 89-91
supply of resources for, 85-86
Indole acetic acid, 23
Information management
for cost-benefit analysis, 90-91
EBPM guidelines, 114-115
for implementation of EBPM, 7-8, 58-63
knowledge base for risk assessment, 108-109
patterns of information flow, 58-60
private sector role, 61-62
Insecticides, chemical
historical development, 24
regulatory suspension, 38
selectivity, 48
Integrated pest management (IPM)
corporate application, 66-67
implementation, 25
information flow, 56-58
interdisciplinary relations in, 92
objectives, 3
theoretical basis, 25
Intercropping, 20
IPM. See Integrated pest management
IR-4 Program, 98
J
Japanese beetle, 29
Johnsongrass, 106
K
Klamath weed, 13
L
Landscape ecology, 74-75
Leadership issues, 93-94
Livestock management, 35
M
Manure, 18-19
Monitoring pest behavior
to evaluate economic feasibility of EBPM, 52-53
grower-friendly systems, 85
interactions among organisms, 76-82
landscape studies, 74-75
pathogen host range, 101-102
for pest management strategies, 77
population dynamics, 73-74, 75-76, 102-103
research needs, 6-7
signaling mechanisms, 77-78
for signs of resistance, 64-68
Monoculture planting, 22
N
National Environmental Protection Act, 113
National Institutes of Health, 93
National Science Foundation, 93
O
Operational models
farm practice, 60
pathogen in microcosm, 102
P
Parathion, 29
Paris green, 12
Pesticides, biological
historical use of, 12-13
risk assessment, 97
Pesticides, chemical
chronic exposure, 40-41
in cotton production, 30-31
in EBPM, 47
groundwater contamination, 40
historical development, 11, 23-25, 69
human health concerns, 37-41
in IPM, 25
limitations of, 29-37
problems associated with, 1, 11-12, 26-29, 100
regulatory suspension, 38-39
research and development trends, 28-29
risk assessment, 97
for row crop application, 35
selectivity, 48
usage trends, 24-25
Pheromones, 78
Phlebia gigantea, 17
Phyllosphere, 72-73
Plant breeding, 21-23
implementation of EBPM, 54
for plant resistance, 49
for viral resistance, 34-35
Population dynamics, 73-74, 75-76, 102-103
Potatoes, 24
Primicarb, 48
Professional societies, 93
Profitability
cost of exotic pest invasions, 32
cost of pesticide resistance, 27-28
cost of plant virus damage, 34
cost of soil-borne diseases, 32, 33
economic feasibility of EBPM, 49-52, 90
market factors, 53-54
pest-control factors, 52-53
risk factors, 54-56
Propham, 23
Public intervention/oversight
aquatic weed control, 36
coordination of government groups, 93-94, 113-114
current limitations, 112-114
development of new biological products, 64
EBPM, 8-10
human health concerns, 37-41, 98-100
for information transfer, 7-8, 62
introduction of new products, 108-109
knowledge base for, 9, 108-109
microbial herbicides, 37
opportunities for improving, 113-115
pesticide tolerances in foodstuffs, 26
priority areas, 109-111
private economic interest and, 55
regulatory obstacles to pesticide development, 48
regulatory suspension of chemical pesticides, 38-39
Pyrethroids, 24
Pyrethrum, 47
R
Rangelands, 35
Remote sensing technology, 75
Research
accessibility to grower, 85
demonstration projects, 60-61
for EBPM implementation, 7, 69-71, 88
for EBPM success, 4-8
on ecology of managed systems, 72-76
on ecosystem interactions, 5, 91
federal efforts, 93-94
funding patterns, 92
health risks for researchers, 98
on impact of new technologies, 89
infrastructure for, 94
institutional approaches for cooperation, 91
interactions among organisms, 76-82
methodological enhancements, 6-7, 84-86
microbial communities, 84-85, 95, 103
microcosm studies, 102
natural defense systems, 78-79
natural resource inventory and maintenance, 82-83
new chemical pesticides, 28-29, 35
operational models for growers, 60
organic pesticides, 4
plant resistance, 49
predictive models for cropping systems, 86-87
recommendations, 4
resources for, 94-95
on risk attitudes, 91
on socioeconomic issues, 89-91
taxonomic, 83-84
Resistance in pests
to chemical pesticides, 1
cost of, 27-28
cotton boll weevil experience, 30-31
monitoring for, 64-68
as objection to broad-spectrum pesticides, 26-28
planning for, 28
research needs, 75
to viruses, 34-35
Resistant cultivars
durability of, 87-88
expression of resistance, 104-105
genetic engineering for, 22-23
herbicide-resistant biotypes, 28
mechanisms, 82
plant breeding for, 21
potential harmful effects, 99, 103-105
regulatory environment, 114
soybean cyst nematode, 33
Rhizosphere, 72-73
Risk assessment
activities in, 111-112
criteria, 96-97
current federal efforts, 112-114
in EBPM implementation, 8-9
economic considerations, 54-56
environmental effects, 100
for genetic science, 97
human health considerations, 98-100
individual attitudes, 91
knowledge base for, 9, 108-109
pathogen host-range, 101-102
pathogenic potential of biological-control organisms, 105-108
persistence of control organisms, 110-111
priority areas, 109-111
public role in, 96
in research and production environments, 98
resistant cultivars, potential harmful effects of, 99, 103-105
risk management and, 111-112
scale of use issues, 110
standards for, 114-115
Rotenone, 47
Rust diseases, 47-48
S
Safety, as EBPM objective, 3-4, 42
Silent Spring, 37-38
Soil studies
cover crop effects, 45
microbial communities, 72
pest population dynamics, 72-73
soil-borne diseases, 32-34, 81
Sorghum, 106
T
Take-all disease, 22
Taxonomic research, 83-84
Technology development, regulatory review, 9
Tetraethylpyrophosphate, 23
Tobacco, 12
Tobacco mosaic virus, 22
Toxaphene, 23
Toxic Substances Control Act, 113
Transgenic animals/plants, 21-22
U
Uncertainty, 54-55
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 93, 94, 109, 112
U.S. Department of Energy, 93
U.S. Department of the Interior, 93
V
Viruses, plant, 34-35
as biological-control products, 79
W
Weed management
bioherbicide, 104
biological-control strategies, 51
cultural practices for, 20
early biological strategies, 13
herbicide-resistant biotypes, 28
landscape ecology for, 74-75
persistence of control organisms, 111
in rangelands, 35
sources of weeds, 106
use of disease pathogens for, 79
weed composition shifting and, 19
White amur, 36
Whole-farming systems
EBPM in, 44
pest management in, 1-2
Z
Zineb, 23
Recent Publications of the Board on Agriculture
Policy and Resources
Colleges of Agriculture at the Land Grant Universities: A Profile (1995), 146 pp, ISBN 0-309-05295-5
Investing in the National Research Initiative: An Update of the Competitive Grants Program in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (1994), 66 pp, ISBN 0-309-05235-1
Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands (1994), 180 pp., ISBN 0-309-04879-6
Soil and Water Quality: An Agenda for Agriculture (1993), 516 pp., ISBN 0-309-04933-4
Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies (1993), 450 pp., ISBN 0-309-04430-8
Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993), 408 pp., ISBN 0-309-04875-3
Managing Global Genetic Resources: Livestock (1993), 294 pp., ISBN 0-309-04394-8
Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics (1993), 720 pp., ISBN 0-309-04749-8
Agriculture and the Undergraduate: Proceedings (1992), 296 pp., ISBN 0-309-04682-3
Water Transfers in the West: Efficiency, Equity, and the Environment (1992), 320 pp., ISBN 0-309-04528-2
Managing Global Genetic Resources: Forest Trees (1991), 244 pp., ISBN 0-309-04034-5
Managing Global Genetic Resources: The U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (1991), 198 pp., ISBN 0-309-04390-5
Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education in the Field: A Proceedings (1991), 448 pp., ISBN 0-309-04578-9
Toward Sustainability: A Plan for Collaborative Research on Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (1991), 164 pp., ISBN 0-309-04540-1
Investing in Research: A Proposal to Strengthen the Agricultural, Food, and Environmental System (1989), 156 pp., ISBN 0-309-04127-9
Alternative Agriculture (1989), 464 pp., ISBN 0-309-03985-1
Understanding Agriculture: New Directions for Education (1988), 80 pp., ISBN 0-309-03936-3
Designing Foods: Animal Product Options in the Marketplace (1988), 394 pp., ISBN 0-309-03798-0; ISBN 0-309-03795-6 (pbk)
Agricultural Biotechnology: Strategies for National Competitiveness (1987), 224 pp., ISBN 0-309-03745-X
Regulating Pesticides in Food: The Delaney Paradox (1987), 288 pp., ISBN 0-309-03746-8
Pesticide Resistance: Strategies and Tactics for Management (1986), 480 pp., ISBN 0-309-03627-5 Pesticides and Groundwater Quality: Issues and Problems in Four States (1986), 136 pp., ISBN 0-309-03676-3
Soil Conservation: Assessing the National Resources Inventory, Volume 1 (1986), 134 pp., ISBN 0-309-03649-9; Volume 2 (1986), 314 pp., ISBN 0-309-03675-5
New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities (1985), 122 pp., ISBN 0-309-03542-2
Genetic Engineering of Plants: Agricultural Research Opportunities and Policy Concerns (1984), 96 pp., ISBN 0-309-03434-5
Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals Series and Related Titles
Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals, Fourth Rev. Ed. (1995), 176 pp., ISBN 0-309-05126-6
Metabolic Modifiers: Effects on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals (1994), 81 pp., ISBN 04997-0
Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, Ninth Revised Edition (1994), 156 pp., ISBN 0-309-04892-3
Nutrient Requirements of Fish (1993), 108 pp., ISBN 0-309-04891-5
Nutrient Requirements of Horses, Fifth Revised Edition (1989), 128 pp., ISBN 0-309-03989-4; diskette included
Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, Sixth Revised Edition, Update 1989 (1989), 168 pp., ISBN 0-309-03826-X; diskette included
Nutrient Requirements of Swine, Ninth Revised Edition (1988), 96 pp., ISBN 0-309-03779-4
Vitamin Tolerance of Animals (1987), 105 pp., ISBN 0-309-03728-X
Predicting Feed Intake of Food-Producing Animals (1986), 95 pp., ISBN 0-309-03695-X
Nutrient Requirements of Cats, Revised Edition (1986), 87 pp., ISBN 0-309-03682-8
Nutrient Requirements of Dogs, Revised Edition (1985), 79 pp., ISBN 0-309-03496-5
Nutrient Requirements of Sheep, Sixth Revised Edition (1985), 106 pp., ISBN 0-309-03596-1
Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, Sixth Revised Edition (1984), 90 pp., ISBN 0-309-03447-7
Further information, additional titles (prior to 1984), and prices are available from the National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20418, 202-334-3313 (information only); 800-624-6242 (orders only); 202-334-2451 (fax).