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OCR for page 347
Index
absorption {see initial rate of absorption
of brick)
accelerated laboratory tests Isee
laboratory tests and testing)
acid cleaners for stone surfaces, 276
acid rain
adverse effects, 183
chemistry of rain, 184, 191-193
dissolution of stone, 114
limestone, 184
marble, 164
Isee also rain)
acidic solutions
dissolution of brick, 157
dissolution of stone, 121
hydrofluoric acid, 157, 276, 298
sulfuric acid, 19, 157
acrylics, 287
copolymers, 302
polymers, 301-302
adaptive reuse of buildings, 29-30
aerial vs. terrestrial photogrammetry,
25(}253
Isee also photograrnmetry)
aerosols, measurement for stone
preservation application, 198, 205,
20~209
(see also air pollutants)
aggregation properties of building stone
density, 65
permeability, 66, 68
physical models, 69-71
porosity, 65-66
ranges of values, 64
ALA {see American Institute of
ArchitectsJ
air-abrasive cleaning techniques Isee
sandblasting)
air conditioning, masonry building
deterioration, 211
air-entraining agents with mortar, lSl-
152
air-monitoring stations, 4
See also monitoring
air pollutants
air concentrations, 193-194, 195
data availability, 203
dissolution by acidic substances, 121
gaseous, 199, 205, 208
monitoring equipment and networks,
343
sulfur dioxide deposition, 185
wet and dry surface deposition, 4, 5,
183-196
Isee also acid rain; aerosols; pollutants)
Alcoa Foundation, 11
347
OCR for page 348
348
alkali
cleaners, 276
feldspars, 52
silicates, 14, 293-295
alkaline earth hydroxides, 293, 295-297
alkoxysilanes
chemistry, 298-299
coating material, 161
performance, 299-300
stone consolidant, 287, 299-300
uses and developments, 298
{see also Brethane)
American Institute of Architects
Guide to the Architecture of
Washington, D.C., 46
stone conservation standards, 8
structural distress diagnosis, 5
American Society for Testing and
Materials
brick, initial rate of absorption VIRAL,
151
building materials service life standard
E632, 287, 289-290, 292, 294,
306-307
Building Preservation and
Rehabilitation Technology,
Subcommittee on, 8
building stone, specifications, 79
dimension stone, ASTM standard
definition, 51
greenstone, ASTM standard definition,
53
limestone, ASTM standard definition,
51-52
marble, ASTM standard definition, 53
Powder Diffraction File, 169
sandstone, ASTM standard definition,
52
slate, ASTM standard definition, 53
Stone, Committee on, 8
stone conservation standards, 8
testing procedures standards, 16
American Society of Civil Engineers
structural distress diagnosis, 5
andesite, 64, 80
animal impacts, masonry structures, 40,
41, 43
anisotropy, 63, 71
antioxidants, 324, 325
Appalachian Crystalline Province, 56-57
Index
APT [see Association for Preservation
Technology)
archeometry, 14
architectural conservation See
conservation; monuments,
conservation; stone, conservation)
architectural photogrammetry Isee
photogrammetry)
"The Arts of War: Sacrifice" {sculpture),
staining effects, 37
ASCE {see American Society of Civil
Engineers)
Association for Preservation Technology
building maintenance training
programs, 282
scientific advisory committees, 10
stone conservation standards, 8
structural distress diagnosis, 5
ASTM {see American Society for Testing
and Materials)
Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain
Province, 49, 55, 56
atmospheric factors in stone decay,
measurement methods, 10~109
atmospheric pollutants {see aerosols; air
pollutants; pollutants)
atomic absorption, 163
Auger electrons, 165-166, 170, 172, 174-
175
Auger spectroscopy, 174
barium hydroxide, 296-297
basalt, 53, 64, 81
bearing walls, 214
cavity bearing walls, 215-217
Benjamin Franklin (statue), weathering
effects, 39
biological agents, role in stone
deterioration, 5
bird impacts on masonry structures, 43
Federal Building, Washington, D.C., 41
Internal Revenue Service Building,
Washington, D.C., 40
"black granite," 53
black mica, rate of decay, 115
bond strength
brick, 151-152, 154-155
function of physical and chemical
alteration, 165
OCR for page 349
Index
stone eonsolidants, 315-317
stone materials, 164
Bragg's law, 167, 168
Brethane, 278, 298, 299
See also alkoxysilanes)
brick
aging mechanisms, 149-150
air-abrasive cleaning techniques, 275
bond strength, 151, 152, 154, 155
capillary flow, 151
ehernieal attack, 157
cleaning procedures, 159-160
coloration, 147-148
deterioration
mismatch of materials, 159
resistance, 14~162
discoloration from cleaning agents, 160
durability
pore-size distribution, 152
saturation Coefficient, 152, 155
extruded, 148, 152, 155
extrusion equipment, 147
fired, chemical agent resistance, 157
firing, 147, 148
freeze-thaw eyele, 151-156
initial rate of absorption, 149, 151, 155
kilns, 147
manufacturing methods, 146-148
moisture expansion, 145, 157
molded, 148
permeability, 151
pore structure, 152
porosity, 152
pressed, 147, 152
properties of, 145-146
raw materials, 146
salt crystallization, 120, 156-157
sandblasting, 175
selection criteria for building use, 213
shaping, 146-147, 148
silicone treatment, 277
staining, 157
washing, 273-274
weathering performance, 213
Isee also brick structures; masonry
deterioration}
Brick Institute, 11
brick structures
design defects, 211
durability, 150
349
restoration procedures, 146
stain resistance, 150
water penetration resistance, 150
Isee also brick; masonry)
bridges, structural distress diagnosis, 5
"brittle" failure, 89
Brownian diffusion, 185-189, 202
brownstone, 52
building failures
diagnosis of problems, 212
documentation, 230
building maintenance See maintenance)
building practices, 212
research needs, 230
Building Preservation and Rehabilitation
Technology, Subcommittee of
American Society of Testing and
Materials, 8
building stone
aggregation properties, 64-71
ASTM specifications, 79
ASTM standard E632, 287, 289-290,
292, 294, 306-307
capillary flow, 70-71
characteristics of value, 50
color, 77
conservation of natural resource, 60
density, 64, 65
elasticity, 71-72, 76
electrical properties, 63, 78-79
foreign sources, 58
geologic description, 51
geologic sources, 49-61
hardness, 75-76
integrity, loss of, 287
inventory of use, 2-3
lithologie provinces, 55-58
magnetic properties, 63-79
mechanical properties, 63, 64, 7~77
national inventory, 3
optical properties, 63, 77-78
permeability, 62
physical properties, 62-86
measurement, 333
porosity, 62
selection criteria, 79, 213
service life degradation factors, 291,
292
susceptibility to stone deterioration,
84
OCR for page 350
350
thermal properties, 63, 64, 71-75
types, 51-54
U.S. production, 54
U.S. sources, 54-58
Washington, D.C., monuments,
catalog of, 2
weathering, 287
Isee also dimension stone; stone)
calcite
cement, 82
deformation behavior, 90
veins in serpentinite, 83
calcium
chloride, mortar decay, 157
hydroxide, 295-296
capillary flow
brick, 151
building stone, 70-71
ground moisture, 111
salt-deposition experiments, 134-135,
138-139
surface solutions, 124-125
(see also Poiseuille flow)
Capitol Building {see U.S. Capitol
Building)
capstone, 223
carbonate rocks, moisture deterioration,
108, 110-111
Isee also dolomite; limestone; marbled
cathodolumineseenee analyses, 173
cavity bearing walls, 214-217
CCMS Isee North Atlantic Treaty
Organization, Committee on the
Challenges of Modem Society)
cements for sandstone, 82
Census of Treated Monuments, vii, 7, 8,
9
Central-Interior Sedimentary Basins, 56,
57
chalcedony, transmittance and
reflectance of light, 77
Challenges to Modem Society,
Committee on See North Atlantic
Treaty Organization, Committee
on Challenges- to Modern Society)
chemical cleaning
brick masonry walls, 159-160
stone surfaces, 275-276 :
folder
clay minerals
brick raw material, 146
cement, 82
permeability, 66, 68-69
spectra by reflectance radiometry, 177,
178
cleaning stone surfaces
air-abrasive techniques, 274-275
brick masonry walls, 159-160
chemical cleaning, 159, 160, 275-276
historic buildings, 272-280
lime-based treatments, 277-278, 331
mechanical cleaning, 274
methods, 7
poultice techniques, 276-277
salt crystallization problem, 157
sandblasting, 273, 274-275
steam cleaning, 274
washing, 273-274
{see also treatment of stone)
Cleopatra's Needle, London, wax
treatment of stone surface, 304-
305
climatic conditions
conservation interventions, 27
protective coatings, 38
stone deterioration, 197-210
coatings
criteria for, 7
deterioration delay, 38
hydrophobic materials, 20
polymer composites, 312-321
studies of uses, 161
synthetic polymers, 322-328
waterproof, 20, 145, 158, 277
(see also acrylics; alkoxysilanes;
spelling; stone preservatives;
treatment of stone)
color
brick, 147-148
optical property of building stone, 77
weathering indicator, 77
Isee also discoloration; staining)
Commission on Engineering and
Technical Systems {see National
Materials Advisory Board)
Committee on Conservation of Historic
Stone Buildings and Monuments
{see National Materials Advisory
Board)
Committee on the Challenges of Modern
OCR for page 351
Index
Society {see North Atlantic Treaty
Organization)
compressive strength of rock, 76, 87,
102, 104-106
concrete, crystallization phenomena, 120
condensation reactions
curtain wall construction, 230-231
deposition of pollutants, 189-190
renovated buildings, 231
synthetic polymers, 323-324
Isee also moisture; Stefan flow; water
penetration)
conservation
antiquities, 13
application of science, 13-14
architectural, 22, 23
cultural property, 22-30
definition, 46
ethics, 25
failures, 13
history, 13-14
interdisciplinary work requirement, 16
interventions, 25
climatic conditions, 27
consolidation, 27-29
degrees of, 27-30
deterioration prevention, 27, 28
documentation, 26-27
inventories, 26
preparatory procedures, 26
preservation, 27, 28
principles of, 22-30
reconstruction, 27, 30
rehabilitation, 27, 29-30
reproduction, 27, 30
restoration, 27, 29
laboratories, 272
methodology, 23
natural resources, building stone, 60
policy, 17, 20, 22, 338-339
practical, 14, 15
principles of, 22-30
processes, 15, 20
scientist's attitude, 15-16
technologists, 14, 16-18
technology, 1~15
(see also monuments, conservation;
stone conservation; stone
preservatives; treatment of stone)
Conservation of Historic Stone Buildings
and Monuments, Committee on
351
conference, 1-2
members and staff, iii-iv
report, 1-12
conservators, 18
architectural, 23
relationship with scientists, 15, 16
consolidation, cultural property, 27, 28-
29
Isee also stone consolidation)
construction industry, role in
maintenance of historic
structures, 281-286
Isee also maintenance)
control points, photogrammetry, 248,
250
coping {see capstone)
cornices, 223-227
Cor-Ten, staining problems, 36
coupling agents, choice of, 315
(see also organosilane coupling agents)
cracks in rock, effect on
compressibility, 92-94
deformation, 92-95
elasticity, 91-93
crystalline rock Isee marble)
crystallization {see salt crystallization
test; salt decay, crystallization
phenomena)
cultural property
climatic conditions and conservation
treatments, 27
conservation, principles of, 22-30
deterioration prevention, 27, 28
documentation of conservation
interventions, 26-27
inventories, 26
preservation, 27, 28
values, 23-24, 27
Isee also historic structures;
monuments)
curtain walls, 217-222
moisture condensation problems, 230-
231
DAMHB isee Directorate of Ancient
Monuments and Historic
Buildings)
Darcy's law, 66
decay of stone {see stone deterioration)
deformation of rock, 87-91, 10~107
OCR for page 352
352
cracks, 100
pores, 92-95
temperature, 95-97
water effects, 95-97
(see also fracture of rock)
density measurement of rock, 6, 64-65
deposition of air pollutants, 183-210
See also acid rain; air pollutants;
pollutants; salt crystallization)
deterioration {see brick, deterioration;
masonry, deterioration
mechanisms; stone deterioration)
deviatoric stress, 89, 95
diagnosis (see moisture diagnosis; stone
deterioration, diagnosis)
diffusivity
Brownian, 185-189, 202
evaporation by, 122-124
rate of, 122, 124
thermal inertia and, 75
digitized photogrammetric data uses
reconstruction, 26~263, 269-271
structural analysis, 271
dimension stone, 50
definition, ASTM standard, 51
foreign sources, 58
market, 2
quarries, 2
testing methods, 60
U.S. Bureau of Mines market studies,
2-3
U.S. production, 49, 54
weathering effects, 2
weathering tests and testing standards,
4
Directorate of Ancient Monuments and
Historic Buildings, Research and
Technical Advisory Service, 272
discoloration
brick, from cleaning agents, 160
masonry, 36
poly {vinyl chloride), 323
See also color, staining)
dissolution, 113-115
cementing materials, 287
limestone, 164
marble, 164
stone materials, 163
District of Columbia Isee Washington,
D.C.)
Index
documentation
building failures, 230
CCMS pilot study projects, 343
conservation interventions, 26-27
maintenance of stone methods, 8
masonry structure evaluation, 239
materials suppliers, listing of, 7
materials used, 7
mechanisms of deterioration, 8
methods used, 7
requirements for registered
monuments, 7
stone consolidant use, 305
treatments, 7, 9, 344
dolomite, moisture deterioration, 108
downspouts, 225
dry deposition of air pollutants, 183-196
classification of mechanisms, 202
"ductile" fracture, 89
EDM See electronic distance
measurement)
educational and information services, 10
effective stress {see "law of effective
stress")
efflorescence, 36, 108, 111, 120, 122, 150,
157, 200, 274, 293
elasticity of rock
crack and pore effects, 91-95
stress-strain curve, 87-89
temperature effects, 71-72, 76
Isee also Young's modulus of
elasticity)
electrical conductivity, moisture
diagnosis, 6
electrical properties, building stone, 7
79
electron microprobe, 163, 17(}173
electron microscopy, 163
electron spectroscopy-chemical analysis,
163, 166, 174-176
electronic distance measurement, 264,
267
energy-dispersive systems, X-ray
fluorescence spectroscopy, 167-
168
engineering and art, 255-259
Environmental Protection Agency
funding for interdisciplinary research,
11
OCR for page 353
index
Particulate Mineralogy Unit, 59
preservation of stone monuments
meeting {Sept. 28, 19781, vii
epoxies, 287, 300, 303-304, 313, 317-320
ESCA (see electron spectroscopy-
chemical analysis)
ethics for conservation treatments, 25
evaporation by diffusion, 122-124, 189-
190, 202
extruded brick, 148, 152, 155
extrusion equipment, 147
Federal Building, Washington, D.C., 41
feldspars, 52-53
decomposition models, 164
rate of decay, 115
Fick's first law, 122, 133, 142
field data, importance, 8
Field Museum of Natural History,
Chicago, dissolution of marble
columns, 113, 114
flashing, water penetration, 150, 158-
159, 160, 225-226
fluorocarbons, coating material, 161
fluosilicates in stone conservation, 14
fog measurement, stone preservation
application, 204, 206
foundations, moisture damage to
masonry, 229-230
fracture of rock, 87-107
(see also "brittle" failure; "ductile"
fracture; microfractures)
freeze-thaw cycle
brick, 151-156
masonry deterioration, 121, 145
stone deterioration, 4, 5, 73
stone preservative freezing tests, 333
friability of rock, 77
funding for research of conservation and
preservation of monuments, 10-11
gabbro, 64
gaseous air pollutants, measurement for
stone preservation applications,
206, 208
geologic sources, building stone, 49-61
geophysical loads, stone structures, 5
Georgia, building stone production, 49,
54
353
geotechnical loads, stone structures, 5
grafitti, 40, 42
grain density, 65
granite, 80
blisters on stone surfaces, 141
compressibility, 93
definition, ASTM standard, 52-53
fracture strength, 97-99, 101
physical properties, 64
salt decay, 141
scaling, 11 7-1 1 8
spelling, 118
thermal cracking, 96
U.S. production, 49
volumetric strain-pressure curve, 90,
91
gravity loads, stone structures, 5
Greek stone architecture, 49, 50, 51
greenstone, ASTM standard definition,
53
Griffith's theory, fracture strength of
rock, 97, 100, 10~105
grit blasting {see sandblasting)
ground moisture See moisture diagnosis)
ground-penetration radar, treatment
evaluation method, 9
grout repair, stone surfaces, 279
Guide to the Architecture of
Washington, D.C., 46
gutters, 111-112, 225, 227
hardness
brick, 160
Mobs' scale for minerals, 64, 75-76
health hazards, chemical cleaning, 276
Heritage Conservation and Recreation
Service, Census of Treated
Monuments, vii
high-rise buildings, deterioration
problems, 230
historic buildings See historic structures
mon intents)
. . .
:ustonc preservation
education, 10
policy and planning, 11-12
scientist's role, 1~21
stone conservation standards, 8
structures, 235
university curricula recommendations,
10
OCR for page 354
354
{see also monuments, preservation;
preservation, cultural property)
historic site reconstruction, 260-263,
269-271
. .
. :ustonc structures
cleaning, 272-280
integrity of the fabric, 243
maintenance, 272-280
preventive, 281-286
training programs, 282, 283
nonstructural problems diagnosis, 211-
232
photogrammetric measurement and
monitoring, 242-271
preservation, 235
restoration, 235
structural integrity diagnosis, 233-241
surface repair, 272-280
Isee also monuments)
holography, 268-269
honeycombs on sandstone, 108' 111, 115
Hooke's law, application to stres~strain
curve, 87
hornblende, tremolite, 115-116
human impacts, masonry structure
deterioration, 43
humidity gradient, historic structures, 3
humidity measurement, stone
preservation applications, 204,
206-207
hydrofluoric acid
chemical attack on brick, 157
cleaning agent for stone surfaces, 276
stone consolidant, 298
hydrolysis, 164, 323, 324
hydrophobic coating materials, 20
See also coatings; waterproof coatings)
hydrostatic stresses, 89
hydroxides, stone consolidant, 295-297
hysteresis loop, 87, 88, 90
ICCROM See Intemational Centre for
the Study of the Preservation and
Restoration of Cultural Property,
Rome)
ice, pressure-temperature relations in
rock, 73, 74
isee also freeze-thaw cycle)
ICOM {see Intemational Council of
Museums)
Index
ICOMOS {see Intemational Council of
Monuments and Sites)
igneous rocks, 51
permeability research, lack of, 66
porosity, 65
isee also andesite; basalt; granite;
rhyolite)
Indiana, building stone production, 49,
54
infrared scanner, 6
initial rate of absorption of brick, 149,
151, 152, 155
inorganic stone consolidants, 287, 291,
298
alkaline earth hydroxides, 293, 295
alkali silicates, 293, 295
barium hydroxides, 296-297
calcium hydroxide, 295-296
siliceous consolidants, 293
silicofluorides, 295
strontium hydroxides, 29~297
(see also stone consolidants)
in situ protection of monuments, 342
See also coatings; maintenance of
stone structures; stone
preservatives; treatment of stone)
insulation See thermal insulation)
integrity of historic structures,
definition, 243
interdisciplinary research funding, 10-11
interdisciplinary work, conservation
requirements, 16
intergranular bonds, 287-289
Internal Revenue Service Building,
Washington, D.C.
bird pest effects, 40
stone deterioration, 44
Intemational Centre for the Study of the
Preservation and Restoration of
Cultural Property, Rome, 344
Intemational Council on Monuments
and Sites, 10, 344
Intemational Council of Museums, 344
Intemational Standards Organization,
stone conservation standards, 8
Intemational Union of Testing and
Research Laboratories {RILEM)
nondestructive tests for treatment
evaluations, 9, 10
role in CCMS Pilot Study, 344
stone conservation standards, 8
OCR for page 355
Index
stone testing methods, 336
testing procedures standards, 16
interventions {see conservation,
interventions)
inventories
building stone use, 3
cultural property, 26
dimension stone, U.S. Bureau of
Mines, 2-3
U.S. Public Building Services
Inventory, 31
IRA {see initial rate of absorption)
ISO See International Standards
Organizations
Justice Department Building,
Washington, D. C., grafitti
removal, 42
kilns, brick manufacture, 47
Kozeny formula, 70
laboratories
conservation, 272
Prevention Deterioration Center, 11
stone preservation, 11
laboratory tests and testing, 9
accelerated aging chambers, stone
preservative evaluation, 332, 334-
335
accelerated tests for prediction of
service life of building materials,
ASTM standard E632, 287, 289-
290, 292, 294, 306-307, 332
building stone
deterioration, 84-85
physical properties measurement, 84
salt-deposition experiments, 127-140
treatment evaluation, problems with,
8
Lake Superior Crystalline Province, 56,
58
Laplace equation, pore equilibrium
pressure difference, 124, 125
Laplace radius, effective pore radius, 135,
138, 139
laser technology (see holography)
"law of effective stress," 101, 102
355
leaking (see flashing; gutters; roofs;
water, penetration)
library of stone samples, 3
lime-based treatments, 277-278
evaluation, 331
limestone, 83
acidic air pollutant protection, 335
air abrasive cleaning techniques, 275
definition, ASTM standard, 51-52
dissolution by acidic waters, 164
hydrofluosilicic acid reaction, 295
moisture deterioration, 108
physical properties, 64
silicofluoride reaction, 295
U.S. production, 49
washing as cleaning technique, 273-
274
See also travertine)
limewater isee calcium hydroxide)
limonite, cement, 82
lintels
bending strength tests, 333
stone deterioration problem area, 227-
229
lithologic provinces, 55-58
load-carrying potential
brick and masonry structures, 5, 160-
161, 234, 237
testing altematives, 238
loading-unloading cycles See
deformation of rock; fracture of
rock; hysteresis loop)
longitudinal strain-stress curve, 93
magnetic properties, building stone, 79
maintenance of stone structures, 9
attitude toward maintenance
personnel, 281, 284
contracting for services, 283
diagnosis, condition of structure, 283
employee turnover, 283
historic structures, 272-280, 281-286
masonry preservation, 38
periodic inspection, 282
record keeping, 282, 283
RESTORE, training program, 284-285
routines, 17, 20, 21
trade specialization, effect on, 283
training programs, 282-285
See also cleaning stone surfaces; stone
OCR for page 356
356
preservatives; treatment of stone
structures)
marble, 81
color, 53
definition, ASTM standard, 53
dissolution by acidic waters, 164
moisture deterioration, 108
physical properties, 64
transmittance and reflectance of light,
77
U.S. production, 49
Martin Luther Monument, Worms, West
, Germany, spelling, 118
Masonic Cemetery, Fredericksburg,
Virginia, 115, 116
masonry
acidic attack, 121
air pollutant deterioration, 121
architectural material, 32
characterization, 2
crystallization phenomena, 120-144
deterioration mechanisms, 145
fractures, 5
wind-driven dust, 121
[see also brick; building stone; stone)
Masonry Institute, 11
masonry structures
animal and bird impacts, 40, 41, 43
cleaning agents, 157
corrective measures, problems, 43-44
deficiencies
aesthetic, 234
correction process, 240-241
structural, 234
design defects, 211-232
discoloration, 36
efflorescence, 157
human impacts, 43
mineral impacts, 40
mismatch of materials, 159
moisture damage, 6, 229-230
monitoring performance of remedial
work, 241
nonstructural problem diagnosis, 211-
232
restoration procedures, 16~161
staining, 36
structural design integrity, 158, 23
241
vegetable impacts, 40
Washington, D.C., 31-48
Index
water-impermeable coatings, 158
(see also historic structures;
monuments; stone structures|
materials suppliers, 7
Mayari-R, staining problems, 36
mechanical cleaning of stone surfaces, 274
mechanical erosion of masonry, 121
{see also sandblasting)
mechanical properties of building stone,
64, 75-77
metallic stearates, 277
Metallurgical Advisory Board (see under
later name National Materials
Advisory Board)
metamorphic rock, 51
permeability research, lack of, 66
isee also greenstone; marble; quartzite;
slate)
meteorological data, 203
microclimates in stone buildings, 1, 4,
344
microiracturing of rock, 71, 8~85
(see also fracture of rock
microwave scanning, 268
Middle Ages architecture, 51
minerals
hardness, Mobs' scale of, 64, 75
impacts on masonry structures, 40
{see also building stone; stone)
Mobil Foundation, 11
models and modeling
aggregation properties of building
stone, 69-71
microclimates in monuments, 344
stone deterioration process, 5, 20
surface deposition of air pollutants,
18~196
modulus of elasticity of rock, 64, 76, 95,
97
modulus of rupture of rock, 64, 76-77
Mobs' scale of hardness, 64, 75
moisture
atmospheric factor in stone decay, 199
.
agnosls
electrical conductivity
measurement, 6
ground moisture, 111
indoors from saturated air, 112
infrared scanner, 6
leaking plumbing, 111
leaking roofs, 111-112
OCR for page 357
Index
neutron moisture probe, 6
rain and drizzle, 110-111
expansion of brick, 145, 157
measurement, 6
source of stone deterioration, 108-119
(see also condensation reactions;
dissolution; evaporation by
diffusion; freeze-thaw cycle;
water penetration
molded brick, water absorption levels,
152
monitoring
air quality, 4-5
. .
c ,etenoratlon
friability tests, 77
preservative trials, quantitative, 332
meteorological events, 4-5
pollution-caused environmental
conditions, 38
requirements for buildings, 4
site
investigation of masonry, structure
deterioration, 23~237
techniques, 4
trials for stone preservatives, 338-
339
structure change, photogrammetry,
242-271
monomers, stone consolidation, 319-320
monument stone (see brick; building
stone; masonry; stoned
monuments
conservation, 1, 341-345
funding for research, 10-1 1
poultice techniques 27~277
techniques, 342-343
technology transfer, 1
definition, 341
preservation
analytical methods, 163-182
funding for research, 10-11
restoration, 341-345
structural distress diagnosis, 5
Washington, D.C. 2, 31-48
(see also historic structures; stone
structures)
mortar
air-entraining agents, 15(}151
deterioration
high-rise buildings, 230
rate, 145
357
freezing disrupts, 151
historic masonry materials, 279
lime sand, 150
masonry cement, 150
permeability, 151
Portland cement, 150, 222
properties of, 151
salt crystallization experiments, 15
157
Multistate Atmospheric Power
Production Pollutant Study, 191-
193
museum conservation and architectural
conservation, 23
NASA (see National Aeronautics and
Space Administration)
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
nondestructive analysis of stone
. ...
preSerVatlOIl, V111
technology transfer to preservation of
stone buildings, ~7
National Bureau of Standards
test wall, 4, 109-111, 203
National Endowment for the
Humanities, funding for
interdisciplinary research, 11
National Gallery of Art, East Wing,
Washington, D.C., marble
deterioration, 45, 50
National Materials Advisory Board
Committee on Conservation of
Historic Stone Buildings And
Monuments, conference (Feb. 2-4,
1981 I, viii-ix
formation, viii
members and staff, iii-iv
report, 1-12
members and staff of board, v-vi
National Park Service'
building maintenance training
programs, 282
Census of Treated-Monuments, 7, 8, 9
Division of Technical Preservation
Services, 7
funding for interdisciplinary research,
11
National Research Council (see National
Materials Advisory Board)
OCR for page 358
358
National Science Foundation
funding for interdisciplinary research,
11
Prevention of Deterioration Center, 11
National Trust for Historic Preservation
building maintenance training
programs, 282
scientific advisory committees, 10
structural distress diagnosis, 5
NAT - CCMS See North Atlantic
Treaty Organization, Committee
on the Challenges of Modem
Society)
natural weathering {see weathering
NDT See nondestructive testing)
neutron-g~mma techniques, 163,177,
179-182
neutron moisture probe, 6
New Hampshire, building stone
production, 49,54 -
nitrate pollution, effect on stone
structures, 4
NMAB {see National Materials Advisory
Board)
nondestructive testing
diagnostic surveys, 6
masonry structure evaluation, 238
RILEM proposals, 9
photogrammetry, 242-271
stone preservative trials, 332
stone preservation, NASA study, viii
stone structure.deterioration, 163
structural damage diagnosis, 238
treatment evaluation, 9, 10
X-ray diffraction, 170
North Atlantic Treaty Organization,
Committee on the Challenges of
Modem Society, vii
purpose, 345
role in conservation/restoration of
monuments, 341-342
NTHP {see National Trust for Historic
Preservation)
nylon, stone consolidant, 304
obsidian, definition, 53-54
optical emission spectroscopy, 163
optical properties, building stone, 77-78
organosilane coupling agents, 313,314
Index
organosilicon compounds, 330
orthophotography, 247-249
{see~also photography;
.stereophotography)
parapets, deterioration susceptibility,
222-223
Particulate Mineralogy Unit, 59
patching materials {see polymer
compounds)
permeability of building stone, 62-70
estimates using electrical properties
measurement, 78
(see also Darcy's law)
phoretic effects of air pollution, 189-191
photogrnmmetry
accuracy, 246-247
aerial vs. terrestrial, 243,250-253,
270-271
applications research, 260-271
basic principles, 243 257
control points, 248,250
cost effectiveness of architectural
photogr~mmetry, 257-258,264
definition, 242
digitizing data, 253,254,255,269,271
documentation of change in historic
structures, 243
engineering and art, 255-259
ground control, 248
integrity of historic structures, 243
measurement of historic and
prehistoric structures, 242-271
monitoring historic structures, 260-
267
precision, 246-247
reconstruction of historic sites, 269-
270,271
scale, 246-247
{see also holography; microwave
scanning; orthophotography;
stereophotography)
photography, treatment evaluation, 9
{see also orthophotography;
stereophotography)
physical properties of building stone, 62-
86
plaster, crystallization phenomena, 120
OCR for page 359
Index
plastic deformation, 88, 89
Isee also deformation of rock)
pointing historic masonry, 278-279
Poiseuille flow, 124, 125, 133-135, 142
pollutants, effects on stone structures, 1,
4, 37-38, 62
See also acid rain; aerosols; air
pollutants)
polyesters, 300, 304
patching materials 313, 317, 318
polyethylene, 323
glycol, evaluation as stone
preservative, 331
polymer composites, protective
materials, 312-321
Isee also coatings)
polyurethane, 300, 304
porosity of building stone, 62-71
application for determining coating
material, 20
brick, 145, 152
effect on fracture strength, 103
effect on rock deformation, 92-95
measurement techniques, 6, 333
Isee also Laplace radius; Poiseuille
flow)
poultice techniques, 276-277, 278
Powder Diffraction File, 169
practical conservation, 14, 15
precipitation (see acid rain; rain)
precision in photogrammetry, 246-247
prehistoric structures, photogrammetric
measurement and monitoring,
242-271
prepolymers, stone consolidation, 319-
320
preservation (see cultural property,
preservation; historic structures,
preservation; monuments,
preservation; stone preservatives;
stone preservation; stone
structures, preservation)
preservatives Isee stone preservatives)
pressed brick, 147, 152
pressure-strain curve, 90-92
Prevention of Deterioration Center, 11
preventive maintenance See
maintenance of stone structures)
protective coatings {see coatings)
public access to historic monuments, 1
359
quarries
dimension stone, 2
environmental problems, 59
health hazards, 59
limestone, dissolution effects, 113
Middle Ages, 51
national inventory, 3
quartz, 52
Young's modulus of elasticity, 97
quartzite, 53, 81
fracture strength, 97
physical properties, 64
porosity, 64, 65, 66
quasilaminar layer, dry deposition, 186-
189
rain
chemical composition, 191-193
clean sing mechanism, 183
control through building design, 213-
214
measurement for stone preservation
applications, 204, 206
staining from limestone onto brick,
213
Isee also acid rain)
reconstruction
historic buildings, 27, 30
historic sites, 269-270, 271
reflectance spectroscopy, 176-179
registered landmarks
documentation requirements, 7
experimental treatments for
preservation, 7
rehabilitation Isee restoration)
relocation, monuments, 343
repair Isee cleaning stone surfaces;
surface repair; surface treatments)
reproduction, cultural property, 27, 30
research funding for stone conservation,
10-11
resins {see epoxies; polyesters)
restoration
cultural property, 27, 29-30
historic structures, 235
masonry structures, procedures, 160-
161
monuments, 341-345
OCR for page 360
360
photographic products as historic
documents, 243
stone structures, methods, 1
RESTORE, building maintenance
restoration training program, 284-
285
Reunion Intemationale des Laboratoires
d'Essais et de Recherche sur les
Materiaux et les Constructions
{see Intemational Union of
Testing and Research
Laboratories)
rhyolite, 64, 80
RILEM Isee Intemational Union of
Testing and Research
Laboratories)
rock (see building stone; deformation of
rock; elasticity of rock; friability
of rock; fracture of rock; stone)
Roman stone architecture, 51
roofs
moisture content, 6, 111-112
water penetration, 150, 224, 225
Isee also flashing)
saline-water content
effect on electrical properties of
building stone, 78
ground moisture, 111
salt crystallization test
brick, 149
stone preservatives, 333
Isee also salt decay, crystallization
phenomena)
salt decay
chemical cleaning of stone surfaces,
275-276
crystallization phenomena, 120-144,
288
atmospheric factors, 200
brick durability, 149, 156-157, 158
prevention using stone preservatives,
335
stone consolidants, 293
masonry, 145
model, need for, 5
{see also efflorescence; spelling)
salt-deposition experiments, 127-140
Index
salt migration
ground moisture, 111
stone deterioration, 4
sandblasting, 159, 160, 273, 274-275
sandstone
air-abrasive cleaning techniques, 275
Aquia Creek, 115
cements, 82
definition, ASTM standard, 52
deterioration from rain and drizzle,
111
physical properties, 64
salt decay experiments, 127-144
stress-strain curves, 96, 97
U.S. production, 49
saturation coefficient in brick, 152, 155,
160
scale in photogrammetry, 246-247
scaling
granites, 117-1 18
resulting from dissolution, 114-115
scanning electron microscope, 17() 173,
299
science arid conservation technology, 13-
14
(see also technology transfer)
scientists
relationship with conservators, 15, 16
role in historic preservation, 13-21
sedimentary rocks, 51
permeability research, 66
See also limestone; sandstone; shale)
SEM {see scanning electron microscope)
serpentinite, 64, 83
shale, 64, 65, 83
SLA Isee Society for Industrial
Archaeology)
silane coupling agents, 314
silica, 82
silicates
paint system, 278
stone conservation, 14
weathering, 115-117
siliceous consolidants, 293
silicofluorides, 295
silicone resins, 277
sills, 227, 228
siloxanes, 323
site monitoring {see monitoring;
photogrammetry, monitoring)
OCR for page 361
Ides
slate, 81
color, 53
definition, ASTM standard, 53
physical properties, 64
U.S. production, 49
Smithsonian Institution, Castle Building,
Washington, D.C., 34, 82
soapstone, 64, 83
Society for Industrial Archaeology,
structural distress diagnosis, 5
sodium chloride deposition {see salt
decay, crystallization phenomena)
-
solar insolation, 204, 207
spelling, 108, 120
granite, 118
sills, 227
spectroscopy (see Auger spectroscopy;
electron spectroscopy-chemical
analysis; neutron-gamma
techniques; optical emission
spectroscopy; reflectance
spectroscopy; X-ray fluorescence
spectroscopy; X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy)
stabilizers, synthetic polymers, 324-325
staining
brick, 150, 157, 213
chemical and physical
incompatibilities of building
materials, 213
chemical cleaning of stone surfaces,
275-276
hydrofluoric acid, 295
masonry, 36
weathering steels, 36
See also discoloration)
standards, 4, 5, 8, 16
(see also American Society for Testing
and Materials)
standards of ethics, conservation
treatments, 25
steam cleaning of stone surfaces, 274
Stefan flow, 189-190, 202
[see also condensation reactions)
stereophotography, 244-246
stone, definition, 50
Isee also building stone; dimension
stone
stone buildings {see historic structures;
monuments; stone structures)
361
stone conservation
alkali silicate application, 14
fluosilicate application, 14
funding for research, 10-11
practice, 20-21
scientific support, 19
scientist's role, 13-21
silicates, 14
standards, 8
Isee also coatings; conservation;
cultural property, conservation;
monuments, conservation; stone
consolidants; stone preservatives;
treatments for stone surfaces)
stone consolidants, 7, 308-311
alkoxysilanes, 287, 298-300
definition, 289
documentation of performance, 305
epoxies, 303-304
inorganic materials, 287, 291, 19~ 198
selection, 307
standards for testing, 287, 289-290,
292, 294, 306-307
synthetic organic polymers, 287, 300-
302
waxes, 287, 304-305
stone consolidation, 7, 313
monomers, 319-320
prepolymers, 319-320
stone decay See stone deterioration)
stone deterioration
air pollution factors measurement,
197-210
biological agents, 5
building design defects, 211
case studies, 19-20
chemical mechanisms, 185
climatological factors measurement,
197-210
color, importance of, 77
crystallization phenomena, 120-144
diagnosis, 5, 62, 84
freeze-thaw cycle, 4, 5, 73, 74, 199
measurement methods, for
atmospheric factors, 203-209
mechanisms, 3-4, 184-85, 198, 200-
202
methodology for study, 165
models, 5, 19, 20
pollution, 1, 62
OCR for page 362
362
problems, 108-119
public access to buildings, 1
solar insolation, 199
specialists needed, 85
structural distress, 5
sulfuric acid, 19
susceptibility tests, 79
theory, 5, 19-20, 122
thermal conductivity measurement, 74
thiobacill~', 19
type of stones, 108
urbanization, 1
vibration, 5
wind, 199
see also moisture; salt decay;
weathering of stone)
stone maintenance (see maintenance of
stone structures!
stone preservation
atmospheric measurement methods,
203-205
documentation requirements, 7
laboratory, 11
measurement methods, 203-205
methods, 1
policy and planning, 11-12
problems, categories of, 35-43
{see also cultural property,
preservation; historic preservation;
monuments, preservation; stone
preservatives; treatment of stone)
stone preservatives
definition, 329
evaluation, 329~40
performance criteria, 336-337
policy for use, 338
tests
accelerated aging chambers, 332,
334-335
building sites, 331-332
field testing, 337
laboratory testing, 337
treated stone, 334-336
treatment objective assessment,
335-336
untreated stone, 333-334
{see also coatings; stone consolidants;
treatment of stone)
stone structures
deterioration
nondestructive analysis, 6, 163
Index
rate of, 1, 312
water and moisture, 6
diagnostic surveys and techniques, 5, 6
loading, 5
preservation methods, 1
Washington, D.C., 31-48
(see also historic structures;
monumental
stone surfaces {see cleaning stone
surfaces; coatings; stone
consolidants; stone preservatives;
surface of stone|
Stones of the Nation's Capital, 2
stress-strain curves
elastic materials, 87, 88
glass, 88
longitudinal, 93
plastic flow, 88, 89
sandstone, 96, 97
(see also thermal stresses; volumetric
strain-pressure curve)
strontium hydroxide, 196-197
structural integrity diagnosis in masonry
structures, 5, 239-241
analytical techniques, 238-239
documentation, 239
evaluation process, 235, 236, 239
preliminary evaluation plan, 235-237
site investigation, 236, 237
testing alternatives, 237-238
sulfur dioxide deposition, 185
See also deposition of air pollutants)
sulfuric acid, stone deterioration, 19
surface of stone
analyzers, 163-182
decay
prediction by evaporation of water
measurement, 126
prediction by sodium chloride
crystallization measurement, 127
rate of escape of water, 125-126
sodium chloride deposition, 127-140
theory, 122
deposition of air pollutants, 196
examination techniques, 163
loss calculation, 139-140
protective materials, 312-321
repair
grouting, 279
historic buildings, 272-280
pointing, 278-279
OCR for page 363
Index
tension and compressive strength, 103,
104
Isee also cleaning stone surfaces;
coatings; stone consolidants; stone
deterioration; stone preservatives;
treatment of stone)
synthetic organic monomers, 312-313
(see also monomers)
synthetic organic polymers, 287, 304,
312-313
acrylic copolymers, 302
acrylic polymers, 301-302
vinyl polymers, 302
synthetic polymers
antioxidant, 324, 325
antiweathering stabilizers, 324-325
composition, 323
protective coatings, 322-328
site evaluations, 325-326
stabilizers, 324-325
weathering of, 322-328
weatherometer evaluations, 327
technologists {see conservation,
technologists)
technology
and dimension stone industry, 59
and science, 14
transfer to preservation of historic
buildings and monuments, 1, 6
temperature
deformation of rock, effect on, 95-97
fracture of rock, factor in, 89
measurement for stone preservation
applications, 204, 207
terra-cotta, air-abrasive cleaning
techniques, 275
terrestrial vs. aerial photogrammetry,
250-253
test walls
CCMS pilot study recommendations,
344
National Bureau of Standards, 4, 109-
111, 203
testing Isee laboratory tests and testing;
nondestructive testing!
thermal properties of building stone, 64
conductivity, 74-75
expansion, 71-73, 287-288
363
thermal insulation and masonry building
deterioration, 211, 231
thermoplastic materials, stone
consolidation, 300, 320
thermosets, stone consolidant, 300
See also epoxies)
thiobacill~, 19
topographical analyzer {see surface of
stone, analyzers)
tour of historic stone buildings and
monuments, Washington, D.C.,
31, 33
guide, 47
map, 48
. .
training programs
historic building maintenance, 282,
283
RESTORE, 284-285
transmission and reflectance, building
stone, 77-78
travertine, 83
definition, 52
physical properties, 64
transmittance and reflectance of light,
77
treatment of stone
bird impacts, 40, 41, 43
Brethane, 278, 298, 299
conservation interventions, 25-30
documentation, 344
evaluation, 8, 9
lime-based, 277-278, 331
preservation treatments, 7-10
silicate paint system, 278
(see also coatings; stone conservation;
stone consolidants; stone
preservatives)
Tweed Court House, New York City,
granite spelling, 118
ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy,
174
ultraviolet radiation
polymer degradation and resistance,
323-327
stone preservative degradation, 335
United Nations Educational, Scientific,
and Cultural Organization
{UNESCO), 344
OCR for page 364
364
UPS See ultraviolet photoelectron
spectroscopy)
U.S. Bureau of Mines
dimension stone studies, 2-3
Particulate Mineralogy Unit, 59
U.S. Capital Building, Washington, D.C.,
marble decay, 116-118
U.S. dimension stone production, 49
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
{see Environmental Protection
Agency)
U.S. Geological Survey, The Stones of
the Nations Capital, 2
U.S. National Bureau of Standards {see
National Bureau of Standards)
U.S. National Committee of the
International Council on
Monuments and Sites, 10
U.S. Public Buildings Service Inventory,
31
universities, curricula in technology of
historic buildings, 10
urbanization, effects on stone buildings,
values, cultural, 23-24, 27
vapor barriers, criteria for, 7
{see also coatings)
vegetable impacts, masonry structures,
40
Vermont, building stone production, 49,
54
vibration, role in deterioration of stone
structures, 5, 6
vinyl polymers, 302
volumetric strain-pressure curve, 90, 91
Walls
base of, moisture damage, 229-230
bearing, 214-215
cavity, 214, 215-217
curtain wall construction, 217-222
washing stone surfaces, 273-274
{see also cleaning stone surfaces)
Washington, D.C.
Index
guide, 47
map, 48
Washington Monument, Washington,
D.C., 34
water penetration
brick structures, 145, 158
and bond with mortar, 150-151
deformation of rock, effects on, 95
masonry structures, 145, 158
site investigations, 237
testing alternatives, 238
{see also acid rain; condensation;
dissolution; evaporation by
diffusion; freeze-thaw cycle;
. .
moisture; rain; saline-water
content; weathering of stone)
waterproof coatings {see coatings)
wavelength-dispersive systems, X-ray
fluorescence, 166-168
wavelength shift effect, 173-174
waxes, 287, 304-305
weathering of stone, 1, 3, 4
analytical methods, 163-182
color as indicator, 77
dimension stone, 2
laboratory tests simulation, 8
masonry deterioration, 37-38
measurement, 71
performance of material, 213
preventive maintenance programs, 282
rates, 108
resistance factor, 50
(see also acid rain; freeze-thaw cycles;
maintenance of stone; stone
preservatives; rain; temperature;
water penetration)
weathering of synthetic polymers, 322-
328
weathering steels, 36
weatherometer evaluations, synthetic
polymers, 327
West Germany
Freiburg Cathedral, lime crust, 112,
115
stone sculpture, weathering effects,
109
Worms, Martin Luther Monument,
spelling, 1 18
building stones of capital, 2, 51 Western Province, 56, 58
tour of historic stone buildings and wet and dry deposition of air pollutants,
monuments, 31, 33 4, 5, 183-196, 202
OCR for page 365
~" 111
mad
acts ~ awe ~tedo~bo~ 199
measurement ~r stone pIese^ation
~plicadons, 205, 20308
w~d-~v~ gust, mason
deed 121
window opens in mason, 22~229
X~ detraction abyss, 163, 16~170
X-r~ Quiescence spectroscopy, 1~,
165, 170, 205, 209
365
gem disperse systems, 16~168
Raveled dispersive systems, 16-
168
X-~ photoelectron spectmsc~y, 174
X-~ spectroscopy, 205, 209
97
{ses ~o elasticity of rock
Representative terms from entire chapter:
stone surfaces
