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INDEX 355 Index A Beavers, 208 Academics, see Education; Bennett Dam, 67, 68 Universities Benthic organisms, 48, 194, 267-268, 304, Acid rain and acidification, 19, 88, 90-93, 306 97, 273 Bioaccumulation, of toxins, 3-4, 14, 19, assessment of damage from, 4, 20 68, 87-88, 94-97, 208 neutralization, 90, 91, 206, 282 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), organic sources, 208, 209-210, 211-212 78-79, 80 paleolimnological analysis, 40, 92, 306 Biodiversity, 210-211, 251-252, 268-270, research studies, 43, 91-93, 188, 195, 293, 304-311 206, 208, 209, 211-212, 276 -277, 280 Biogeochemistry, 192, 219, 223 Adaptive management, 255 Biological integrity, 289, 290-291, 296-315 Agriculture and farmlands, 73, 249, 297 Biological sciences, 4, 11, 48, 58-69, runoff, 11, 78, 87, 238, 249, 250, 297 193-194, 222, 224, 226 wetlands impacts, 71, 238, 250 Biological status and changes, 47, 97-104, Air pollution, 4, 90, 93-97, 273 296-298 Alewife, 98, 100, 101, 102 assessment and monitoring, 289-296, Algal blooms, see Cultural eutrophication 298-317 Alkalinity, 91, 270-271 exotic species introduction, 97-103 research studies, 43 experimental lake studies, 35-36, 37 Aluminum, 208 extinction of species, 103-104 American Fisheries Society, 59 functional attributes, 311-315 American Institute of Hydrology, 170-171 metrics and indices, 307-311 American Society of Limnology and nonequilibrium processes, 302-303 Oceanography (ASLO), 29, 31, 54, seasonal variations, 302 56, 59, 205, 213, 230, 345 structural attributes, 304-311 Andrews, H. J., Experimental Forest time and spatial scales in, 298-302 (HJAEF), 147, 149, 163, 284-285 Biomanipulation, 87, 192 Anions, 270 Bioremediation, 210 Apalachicola-Chattachoochee-Flint River Birds, accumulation of toxins in, 3, 96-97 Basin, 295 Birge, Edward A., 28, 29-30, 184-185, Applied research, 175, 176, 247-255 281-282 Arizona State University, 124, 145, 146, 330 Artificial channels, 195 Artificial ponds, 186 Atchafalaya Delta, 67 Atmospheric transport and deposition, 17, 19, 90, 93-94, 98, 273 B Bachelor's degree, see Undergraduate edu- cation Bacteria, 268, 270 Baseline data collection, 21, 37, 237 Basic research, 7, 66, 175-176, 257-277
INDEX 356 Blue Plains sewage plant, 14 see also Greenhouse gases Boating, 15, 249 Coarse-filter approach, 251-252 Bogs, see Wetlands Coarse particulate organic matter, 272 Boundary Waters Canoe Area, 19 Columbia River Basin, 17, 293, 296, 301 Bureau of Land Management, 173, 292, Committee on Aquaculture, 31 296 Conservancies, 155-156 Bythotrephes cederstroemi, 100-101 Continuing education, 8, 168-169 Cooperative and collaborative programs C among professional societies, 173-174, Calcium carbonate, 37, 90 176, 213 Canada student internships, 6-7, 165-167 collaborative research programs, 163-165 see also Interdisciplinary programs Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), 76, Copper, 269-270, 306 83, 91, 148, 163-165, 188-189, 254, Coweeta Experimental Forest, 149, 284 281 Cultural eutrophication, 20, 81-87, 297 fish contamination, 94, 97 carbon-phosphorus controversy, 83-84, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and 86, 189 Aquatic Science, 55, 205 control and prevention, 3, 83-84, 85, 87 Carbon and carbon dioxide (CO2), 74 research programs, 36-37, 43, 81-84, 87, as cause of eutrophication, 83-84, 86 188, 206, 281 cycling of, 68, 70, 188-189, 197, 237 role of phosphorus in, 16, 83-84, 86, Careers, see Employment opportunities 103, 189, 190, 281 Cations, 270-271 Curriculum, 134-147, 223-231 Center for Great Lakes Studies, 147-148 doctoral programs, 144-145, 229-230 Certification, professional, 7-8, 170-172, laboratory and field methods, 139-142 176 master of science programs, 7, 142-144, CFSTR (continuous-flow, stirred-tank 229-230 reactor), 190 postdoctoral programs, 145-147 Chemical budgets, 207 reforms, 127-128, 213 Chemical changes and regulation, 77-97, synthesis courses, 137, 139 210-211, 270-274 undergraduate programs, 134-142, 227, and acid rain, 88, 90-93 228 and air pollution, 90, 93-97 for wetlands study, 234-243 anions and cations, 270-271 see also Introductory courses and climate change, 273-274 Cycling of elements detrital organic material, 272-273 carbon, 68, 70, 188-189, 197, 237 experimental lake studies, 35 greenhouse gases, 51, 71, 74, 197 long-range transport and deposition, 19, nutrients, 49, 192, 196, 204, 211, 301, 273 313 stream studies, 46, 48 trace metals, 93-97, 208, 271-272 D and waste discharges, 78-88 Dams and reservoirs, 3, 17, 46, 66-70, 297 Chemistry, 44, 192 Daphnia, 100 Classification of inland waters, 258-260 Dartmouth University, 124, 141, 162 lakes, 31, 185 DDT, 87, 93, 209, 237, 273 rivers and streams, 48, 194 Degree programs, see Doctoral (Ph.D.) Clean Water Act, 1, 2, 4, 10, 13, 292, programs; 294-295, 296 Graduate education; Lake Erie recovery under, 16-17 Master of science programs; and point-source discharges, 15, 80-81 Undergraduate education Potomac River improvements under, 14 state water quality assessments, 248-249, 250, 294 wetlands provisions, 10, 72, 240 Climate change, 74-77, 273-274, 298 research, 3, 209 wetlands impacts, 76-77, 209, 211, 242
INDEX 357 Diel cycles, 264 Embodied energy (emergy), 35 Dioxins, 87, 93, 273 Employment opportunities, 155-160 Dissolved organic carbon, 272-273 in academia, 155, 159-160 Doctoral (Ph.D.) programs, 144-145, 160, in government, 157-158, 172-173 229-230 placement programs, 232 Drinking water, 13, 14-15 preparation for, 137, 143, 144, 170-172 Ducks, 209 in private sector, 155-157 in research centers, 144, 158-159 E Endangered Species Act (ESA), 291, 293, Ecological energetics, 194-195 296 Ecological health, 291 Energy flows, 35, 192-193, 194-195 Ecological Society of America (ESA), 54, Engineering, 44, 222-223 59, 171, 230, 345 Environmental Monitoring and Assess- Ecology of Running Waters, The, 48, 49, ment Program (EMAP), 294 194 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Ecosystem Center, Woods Hole Marine 43, 57-58, 173, 212, 248, 249, 293-295 Biological Laboratory, 159, 283 Europe, institutes of limnology in, 31, Ecosystems, 258-261 128-130, 222, 227 biodiversity of, 210-211, 251-252, Eutrophication, see Cultural eutrophication 268-270, 293, 304-311 Exotic species, 4, 19, 97-103, 104, 240 energy flows, 192-193, 194-195 Experimental lakes, 35-37, 185-189, human impacts, 65, 274-276 282-283 lakes as integrated, 25, 27, 183-185 Canada program, 76, 83, 91, 148, linkages among diverse, 195, 203-213, 163-165, 188-189, 254, 281 219, 266-267 Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), Canada, management, 219, 220, 291-292. 76, 83, 91, 148, 163-165, 188-189, species relationships within, 104, 254, 281 267-269 Extinction of species, 17, 103-104, 240 studies of diverse, 203-214 prevention, 4, 293 sustainability, 291-292 Edmondson, W. T., 58, 83, 84, 140, 141, F 283-284 Faculty Education, 118-119, 151-153, 218-232 adjunct appointments to government continuing and professional, 8, 168-169 agencies, 167, 176 current status of, 4-5, 56, 119-127, departmental affiliations, 4-5, 44, 45, 223-224 119, 131-134, 329 departmental fragmentation, 4-5, 56, doctoral candidates on, 145 58-61, 119, 124, 126-127, 221, employment opportunities, 155, 159-160 222-223 government scientists and managers as, field research sites role in, 147-151 8, 161 interecosystem studies, 213-214 publication activity, 346 of the public, 6, 8, 152, 174-175, 225, 253 strengths and dispersal, 58-59, 328-343 recruitment programs, 232 Farms, see Agriculture and farmlands of resource managers, 6-7, 152, 154, Federal government 220-221, 253 job classification, 8, 172-173, 176 student interest in limnology, 5, 55, 121, legislative and policy actions, 291-293 328, 330-343 monitoring and assessment programs, see also Curriculum; 293-295 Faculty; postdoctoral programs, 146-147, 152 Graduate education; Undergraduate education; Universities Electric power generation, 297. See also Hydroelectric facilities Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 166 Elodea canadensis, 102-103
INDEX 358 regional school support, 231 G research programs, 7, 43, 57, 222 Generalists, 205, 213 research scientists in, 144, 158 Genetic variation student internships, 6-7, 152, 166-167 within ecosystems, 210-211, 251-252, zebra mussel research, 99-100 268-270, 293, 304-311 see also Environmental Protection within species, 269-270, 314-315 Agency; Geomorphology, 46, 193, 194 Forest Service; Global warming, see Climate change; National Research Council; Greenhouse gases National Science Foundation; Goldman, Charles, 89 Office of Personnel Management; Government agencies Tennessee Valley Authority; collaboration with universities, 161-165, U.S. Geological Survey 167, 176 Field camps, 7, 141-142, 152 employment opportunities, 157-158, Field research 172-173 in continuing education programs, publication activity of limnologists in, 168-169 346 education in methods, 139-142 research scientists in, 144 in graduate education, 143-144, 150 see also Federal government; support, 5, 151, 152 names of individual agencies; in undergraduate education, 7, 121, 123, State government 149, 150, 227 Graduate education, 55, 123-124, 126, see also Research Centers 136, 137, 152-153, 160, 218, 224 Fine-filter approach, 251-252 curriculum, 7, 227, 229-230 Fine particulate organic matter, 272 field studies, 143-144, 150 Fish and fisheries, 19, 296, 297 see also Doctoral programs; accumulation of toxins in, 3-4, 14, 19, Master of science programs 68, 88, 94-96, 97, 208 Great Lakes acidification effects on, 90-91 atmospheric deposition, 93-94, 96-97 dam impacts, 17, 67 exotic species in, 4, 19, 98-102 research, 59, 188, 191, 304-305, 306-307 research programs, 46, 59, 148 restrictions, 13-14, 94-95, 96, 248-249 role of limnology in management of, 105 stocking of exotic species, 19, 98-99, and zebra mussel, 4, 19, 98, 99-100 101-102 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, Flood-pulse model, 50, 196 16, 105 Florida Everglades, 18, 96 Great Plains, 209, 231 Florida panthers, 96 Greenhouse gases, 74-75 Fluid mechanics, 192, 264-265 from flooded areas, 68, 70 Food chains and webs, 43, 191-192, 208, wetlands role in cycling, 51, 71, 74, 197 211, 219, 224, 283 and eutrophication, 85, 87 H and exotic species, 101-102 Hasler, Arthur D., 29, 36, 186, 282 Forbes, Stephen Alfred, 24, 25, 27, 183 History of limnology, 24-51, 183-185, 219 Forel, Francois Alphonse, 25, 26, 184 Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest Forestry and timber harvest, 73-74, 280, (HBEF), 149, 162-163, 195, 206, 280 297 Hutchinson, G. Evelyn, 31, 33, 58, 91, 186 Forest Service, 162, 163, 173, 280, 292, Hydraulic properties, dam and dam 296 releases impacts on, 67, 68 Fossil fuels, 88, 90, 93 Hydroelectric facilities, 67, 297 Fossil studies, 37, 40, 41, 189, 190, 206, environmental managers, 155, 156 236-237, 262 Hydrology, 8, 193, 231 Fragmentation of studies, 205, 221, 222 Hynes, H. B. Noel, 48, 49, 194 within schools, 4-5, 56, 58-61, 119, 124, 126-127, 221, 222-223 Freshwater Imperative, 56 Freshwater Institute, 163 Frey, D. G., 58
INDEX 359 I acid neutralization, 90, 91, 206, 282 Impoundments, see Dams and reservoirs as chemical reactors, 190 Indiana University, 58, 222 classification of, 31, 185 Indicator species, 48, 194, 306 and climate change, 76, 209 Indigenous peoples, 67, 68, 97 as components of watersheds, 190-191 Industrial discharges, 10, 11, 15, 78, 297 experimental, 185-189, 282-283 toxic releases, 87 as microcosms, 25, 27, 31, 183-185 Institute of Ecosystem Studies, 159, 175 paleolimnological studies, 189-190 Interdisciplinary programs, 28, 29-30, 44, paradigms for study of, 25-46, 183-193 57, 253-255 water quality problems, 2, 13, 15, 250 and interecosystem studies, 203-214 see also under names of individual lakes linkages among major fields, 44, 206-207 Lake Superior, 93 in universities, 6, 119, 121, 128, Lake Tahoe, California, 89 131-134, 151, 213-214, 221, 225-227 Lake Washington, Washington State Interecosystem studies, 203-214 eutrophication recovery, 83, 84-85, Intergovernmental Personnel Act, 167 283-284 Intergovernmental Task Force on Monitor- research center, 283-284 ing Water Quality, 294 Land-Margin Ecosystems programs, 283 Internal alkalinity generation, 91 Landscape management, 252-253, 299-300 International Association for Great Lakes Land use patterns and changes, 3, 73, 274 Research (IAGLR), 54, 59, 345 Legislation, 291-293 International Association for Theoretical sulfur emission controls, 92-93 and Applied Limnology, see also Clean Water Act; see Societas Internationalis Limnologiae Endangered Species Act; (SIL) National Environmental Protection Act; International Biological Program, 50 Water Quality Act Introductory courses, 6, 135-136, (Le) Leman: Monographic Limnologique, 138-139, 152 25, 26, 184 offerings at universities, 55, 328, 330-343 Limnoenclosures, 37, 188 Iron, 208, 271, 276-277 Limnological Society of America, 31 Isle Royale, 93-94 Limnology, definition of, 1, 11, 12, Ivanov, Konstantin E., 52 181-182 Limnology and Oceanography, 31, 55, 56, J 205, 346 Journal of Great Lakes Research, 55, 59 Lindeman, Raymond L., 34 Journal of the North American Bentholog- Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) ical Society, 55, 205, 346 program, 149, 150, 212, 254, 280, Journals, 54, 55, 59, 60, 173, 205 282, 283 home institutions of authors publishing M in, 346 Juday, Chancey, 28-30, 45, 184-185, Macroscopic scales, hydrologic processes, 281-282 264-265 Mammals, 211 K accumulation of toxins in, 88, 96 Kent State University, 131, 132, 134, 175 Management, see Water resources man- Kentucky Division of Water, 253 agement L Laboratory studies, 5, 7, 121, 123, 144, 149, 150, 152, 227 Lake and Reservoir Management, 55 Lake Erie, eutrophication recovery, 16-17 Lake George, New York, eutrophication problems, 82 Lake Laberge, Yukon Territories, 94 Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, 76, 87, 89, 282 Lakes, 24-25, 183
INDEX 360 Manufacturing, see Industrial discharges Nitrogen, 84, 85, 89, 90, 93, 210, 237, Maryland, student internships, 165-166 238, 271, 273, 281 Maryland International Institute for Eco- Nonequilibrium processes, 302-303 logical Economics, 158 North American Benthological Society Master of science (M.S.) programs, 7, 55, (NABS), 54, 155, 205, 230, 345 136, 142-144, 152-153, 160, 229-230 journal, 55, 205, 346 field studies, 143-144 North American Lake Management Soci- Mathematical modeling, 44 ety (NALMS), 54, 59, 171-172, Mayflies, 268 230-231, 250, 345 Mead Corporation, 169 Northern pike, 208 Mentoring programs, 145, 146 Nutrient concentrations, 20, 191, 250, 271 Mercury levels, 93, 94-97, 208, 237-238, cycling and spiraling, 49, 192, 196, 204, 250, 273 211, 301, 313 dam and reservoir impacts on, 68, 69 dam and reservoir impacts on, 46, 67 Mesocosms, 37, 188 see also Cultural eutrophication; Methane (CH4), 68, 70, 74 Nitrogen; Methylmercury, 97, 208, 238 Phosphorus Michigan Department of Natural Resources (DNR), 157, 166 O Microbial loop, 267 Odum, Eugene, 35 Midwest Benthological Society, 54 Odum, Howard Thomas (H. T., Tom), Mining, 276-277, 297 34-35 Minneapolis, Minnesota, 79 Office of Personnel Management (OPM), Minnesota, fish mercury levels and advi- 172-173 sories, 94-96 Oil pollution, 210 Mississippi River, 79 Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Monitoring and assessment programs, Energy, 163 19-20, 248-249, 255 Organic matter, 20, 192, 210, 224, 313 biological status, 289-296, 298-317 as acidification source, 208, 209-210, citizen-based, 175, 250 211-212 federal, 293-295 in sediment record, 37, 189 Municipal waste discharges, 15, 78, 80-81 Organochlorine compounds, 87-88, 93, diversion to wetlands, 51, 72, 198 94, 96-97, 209, 237, 250, 273 toxic releases, 87 Otters, 96 Oxygen concentrations, N and biochemical demand, 78-79, 80 National Academy of Sciences, 225 dam and reservoir impacts on, 67 National Biological Service (NBS), 173, waste discharge impacts on, 20, 78-81 293, 295, 296 Ozone, 273 National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA), 291, 292-293, 295, 296 P National Pollutant Discharge Elimination Paleolimnology, 37-42, 261-262 System (NPDES) permits, 80 acidification studies, 40, 92, 306 National Research Council (NRC), eutrophication studies, 206 146-147, 152 National Science Foundation (NSF), 7, 43, 57-58, 149, 150, 161, 162, 163, 212, 213, 222, 231, 280, 283 National Water Quality Assessment Pro- gram (NAWQA), 158, 173, 293-294, 295-296 Native American tribal governments, 158, 166 Naumann, Einar, 31, 32 New York City, drinking water filtration, 14-15
INDEX 361 sediment studies, 21, 37-38, 40-42, Professional societies, 54, 56, 59, 60, 153, 189-190, 262 205, 212-213, 230-231, wetlands in, 197, 236-237 certification programs, 7-8, 170-172, 176 Patch dynamics, 49-50, 196, 300 composition of membership, 345 Patrick, Ruth, 47 cooperation among, 173-174, 176, 213 PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), 87, 93, see also under names of individual soci- 237, 250, 273 eties Peace-Athabasca Delta, 67, 68 Publications, 55-56, 212. See also Jour- Pearsall, William Harold, 53 nals Textbooks Peatlands, 207, 208, 209-210, 211-212, Public outreach and education, 6, 8, 152, 235, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 258 169, 174-175, 225, 232, 253 Pesticides, 87, 88, 93, 250, 273 monitoring and assessment programs, Phelps, E. B., 78, 80 175, 250 Phosphorus, 271 Purple loosestrife, 211, 240 in Lake Erie, 16-17 role in eutrophication, 16, 83-84, 86, R 103, 189, 190, 281 Radioisotope dating methods, 41, Photosynthesis, 263, 264, 312 189-190, 206 Physical characteristics and changes, 66-77 Radiotracer experiments, 186, 187 and climate change, 74-77 Rainbow smelt, 102 dams and impoundments, 66-70 Reactor concepts, 190 experimental lake studies, 35 Recreational uses, 13, 15, 249 wetlands impacts, 70-73 Recruitment and placement programs, 232 Physical sciences, 11, 44 Red Lake Peatland, Minnesota, 39-40 Phytoplankton, 263, 269-270 Regional aquatic science schools, 6, Placement programs, 232 128-131, 151, 218, 225-227, 231 Plankton, 87, 100-101, 263, 268, 269-270, Regional scales, 31, 211, 265-267 306 Research Plants and vegetation, 73-74, 211, 236, on acid rain and acidification, 43, 91-93, 237, 240 188, 195, 206, 208, 209, 211-212, exotics, 19, 97-98, 102-103 276-277, 280 fossil studies, 37, 40, 41, 190 applied aquatic ecosystems science, Plug-flow reactors, 194 175, 176, 247-255 Point sources, see Industrial discharges; basic, 7, 66, 175-176, 257-277 Municipal waste discharges; on ecosystem linkages, 195, 203-213, 219 Waste discharges employment preparation, 144-145 Pollen, 40, 41, 190 federal programs, 7, 43, 57, 222 Pollution, see Air pollution; funding and support, 56-58 Organochlorine compounds; role in educational programs, 221-223, Toxic pollutants; 225, 229, 230, 231 Trace metals; university-government collaboration, Water quality and pollution 161-165, 167, 176 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Research centers, 30, 161-165, 279-285 (PAHs), 93, 273 employment opportunities, 144, 158-159 Postdoctoral programs, 145-147, 152, 159 Research Experience for Undergraduates Potomac River, 14 (REU) program, 150, 159 Prairie potholes, 209 Reservoirs, see Dams and reservoirs Predator and prey interactions, 191-192, Restoration programs, 18, 21, 241 219, 224, 267-268 Principal components analysis (PCA), 309-311 Private sector employment opportunities, 155-157 publication activity of limnologists in, 346 student internships, 6-7, 152
INDEX 362 Review boards and panels, 7, 205 federal mandates, 248-249, 250, 294, 295 River Continuum Concept (RCC), 48-50, student internships, 6-7, 152, 165-166 195-196, 284, 300 zebra mussel research, 99-100 Rivers and streams, 182 Stone flies, 268 classification of, 48, 194 Streams, see Rivers and streams experimental studies, 195 Stress-response experiments, 35, 186 paradigms for study of, 46, 48-50, Student internships, 6-7, 152, 165-167, 176 193-196 Sulfur, 88, 90, 92-93, 210, 237, 268, 273, textbook coverage of, 121, 124 281 water quality problems, 2, 13, 15, 249, Suspended solids, see Sediments and sus- 297 pended solids Runoff Swimming, 13, 15, 249 agricultural, 11, 78, 87, 238, 249, 250, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 297 Zurich, 129, 130, 133-134 diversion to wetlands, 51, 72, 198, 239 Synergistic interactions, 97, 273, 298 and eutrophication, 17 Synthesis courses, 137, 139 of toxic pollutants, 87-88 urban, 11, 15, 17, 78, 297 T Teaching, see Education; S Faculty St. Paul, Minnesota, 79 Temperature, 67, 70, 302. See also Cli- Salmon, 101-102 mate change Saprobien system, 48, 194 Tennessee Valley Authority, 158 Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indi- Textbooks, 55, 121, 124, 206 ans, 158, 166 Thienemann, August, 31, 32, 45 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, 159 Timber, see Forestry and timber harvest Sea Grant program, 46, 99-100 Time scales, 211-212, 298-302 Sea lamprey, 98, 101 diel cycles, 264 Seasonal variations, 262-263, 277, 302 historical, 261-262 oxygen depletion, 206 seasonal variations, 262-263, 302 in sediment record, 189 see also Paleolimnology Sediments and suspended solids Total Ecosystem Management Strategies dam and dam releases impacts on, 67, 70 (TEMS) program, 169 paleolimnological studies of, 21, 37-38, Toxaphene, 87, 95, 209, 237 40-42, 189-190, 262 Toxic pollutants, 271, 305-306 Sewage discharges, 10, 78, 297 algal sources, 270 impacts on oxygen levels, 78-81 bioaccumulation, 3-4, 14, 19, 68, 87-88, Shagawa Lake, Minnesota, 39 94-97, 208 Siskiwit Lake, 93-94 Trace metals, 93-97, 208, 250, 271-272 Societas Internationalis Limnologiae Tracer additions, 35 (SIL), 31, 54 Trent University, 121, 123, 140 Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS), Trophic dynamics, 31, 34, 185, 191, 54-55, 171, 205, 213, 345 192-193, 267 Sociology, 274 tropical studies, 45-46, 285 South Florida Water Management Dis- Trout Lake Limnological Station, 28, 147, trict, 166 163, 175, 254, 281-282 Spatial heterogeneity, 265-266 Spatial scales, 211, 265-267, 298-302 Species biodiversity, 210-211, 251-252, 268-270, 293, 304-311 genetic variation within, 269-270, 314-315 niches in ecosystems, 267-269 in wetlands, 236 State government employment opportunities, 157-158
INDEX 363 U see also Industrial discharges; Undergraduate education, 5, 7, 119-122, Municipal waste discharges; 159, 170, 218 Runoff laboratory and field studies, 7, 121, 123, Water and Watersheds research initiative, 149, 150, 227 57-58 Unionid mussels, 295 Water budgets, 191, 208 Universities Water Quality Act, 290 access to field stations, 328-343 Water quality and pollution, 2-4, 10-11, administrative reforms, 5-6, 127-138, 13-15 153, 218, 225-232 assessment of, 19-20, 248-249 collaborative programs, 160-169, 176 chemical parameters of, 270-274 degrees awarded, 328, 330-343 paleolimnological studies, 41-42 interdisciplinary programs, 6, 119, 121, recreational impacts, 13, 15, 249 128, 131-134, 151, 213-214, 221, see also Toxic pollutants; 225-227 Waste discharges publication activity of limnologists in, Water resources management, 220-221 346 education in, 6-7, 152, 154, 220-221, 253 regional aquatic science schools, 6, employment opportunities, 154-158 128-131, 151, 218, 225-227, 231 monitoring strategies, 255 see also Education; professional development in, 169-175, Faculty; 230 under names of individual institutions research needs, 191, 251-255, 274 University of Alabama, 123-124, 134, 330 role of limnology in, 2-4, 104-106, 221 University of Colorado, Boulder, 121, see also Dams and reservoirs 122, 332 Water Resources Research Institutes University of Georgia, 158-159, 333 (WRRI), 167 University of Minnesota, 119, 124, 131, Watersheds, 50 147, 175, 336 management, 3, 155-156, 191, 252 University of Notre Dame, 147, 158, 283 Wayne State University, 141-142 University of Washington, 58, 126, 141, Wetlands, 182, 207-212, 234-237 163, 222, 284 climate change impacts, 76-77, 209, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 28-29, 211, 242 36, 121, 123, 125, 134, 147, 161, dam impacts, 67 163, 166, 168, 175, 254, 281-283, 342 destruction of, 17, 70-73, 239-240, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 148 250-251 University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, drainage and dredging, 11, 50-51, 120 71-72, 198, 238 Uppsala University, Sweden, 129 ecological functions, 51, 70-71, 237-238 Urban development, 73, 297 human valuation of, 51, 70, 197-198, wetlands impacts, 71 238-239 Urban runoff, 11, 15, 17, 78, 297 management of, 3, 20, 241 diversion to wetlands, 51, 72, 198, 239 ''no-net-loss" policy, 72, 241 toxic releases, 87 paradigms for study of, 50-51, 196-198 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 158, restoration and construction of, 72, 163, 167, 173, 293-294 240-241 Utah State University, 131, 133, 213, 341 species extinction, 104, 240 textbook coverage of, 121, 124 V as waste treatment systems, 51, 72, 198, Vallentyne, Jack, 105 207-208, 238, 239, 277 Vollenweider, Richard, 105, 190 Wetlands (journal), 55, 205 White Mountain National Forest, 162 W Waste discharges, 10, 19-20, 78-88, 274 sources, 2-3, 11, 15, 17, 19-20, 78 to wetlands, 51, 72, 198, 207-208, 238, 239, 277
INDEX 364 Winter, 262-263, 277 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR), 89, 157-158, 161, 163, 166, 168, 175 Woods Hole Marine Biological Labora- tory, 159, 283 Workshops and symposia, 168, 212-213 Y Yale University, 33, 58, 222, 343 Z Zebra mussels, 4, 19, 98-100 Zoology, 224 Zooplankton, 87, 100-101
