INDEX
A
Academy of Natural Sciences, 4, 219
Accounting methods, 64-173
agricultural sector, 8, 75-83, 89-92, 93, 96, 97-112
air pollution, 66, 68, 69, 84-85, 97, 99, 101, 106, 108-109
chemical indicators, 69, 89, 90-91, 102
chemicals industry, 123, 125-138, 151
developing countries, 71-72, 73-76
energy resource extraction and processing, 118-123, 124, 137, 148, 158
fish processing industry, 72-73, 75, 78, 98, 104, 105, 107, 108
food and feed processing, 105-108, 150, 164
forest and wood products, 73, 74, 96, 97, 108-112, 113, 149, 150, 158, 161
fossil fuel combustion, 146-148, 149, 151
industrial ecology, national material metrics, 157-173
managerial decision support, 5-6, 177-187 (passim)
materials balances and aggregate waste generation, with breakdowns by sector, 96-156
metals smelting and refining, 138-145, 149, 151, 158, 162-164
mining, not energy minerals, 112-118, 148, 150, 158, 161, 169
multifactor productivity, 71, 84-86
natural resource accounting, 7-8, 70-83
stone, clay, and glass industries, 145-146, 150, 151
toxic substances, 6, 65-66, 68, 69, 78, 89, 96, 99-100
water pollution, 68, 69, 91-92, 109, 114, 118, 120
see also Cost and cost-benefit factors
Aesthetics and recreation, 15, 26, 27, 35, 77, 93, 260, 281, 283
noise, 59
Agricultural chemicals, 8, 99, 101-103, 115, 125, 128, 129, 170
Agricultural sector, 8, 75-83, 89-92, 93, 96
accounting methods, 8, 75-83, 89-92, 93, 96, 97-112
air pollution, 97, 99, 101, 106, 108, 149, 150
import/export, 98, 105, 106, 107, 162, 169
materials balances and aggregate waste generation, 97-112, 148, 149 , 150, 158
technology comparisons, sustainability, 79-80, 81
water pollution standards, 91-92
see also Food and feed processing;
Forestry and wood products
Air pollution
accounting methods, 66, 68, 69, 84-85, 97, 99, 101, 106, 108-109
agricultural sector, 97, 99, 101, 106, 108, 149, 150
chemical indicators, 124, 135, 151
chemicals industry, 124, 135, 151
emission control technologies, 42, 49-50, 56, 57, 146
energy requirements and, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 150
food processing, 150
forestry and wood products, 108-109, 111, 112, 149, 150
fossil fuel combustion, 146-148, 149, 151
greenhouse gases, 2, 40, 46, 58, 82, 101-102, 146
just-in-time inventory practices, 50
life-cycle analyses, 27, 36, 48, 50, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61
material metrics, 157, 158, 160, 162
metals processing, 140-141, 142
mineral fuels extraction/processing, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 150
net energy expenditure analyses, 27
stone, clay and glass industry, 145-146, 150
Ambient bioassays, 10, 199-216
chemical indicators, 203, 209, 210-211, 214
Analysis of variance methods, 205-210 (passim)
Aquatic ecosystems, see Benthic communities;
Bioassays;
Fish and fisheries;
Rivers
and streams;
Water pollution
Automobiles, see Motor vehicles
B
Benthic communities, 11, 233, 261, 263, 266, 267, 270-273, 274, 278 , 280, 282
Benthic Index of Biotic Integrity, 233, 278
Best management practices, 92, 94-95, 244
Bioassays, 191-284
chemical indicators vs, 228-230, 231, 254
effluent, 3, 4, 7, 10, 199-201
fish, 11, 193, 194, 204, 211, 233, 261, 263, 266, 267, 270, 273-276, 279, 280, 282
history of, 191-192, 217, 222, 223
limitations of, 194-197, 202, 213
Tennessee Valley Authority, ecological health assessment, 11, 260-284
see also Reservoirs;
Rivers and streams
Biodiversity, 10, 189-284 (passim)
ambient toxicity testing, 199-216
life-cycle analysis, 35, 39, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48
multimetric biotic indices, 11, 233-234
types of, defined, 4, 7, 10, 192-193, 199-202
Biological integrity, 9, 11, 89, 92, 227-256
Clean Water Act, 227, 230, 231-232, 243
defined, 233
C
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, 147
Chalmers Institute of Technology, 35
accounting methods, 69, 89, 90-91, 102
ambient toxicity testing, 203, 209, 210-211, 214
bioassays vs, 228-230, 231, 254
effluent bioassays, 191, 192, 194, 195, 196
TVA ecological assessment program, 261, 262, 267-277, 280, 282
Chemicals industry, 123, 125-138, 151
import/export, 125, 134, 135, 169
Chemical toxins, see Agricultural chemicals;
Bioassays;
Toxic substances
Chlorofluorocarbons, see Ozone layer
Clean Water Act, 42, 90, 91, 93, 191, 193, 217, 227, 230, 231-232, 243, 260, 262
biological integrity, 227, 230, 231-232, 243
see also Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Clean Water Initiative (TVA), 260
Coal mining, see Energy resource extraction and processing
Computer applications, 3
agricultural sustainability, 79-80, 81-83
national environmental metrics, 169-170
Tennessee Valley Authority, 273
3M waste ratio, 68
Concordance ranks, 208-209
Consumer behavior, life-cycle analysis, 28, 29, 39-40, 44
Consumption metrics, 8
agricultural products, 98, 102
energy-based life-cycle analyses, 5, 15-28
forest products, 110, 111, 112
global measures, 9
linear valuation, 35-36, 37, 40
materials balances and aggregate waste generation, with breakdowns by sector, 96-156 (passim)
national metrics for industrial ecology, 157-171 (passim)
Contingency-table analysis methods, 206-207, 208, 209
Cost and cost-benefit factors, 3, 67
just-in-time inventory practices, 49, 50
life-cycle analyses, 16-28, 36, 37-39, 49, 50-51, 52
managerial decision support, 5-6, 177-187 (passim)
recycling and reuse of materials, 21-25, 66-67
see also Accounting methods
Cropping Practices Survey, 80
D
Data sources, see Computer applications;
Information sources
Decision analysis and support, 30, 31-35
managerial decision support, 5-6, 177-187
measurement error, 96, 136, 180-182, 183
multiple-objective decision making, 32
value functions, 32-33, 35-40, 46
see also Computer applications;
Information sources;
Life-cycle assessment
Department of Agriculture, 80-81, 102, 104, 107
Department of Energy, 199, 203-204
Department of the Interior, see Bureau of Mines
Design-for-environment approaches, 43-62
defined, 43
Developing countries, 71-72, 73-76
Diseases and disorders
Distribution of goods, see Transportation/ distribution issues
Dose-response relation, 203
E
Eastman Chemical Company, 4, 218-226
Economic factors
decision support, managers, 177-187 (passim)
developing countries, 71-72, 73-76
life-cycle analysis, 29-30, 36-40, 42-43, 52
national materials use and waste production, 8
natural resource accounting, 7-8, 70-83
sustainable development, 70-88
see also Accounting methods;
Consumption metrics;
Cost and cost-benefit factors;
Employment issues;
Funding
Economic Research Service, 80, 81
Ecosystem monitoring, general, 2-4, 10-12, 47, 56, 57-58, 59, 60
biological integrity, 9, 11, 89, 92, 231-256
metrics, examples, 9-11
TVA, Vital Signs, 260-263
see also Bioassays;
Biodiversity;
Habitat;
Physical and chemical metrics
Effluent bioassays, 3, 4, 7, 10, 199-201
chemical indicators, 191, 192, 194, 195, 196
Electric power
accounting methods, 8, 84-86, 119
life-cycle analyses, 19-20, 26, 50-51
net energy expenditure, 19-20, 26
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, 6
Emission control technologies, 42, 49-50, 56, 57, 146
motivation, 47, 50, 51, 56, 60, 67-68, 69, 178, 179-180, 183
air pollution, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 150
Energy resource extraction and processing, 118-123, 124, 137, 148, 158
water pollution, 118, 120, 149
see also Organic chemicals industry;
Oil products
Environmental Load Index, 36, 38
Environmentally responsible facilities, 5, 42-62, 185
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, 231, 247
Environmental performance, general, 2-4, 11-12
see also Bioassays;
Life-cycle assessment;
Natural resource accounting;
Raw-flux measurements;
3M's waste ratio
Environmental Priority Strategies, 33, 35-40
Environmental Protection Agency, 31, 40, 51, 108, 111, 123, 145-146, 277
bioassays, 191, 192, 193-195, 199, 203, 231-234 (passim), 247, 255
Erosion and sedimentation, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 83
farming and ranching, 91, 92, 94, 95
materials balance and aggregate waste, 97, 105, 118
see also Sediment quality
Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator, 81
Error of measurement, see Measurement error
Exports, see Imports and exports
F
Farm Costs and Returns Survey, 80
Farming, see Agricultural sector
Federal government
national material metrics, 169-170
rangelands, 92
see also Legislation;
Regulatory issues;
specific departments and agencies
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 192
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 232
see also Clean Water Act
Fertilizers, see Agricultural chemicals
Fish and fisheries, 10, 11, 42, 48, 227-263 (passim)
accounting methods, 72-73, 75, 78, 98, 104, 105, 107, 108
ambient toxicity testing, 204, 211
benthic communities, 11, 233, 261, 263, 266, 267, 270-273, 274, 278 , 280, 282
bioassays, 11, 193, 194, 204, 211, 233, 261, 263, 266, 267, 270, 273-276, 279, 280, 282
processing industry, 72-73, 75, 78, 98, 104, 105, 107, 108
Tennessee Valley Authority, 266, 267, 270, 273-276, 279, 280, 282
Food, Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act, 83
Food and feed processing, 105-108, 150, 164
see also Agricultural sector
Foreign countries, see International perspectives;
specific countries
Foreign trade, see Imports and exports
Forest and wood products, 73, 74, 96, 97, 108-112, 113, 149, 150, 158, 161
air pollution, 108-109, 111, 112, 149, 150
import/export, 109, 111, 112, 162
Fossil fuel combustion, 146-148, 149, 151
G
Gas, natural, see Energy resource extraction and processing
Gaseous waste, see Air pollution
Geological Survey, see U.S. Geological Survey
Global measures, 8-9, 42, 43, 44, 161
greenhouse gases, 2, 40, 46, 58, 82, 101-102, 146
green payments, 83
see also Import and exports
Greenhouse gases, 2, 40, 46, 58, 82, 101-102, 146
Green payments, 83
Gross domestic investment, 73, 74, 75
Gross domestic product, 73, 74, 159, 164, 166, 170
Gross national product, 7
H
see also Bioassays;
Biodiversity;
Fish and fisheries;
Rivers and streams
Health effects, see Diseases and disorders
Heating systems, 16-18
Heavy metal pollutants, 50, 147, 167-168, 266
Histological measures, 10
Historical perspectives, 1, 44, 86
bioassays, 191-192, 217, 222, 223
electric power generation, 85
natural resource accounting, 70-72
I
Imports and exports, 72, 85, 96, 156, 158, 168-169
agricultural/food products, 98, 105, 106, 107, 162, 169
forest products, 109, 111, 112, 162
minerals, 114, 115, 117, 162, 169
Index of Biotic Integrity, 9, 11, 233, 234, 234-237, 240-252
Index of Well-Being, 233, 251, 252
Indicators, see Bioassays;
Chemical indicators;
Leaks and leak indicators;
Physical indicators
multimetric biotic indices, 11, 233-234
Information sources
agricultural sustainability, 79-80, 81-83
life-cycle analysis, 18-20, 30-31
material metrics, 160-170
net energy expenditure, 18-20
proprietary, 66
see also Computer applications;
Decision analysis and support
Inorganic chemicals industry, 123-134
Insecticides, see Agricultural chemicals
Intensity-of-use metrics, 164
Intergovernmental Task Force on Monitoring Water Quality, 3
International perspectives, 7
developing countries, 71-72, 73-76
evolution of environmental regulation, 44
Index of Biotic Integrity, 11
life-cycle analyses, 21, 22, 23, 33, 35-40, 44, 48-49
national material metrics, 159
net energy expenditure, 21, 22, 23
Swedish Environmental Priority Strategies, 33, 35-40
Inventory analysis, 27, 30-31, 49, 50
Invertebrate Community Index, 233, 234, 250
J
Just-in-time inventory practices, 49, 50
L
Landfills, 24, 48, 68, 107, 112, 146
Land use, see Agricultural sector;
Ranching and rangelands;
Site selection
Leaks and leak indicators, 58, 120, 167-168
Clean Water Act, 42, 90, 91, 93, 191, 193, 217, 227, 230, 231-232, 243, 260, 262
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, 6
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 192
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 232
Food, Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act, 83
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 68, 192
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act, 65-66
see also Regulatory issues
Life-cycle assessment, 3, 5-6, 14-62
air pollution, 27, 36, 48, 50, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61
biodiversity, 35, 39, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48
consumer behavior, 28, 29, 39-40, 44
cost-benefit factors, 16-28, 36, 37-39, 49, 50-51, 52
decision analysis, 5-6, 30, 31-35
design-for-environment approaches, 43-62
electric power, 19-20, 26, 50-51
energy requirements, 5, 15-28, 50-51, 54, 56, 58, 59, 60
environmentally responsible facilities, 42-62
impact analysis, 30
international perspectives, 21, 22, 23, 33, 35-40, 44, 48-49
inventory analysis, 27, 30-31, 49, 50
limitations of, 5, 31, 32, 35-41, 46, 52
technology comparisons, 5, 15-28, 31-32, 43, 57-58
water pollution, 27, 48, 55, 57, 58, 59-60, 61
Lighting of facilities, 51
Liquid waste, see Water pollution
Local conditions, 10, 29, 30, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48
national material metrics and, 159
M
Mass measurements
linear valuation, 35
materials balances and aggregate waste generation, with breakdowns by sector, 96-156
Materials selection and metrics
air pollution, 157, 158, 160, 162
design-for-environment approaches, 43, 46, 50, 56, 57
industrial ecology, 43, 44, 157-173
materials balances and aggregate waste generation, with breakdowns by sector, 96-156
net energy expenditure, 5, 15-28
see also Imports and exports;
Recycling and reuse
Measurement error
managerial decision support, 180-182, 183
material balances and aggregate waste generation, 96, 109, 110, 136
Metals smelting and refining, 138-145, 149, 151, 158, 162-164
Mining, energy minerals, see Energy resource extraction and processing
Mining, not energy minerals, 112-118, 148, 150, 158, 161, 169
import/export, 114, 115, 117, 162, 169
Multifactor productivity, 71, 84-86
Multimetric biotic indices, 11, 233-234
Multiple-objective decision making, 32
Multivariate analysis, 209-211, 233-234
N
National Agricultural Statistical Service, 80
National Coastal Pollution Discharge Inventory, 168
National-level conditions
biological integrity, 237
income and resource accounting, 7-8, 70-76
U.S., industrial ecology, national material metrics, 157-173
U.S., materials balances and aggregate waste generation, with breakdowns by sector, 96-156
see also Imports and exports
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 168
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System, 193
Natural resource accounting, 7-8, 70-83
Net domestic investment, 73-74, 75
Net energy expenditure, 5, 15-28
Noise, 59
Nonpoint-source pollution, 10, 42, 91, 93, 94, 254, 255
O
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 147
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, 11, 228-254, 255
Oil products, 3, 16, 118, 120-124, 124, 147, 150
heating systems, 16-18
Organic chemicals industry, 134-138
Organic waste, 58, 68-69, 122, 123, 135
Organization-based measurements, see Bioassays;
Raw-flux measurements;
3M's waste ratio
P
Packaging, 50
Pesticides, see Agricultural chemicals
Physical indicators, 9, 35, 89, 90, 191, 195, 202, 210-211, 261, 262, 263, 266, 267
Plant-based measurements, see Bioassays;
Raw-flux measurements;
3M's waste ratio
Precautionary principle, 31
Principal component analysis, 209
Q
Quality management process, 217-226
R
Ranching and rangelands, 89, 92-95, 101
Rapid Bioassessment Protocols, 233, 234
Recreation, see Aesthetics and recreation
Recycling and reuse
chemicals industry, 128, 130-131
cost-benefit factors, 21-25, 66-67
forest products, 109-110, 112, 165, 166
industrial facility siting and, 48-49, 54
life-cycle analyses, 21-25, 27, 48-49, 50, 51, 54-55, 57-58, 60-61
managerial decision support, 184, 186
material balances and aggregate waste generation, with breakdowns by sector, 109-110, 112, 128, 130-131
material metrics, 157, 160-161, 164-167
metals, 140-141, 142, 161, 165-166
oil refining, byproducts, 120, 122-123
raw materials use vs, 164-166
Regional conditions, 7-8, 43, 44, 48
agricultural sustainability, 81, 82
biotic integrity, 236-237, 240
Tennessee Valley Authority, 11, 260-284
Regression analysis, 209, 210, 211, 214
Regulatory issues
agricultural sector, 89
bioassays, 3, 7, 193-197, 199, 200-201, 203, 213
decision analysis, 32
evolution of environmental regulation, 44
life-cycle analysis, 29, 32, 42, 44, 47-48
managerial decision support, 180, 181-182, 183, 186
national material metrics and, 159
productivity and, 86
urban siting of facilities, 47-48
waste accounting, 170
water pollutants, bioassays, 3, 191, 193, 217 , 227, 230, 231-232, 243, 260,
see also Standards
Reservoir Fish Assemblage Index, 273
Reservoirs, TVA's ecological health assessment, 260-276, 279-283
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 68, 192
Reuse, see Recycling and reuse
Rivers and streams, 4
ambient toxicity testing, 199-216
comprehensive studies, 217-226
reservoirs, 260-276
sediment quality, 213, 261, 266, 270-272, 274, 277, 280, 282
TVA ecological health assessment, 260-284
watersheds, 89, 90, 93, 230, 236, 252, 255
see also Erosion and sedimentation;
Fish and fisheries;
Water pollution
S
Science Applications International Corporation, 108, 142, 145
Sedimentation, see Erosion and sedimentation
Sediment quality, 213, 261, 266, 270-272, 274, 277, 280, 282
Site selection, industrial facilities, 47-49, 54
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 30, 40
Solid waste, see Waste and waste treatment
Soils, see Agricultural sector;
Erosion and sedimentation;
Ranching and rangelands
Species diversity, see Multimetric biotic indices
Standards
accounting methods, 72-73, 91-92
agricultural pollution, 89-92, 93-95
bioassays, 3, 7, 193-197, 199, 200-201, 203, 213, 231-256 (passim)
biological integrity, 9, 11, 89, 92, 231-256
environmentally responsible facilities, 46-62
life-cycle analysis, linear valuation, 35
Tennessee Valley Authority, 260-284 (passim)
Toxic Release Inventory, 6, 65-66
water pollutants, 3, 91-92, 191, 193, 217, 227-256
see also Regulatory issues
Statistical methodology, bioassays, 192-193, 205-214
see also Measurement error
Stone industry, 145-146, 150, 151
Streams, see Rivers and streams
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act, 65-66
Sustainable development, 70-88
Swedish Environmental Research Institute, EPS system, 33, 35-40
System of National Accounts, see United Nations System of National Accounts
T
Technology comparisons
agricultural sustainability, 79-80, 81
design-for-environment approaches, 43
emission control, 42
life-cycle analysis, 5, 15-28, 31-32, 43, 57-58
net energy expenditure, 5, 15-28
proprietary information, 66
Tennessee Valley Authority, 11, 260-284
chemical indicators, 261, 262, 267-277, 280, 282
fish, 266, 267, 270, 273-276, 279, 280, 282
Total factor productivity, see Multifactor productivity
Toxic Release Inventory, 6, 65-66
Toxic substances
accounting methods, 6, 65-66, 68, 69, 78, 89, 96, 99-100
forest products, 110-112
life-cycle analyses, 6, 27, 36, 48, 50, 54, 55, 56, 61
mass flows and, 96
see also Agricultural chemicals;
Bioassays
Transportation/distribution issues, 9, 47, 48, 55, 56
just-in-time inventory practices, 49, 50
U
United Nations System of National Accounts, 72-73
U.S. Geological Survey, 247
U.S. Math Programming model, 81
V
Value functions, 32-33, 35-40, 46
Visual resources, see Aesthetics and recreation
Vital Signs (TVA), 260-263
W
Waste and waste treatment, general, 8, 84
chemicals industry, 123-138 (passim)
fossil fuel combustion, 146-147
landfills, 24, 48, 68, 107, 112, 146
life-cycle analysis, 15, 26, 27, 30, 55, 57, 58, 59, 61
managerial decision support, 178, 182, 184
material metrics, 158, 160-161, 162, 166-167, 170
materials balances and aggregate waste generation, with breakdowns by sector, 96-156 (passim)
minerals, fuels, 118-120, 123, 148-149
minerals, other, 112-118, 148-149, 169
national industrial ecology, 157, 158
net energy expenditure, 15, 26, 27
organic waste, 58, 68-69, 122, 123, 135
packaging, 50
see also Air pollution;
Recycling and reuse;
Toxic substances;
Water pollution
Water pollution, 4
accounting methods, 68, 69, 91-92, 109, 114, 118, 120
agricultural standards, 91-92
Clean Water Act, 42, 90, 91, 93, 191, 193, 217, 227, 230, 231-232, 243, 260, 262
forestry, 109
mineral fuels extraction/processing, 118, 120, 149
mining, other, 114
net energy expenditure analyses, 27
nonpoint-source pollution, 10, 42, 91, 93, 94, 254, 255
sediment quality, 213, 261, 266, 270-272, 274, 277, 280, 282
see also Bioassays;
Erosion and sedimentation;
Rivers and streams
Water resources
consumption, by sector, 96-97, 99, 106, 120, 146, 149
Tennessee Valley Authority, 260-284
Watersheds, 89, 90, 93, 230, 236, 252, 255
Wildlife, see Bioassays;
Biodiversity;
Habitat