National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 2. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5170.
×

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants

Volume 2

Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations

Committee on Toxicology

Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology

Commission on Life Sciences

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.,
1996

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 2. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5170.
×

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Harold Liebowitz is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. Harold Liebowitz are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

The project was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant No. NAGW-2239.

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Additional copies of this report are available from 
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Copyright 1996 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 2. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5170.
×

Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations

DONALD E. GARDNER (Chair), Consultant,

Raleigh, N.C.

JOSEPH V. BRADY,

The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.

RICHARD J. BULL,

Washington State University, Pullman, Wash.

GARY P. CARLSON,

Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind.

CHARLES E. FEIGLEY,

University of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C.

MARY E. GAULDEN,

University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex.

WILLIAM E. HALPERIN,

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio

ROGENE F. HENDERSON,

Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, N.Mex.

E. MARSHALL JOHNSON,

Thomas Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa.

RALPH L. KODELL,

National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Ark.

ROBERT SNYDER,

Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, N.J.

BERNARD M. WAGNER,

Bernard M. Wagner Associates, Millburn, N.J.

G. DONALD WHEDON, Consultant,

Clearwater Beach, Fla.

GAROLD S. YOST,

University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah

Staff

KULBIR S. BAKSHI, Project Director

MARGARET E. MCVEY, Project Officer

RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Editor

SHARON L. HOLZMANN, Administrative Associate

CATHERINE M. KUBIK, Senior Program Assistant

LUCY V. Fusco, Project Assistant

Sponsor: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 2. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5170.
×

Committee on Toxicology

ROGENE F. HENDERSON (Chair),

Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, N.Mex.

DONALD E. GARDNER (Vice-Chair),

Raleigh, N.C.

DEBORAH A. CORY-SLECHTA,

University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y.

ELAINE M. FAUSTMAN,

University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.

CHARLES E. FEIGLEY,

University of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C.

DAVID W. GAYLOR,

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Ark.

WALDERICO M. GENEROSO,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.

IAN A. GREAVES,

University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.

SIDNEY GREEN,

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Md.

LOREN D. KOLLER,

Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oreg.

MICHELE A. MEDINSKY,

Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, N.C.

JOHN L. O'DONOGHUE,

Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N.Y.

ROBERT SNYDER,

Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, N.J.

BAILUS WALKER, JR.,

Howard University, Washington, D.C.

ANNETTA P. WATSON,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.

HANSPETER R. WITSCHI,

University of California, Davis, Calif.

GERALD N. WOGAN,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.

GAROLD S. YOST,

University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah

Staff

KULBIR S. BAKSHI, Program Director

MARVIN A. SCHNEIDERMAN, Senior Staff Scientist

MARGARET E. MCVEY, Staff Officer

RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Editor

CATHERINE M. KUBIK, Senior Program Assistant

LUCY V. FUSCO, Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 2. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5170.
×

Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology

PAUL G. RISSER (Chair),

Miami University, Oxford, Ohio

MICHAEL J. BEAN,

Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, D.C.

EULA BINGHAM,

University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio

PAUL BUSCH,

Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., White Plains, N.Y.

EDWIN H. CLARK, II,

Clean Sites, Inc., Alexandria, Va.

ALLAN H. CONNEY,

Rutgers University, Piscataway, N.J.

ELLIS COWLING,

North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C.

GEORGE P. DASTON,

Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio

DIANA FRECKMAN,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo.

ROBERT A. FROSCH,

Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

RAYMOND C. LOEHR,

University of Texas, Austin, Tex.

GORDON ORIANS,

University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.

GEOFFREY PLACE,

Hilton Head, S.C.

DAVID P. RALL,

Washington, D.C.

LESLIE A. REAL,

Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind.

KRISTIN SHRADER-FRECHETTE,

University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla.

BURTON H. SINGER,

Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.

MARGARET STRAND,

Bayh, Connaughton and Malone, Washington, D.C.

GERALD VAN BELLE,

University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.

BAILUS WALKER, JR.,

Howard University, Washington, D.C.

TERRY F. YOSIE, E.

Bruce Harrison Co., Washington, D.C.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 2. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5170.
×

Staff Program Directors of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology

JAMES J. REISA, Director

DAVID J. POLICANSKY, Associate Director and Program Director

for Natural Resources and Applied Ecology

CAROL A. MACZKA, Program Director

for Toxicology and Risk Assessment

LEE R. PAULSON, Program Director

for Information Systems and Statistics

RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Program Director

for Environmental Sciences and Engineering

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 2. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5170.
×

Commission on Life Sciences

THOMAS D. POLLARD (Chair),

The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

FREDERICK R. ANDERSON,

Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft, Washington, D.C.

JOHN C. BAILAR III,

University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.

JOHN E. BURRIS,

Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass.

MICHAEL T. CLEGG,

University of California, Riverside, Calif.

GLENN A. CROSBY,

Washington State University, Pullman, Wash.

URSULA W. GOODENOUGH,

Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.

SUSAN E. LEEMAN,

Boston University, Boston, Mass.

RICHARD E. LENSKI,

Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich.

THOMAS E. LOVEJOY,

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

DONALD R. MATTISON,

University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.

JOSEPH E. MURRAY,

Wellesley Hills, Mass.

EDWARD E. PENHOET,

Chiron Corp., Emergyville, Calif.

EMIL A. PFITZER,

Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Hackensack, N.J.

MALCOLM C. PIKE,

University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.

HENRY C. PITOT III,

University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc.

JONATHAN M. SAMET,

The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

HAROLD M. SCHMECK, JR.,

North Chatham, Mass.

CARLA J. SHATZ,

University of California, Berkeley, Calif.

JOHN L. VANDEBERG,

Southwestern Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Tex.

PAUL GILMAN, Executive Director

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 2. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5170.
×

Other Recent Reports

Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology

Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest (1996)

Science and the Endangered Species Act (1995)

Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries (1995)

Biologic Markers (Urinary Toxicology (1995), Immunotoxicology (1992), Environmental Neurotoxicology (1992), Pulmonary Toxicology (1989), Reproductive Toxicology (1989))

Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (three reports, 1994-1995)

Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994)

Ranking Hazardous Sites for Remedial Action (1994)

Measuring Lead Exposure in Infants, Children, and Other Sensitive Populations (1993)

Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993)

Issues in Risk Assessment (1993)

Setting Priorities for Land Conservation (1993)

Protecting Visibility in National Parks and Wilderness Areas (1993)

Dolphins and the Tuna Industry (1992)

Hazardous Materials on the Public Lands (1992)

Science and the National Parks (1992)

Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards (1991)

Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program, Volumes I-IV (1991-1993)

Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants (1991)

Monitoring Human Tissues for Toxic Substances (1991)

Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution (1991)

Decline of the Sea Turtles (1990)

Tracking Toxic Substances at Industrial Facilities (1990)

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 2. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5170.
×

Committee on Toxicology

Permissible Exposure Levels for Selected Military Fuel Vapors (1996)

Nitrate and Nitrite in Drinking Water (1995)

Guidelines for Chemical Warfare Agents in Military Field Drinking Water (1995)

Review of the U.S. Naval Medical Research Institute's Toxicology Program (1994)

Health Effects of Permethrin-Impregnated Army Battle-Dress Uniforms (1994)

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Volume 1 (1994)

Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride (1993)

Guidelines for Developing Community Emergency Exposure Levels for Hazardous Substances (1993)

Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants (1992)

Review of the U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency Toxicology Division (1991)

Permissible Exposure Levels and Emergency Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Airborne Contaminants (1991)

These reports may be ordered from the National Academy Press:

(800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 2. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5170.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 2. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5170.
×

PREFACE

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is aware of the potential toxicological hazards to humans that might be associated with prolonged spacecraft missions. Despite major engineering advances in controlling the atmosphere within spacecraft, some contamination of the air appears inevitable. NASA has measured numerous airborne contaminants during space missions. As the missions increase in duration and complexity, ensuring the health and well-being of astronauts traveling and working in this unique environment becomes increasingly difficult.

As part of its efforts to promote safe conditions aboard spacecraft, NASA requested the National Research Council (NRC) to develop guidelines for establishing spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for contaminants, and to review SMACs for various spacecraft contaminants to determine whether NASA's recommended exposure limits are consistent with the guidelines recommended by the subcommittee.

In response to NASA's request, the NRC organized the Subcommittee on Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants within the Committee on Toxicology (COT). In the first phase of its work, the subcommittee developed the criteria and methods for preparing SMACs for spacecraft contaminants. The subcommittee's report, entitled Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants, was published in 1992. The executive summary of that report is reprinted as Appendix A of this volume.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 2. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5170.
×

In the second phase of the study, the Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations reviewed reports prepared by NASA scientists and contractors recommending SMACs for approximately 35 spacecraft contaminants. The subcommittee sought to determine whether the SMAC reports were consistent with the 1992 guidelines. Appendix B of this volume contains the SMAC reports for 12 chemical contaminants that have been reviewed for their application of the guidelines developed in the first phase of this activity and approved by the subcommittee. This report is the second volume in the series Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. The first volume was published in 1994.

The subcommittee gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance provided by the following personnel from NASA and its contractors: Dr. John James, Dr. Martin Coleman, Dr. Lawrence Dietlein, Mr. Jay Perry, Mr. Kenneth Mitchell (all from NASA), Mr. James Hyde (Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Dr. King Lit Wong (U.S Department of Commerce, Patent and Trademark Office), Dr. Hector Garcia, Dr. Chiu Wing Lam (both from Krug International), and Mr. Donald Cameron (Boeing Company). The subcommittee is grateful to astronauts Drs. Shannon Lucid, Drew Gaffney, Mary Cleave, and Martin Fettman for sharing their experiences. The subcommittee also acknowledges the valuable assistance provided by the Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, the Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, the Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida, and the Space Station Freedom Program Office, Reston, Virginia, for providing tours of their facilities. No effort of this kind can be accomplished without the hard work and dedication of Sharon Holzmann, Catherine Kubik, and Margaret McVey. Lucy Fusco was the project assistant. Ruth Crossgrove edited the report. The subcommittee particularly acknowledges Dr. Kulbir Bakshi, project director for the subcommittee, whose hard work and expertise were most effective in bringing the report to completion.

DONALD E. GARDNER, CHAIR

SUBCOMMITTEE ON SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS

ROGENE F. HENDERSON, CHAIR

COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY

Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 2. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5170.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1996. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 2. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5170.
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The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has developed spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for contaminants that might be found in the atmosphere within spacecraft during space missions to ensure the health and well-being of astronauts traveling and working in this unique environment. In volume 1 of this series, NASA developed SMACs for 11 compounds: acetaldehyde, ammonia, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, Freon 113, hydrogen, methane, methanol, octamethyltrisiloxane, trimethylsilanol, and vinyl chloride. Volume 2 includes SMACs for 12 more airborne contaminants: acrolein, benzene, carbon dioxide, 2-ethoxyethanol, hydrazine, indole, mercury, methylene chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, nitromethane, 2-propoanol, and toluene. In developing SMACs from the toxicological literature, NASA followed the Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants published in 1992 by the National Research Council.

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