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Suggested Citation:"B: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

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APPENDIX B
Tables

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Suggested Citation:"B: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

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TABLE B-1 Total Number of Ph.D.s in the Labor Force, by Sex, Field, and Year of Survey

	1973		1979		1989		1995
Engineering	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Biomedical	317	5	870	10	1373	94	1913	205
Chemical	5427	19	7497	43	11004	322	11879	714
Electrical	7962	21	10375	68	14438	249	19513	704
Industrial	815	5	1312	18	1304	107	2110	307
Materials Science	178	0	691	14	1768	153	3558	521
Other	18743	77	26584	269	38595	927	43552	1996
Total	33442	127	47329	422	68482	1852	82525	4447
Mathematical Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Computer Science	571	33	1428	104	3950	484	6942	1133
Probability & Statistics	2399	191	4003	434	5655	1066	6525	1479
Mathematics	9883	766	12661	1079	15995	1698	17100	2204
Total	12853	90	18092	1617	25600	3248	30567	4816
Physical Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Astronomy	1023	99	1627	127	2478	240	2866	224
Physics	18944	395	23792	628	30319	1236	33781	2058
Chemistry	34784	2198	41278	3058	49102	5814	52841	8478
Oceanography	583	10	922	46	1516	167	1724	310
Geosciences	6024	162	8259	376	11981	1083	13288	1790
Total	61358	2864	75878	4235	95396	8540	104500	12860

Page 237 Cite

Suggested Citation:"B: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

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Life Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Agricultural	10009	163	13750	399	19273	1704	21059	2906
Medical	35416	6356	47014	9979	64361	19499	80407	29511
Biological	5013	600	7369	1395	13121	6295	8345	8570
Total	50438	7119	68133	11773	96755	27498	109811	40987
Social/Behavioral Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Psychology	18964	4942	28766	9975	43169	24400	47473	34677
Anthropology	1378	343	2528	1026	4101	2374	4727	3305
Economics	9755	603	12175	1102	16782	2185	16809	2737
Sociology	4910	1134	7177	2222	9254	4330	8745	5024
Other	12289	1385	19156	3133	26474	7479	21270	6243
Total	47296	8407	69802	17458	99780	40768	99024	51986

Page 238 Cite

Suggested Citation:"B: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

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TABLE B-2 Number of Full-Time Scientists and Engineers, by Sex, Field, and Year of Survey

	1973		1979		1989		1995
Engineering	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Biomedical	307	2	778	10	1314	84	1729	135
Chemical	4835	13	6696	33	9410	257	9574	504
Electrical	7317	17	9578	53	12595	213	16422	601
Industrial	720	4	1007	12	901	75	1590	279
Materials Science	146	0	599	12	1587	138	3304	366
Other	16883	46	23860	218	32631	791	36394	1704
Total	30208	82	42518	338	58438	1558	69013	3589
Mathematical Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Computer Science	540	30	1330	92	3670	397	6501	933
Probability & Statistics	2233	130	3710	318	5067	798	5165	1175
Mathematics	8866	517	10871	780	13610	1304	14045	1620
Total	11639	677	15911	1190	22347	2499	25711	3728
Physical Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Astronomy	930	64	1531	89	2310	175	2578	202
Physics	16424	220	20603	427	25577	982	26977	1473
Chemistry	28936	1236	34990	2105	39788	4426	39773	6251
Oceanography	523	6	888	37	1336	132	1537	212
Geosciences	5355	111	7287	292	9857	809	10508	1367
Total	52168	1637	65299	2950	78868	6524	81373	9505

Page 239 Cite

Suggested Citation:"B: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

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Life Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Agricultural	8766	86	12093	297	15569	1354	15688	2053
Medical	30916	4131	41403	7218	54025	14699	63815	22452
Biological	4371	381	6724	1078	11490	4955	5595	5380
Total	44053	4598	60220	8593	81084	21008	85098	29885
Social/Behavioral Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Psychology	16048	3060	24690	7005	34961	16818	36317	22833
Anthropology	1226	246	2193	756	2914	1441	3419	2283
Economics	7359	376	9261	781	11907	1654	11659	2063
Sociology	4018	753	5649	1592	6575	2717	6255	3536
Other	9434	778	14058	1820	18501	4251	14633	4218
Total	38085	5213	55851	11954	74858	26881	72283	34933

Page 240 Cite

Suggested Citation:"B: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

×

TABLE B-3 Labor Force Participation Status by Sex, Field, and Year of Survey

	1973		1979		1989		1995
Engineering	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.931	.695	.909	.818	.897	.848	.906	.813
Full Time out of Science	.047	.042	.060	.070	.073	.061	.046	.043
Part Time	.012	.136	.021	.061	.021	.063	.029	.066
Seeking Work	.008	.051	.005	.022	.006	.011	.011	.039
Not Seeking Work	.003	.076	.005	.029	.002	.016	.009	.039
n	32443	118	46765	413	65149	1838	76200	4416
Mathematical Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.947	.765	.905	.784	.910	.800	.908	.795
Full Time out of Science	.029	.048	.066	.064	.068	.080	.042	.050
Part Time	.008	.123	.021	.083	.016	.078	.030	.108
Seeking Work	.013	.018	.003	.019	.003	.010	.009	.006
Not Seeking Work	.003	.045	.005	.049	.002	.033	.012	.041
n	11191	771	15684	1335	22038	2580	26137	3891
Physical Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.898	.641	.897	.732	.903	.799	.872	.774
Full Time out of Science	.066	.069	.070	.072	.068	.070	.063	.084
Part Time	.018	.154	.023	.103	.020	.070	.041	.055
Seeking Work	.014	.054	.008	.030	.006	.020	.012	.022
Not Seeking Work	.004	.082	.002	.063	.003	.041	.012	.065
n	58068	2554	72808	4029	87354	8164	93274	12285

Page 241 Cite

Suggested Citation:"B: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

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Life Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.933	.744	.925	.779	.913	.803	.853	.759
Full Time out of Science	.039	.048	.045	.044	.060	.067	.091	.111
Part Time	.019	.105	.020	.087	.017	.080	.032	.066
Seeking Work	.006	.039	.008	.031	.007	.015	.012	.014
Not Seeking Work	.003	.064	.003	.059	.003	.035	.011	.050
n	47218	6176	65137	11027	88785	26152	99706	39379
Social/Behavioral Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.870	.697	.832	.713	.810	.685	.796	.694
Full Time out of Science	.098	.081	.125	.101	.144	.122	.132	.103
Part Time	.024	.164	.030	.128	.036	.148	.059	.159
Seeking Work	.007	.031	.008	.025	.008	.019	.006	.008
Not Seeking Work	.002	.028	.004	.032	.002	.026	.008	.036
n	43793	7480	67100	16761	92385	39230	90829	50313

Page 242 Cite

Suggested Citation:"B: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

×

TABLE B-4 1973 Labor Force Participation Status, by Sex, Field, and Cohort

	1940 Ph.D.s		1950 Ph.D.s		1960 Ph.D.s		Total
Engineering	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.889	.667	.919	.444	.942	.745	.934	.695
Full Time out of Science	.072	.000	.063	.222	.039	.011	.047	.042
Part Time	.028	.000	.009	.222	.009	.128	.010	.136
Seeking Work	.008	.000	.008	.111	.007	.043	.008	.051
Not Seeking Work	.003	.333	.001	.000	.002	.074	.002	.076
n	2174	6	6667	18	23032	94	31873	118
Mathematical Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.963	.732	.966	.817	.948	.761	.953	.768
Full Time out of Science	.023	.070	.028	.063	.028	.042	.028	.049
Part Time	.007	.127	.000	.079	.005	.122	.004	.115
Seeking Work	.007	.014	.006	.000	.015	.025	.012	.019
Not Seeking Work	.000	.056	.000	.040	.004	.050	.003	.049
n	828	71	2326	126	7487	523	10641	720
Physical Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.871	.596	.911	.662	.915	.656	.907	.649
Full Time out of Science	.093	.135	.067	.089	.053	.048	.064	.07
Part Time	.016	.175	.007	.132	.014	.149	.012	.149
Seeking Work	.015	.023	.014	.043	.014	.070	.014	.057
Not Seeking Work	.005	.070	.001	.075	.004	.077	.003	.075
n	8579	342	15409	562	29534	1509	53522	2413

Page 243 Cite

Suggested Citation:"B: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

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Life Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.905	.719	.932	.737	.953	.759	.941	.75
Full Time out of Science	.054	.091	.048	.062	.028	.036	.037	.047
Part Time	.030	.099	.013	.094	.010	.107	.013	.103
Seeking Work	.008	.029	.003	.036	.006	.044	.006	.041
Not Seeking Work	.003	.062	.003	.072	.002	.054	.003	.059
n	5580	615	13076	1280	25263	3939	43919	5834
Social/Behavioral Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.815	.708	.861	.677	.894	.709	.876	.702
Full Time out of Science	.144	.101	.111	.093	.079	.073	.095	.079
Part Time	.034	.174	.021	.178	.017	.156	.020	.162
Seeking Work	.005	.009	.005	.031	.009	.034	.007	.031
Not Seeking Work	.003	.009	.003	.021	.001	.028	.002	.025
n	4274	576	12433	1536	25439	5130	42146	7242

Page 244 Cite

Suggested Citation:"B: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

×

TABLE B-5 1979 Labor Force Participation Status, by Sex, Field, and Cohort

	1950 Ph.D.s		1960 Ph.D.s		1970 Ph.D.s		Total
Engineering	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.868	.769	.902	.625	.930	.857	.914	.822
Full Time out of Science	.079	.000	.071	.089	.047	.070	.058	.071
Part Time	.032	.231	.023	.143	.013	.041	.018	.061
Seeking Work	.003	.000	.002	.071	.007	.015	.005	.022
Not Seeking Work	.018	.000	.002	.071	.003	.018	.004	.024
n	4971	13	15127	56	25880	342	45978	411
Mathematical Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.884	.762	.918	.765	.907	.809	.908	.796
Full Time out of Science	.084	.143	.068	.088	.061	.043	.066	.060
Part Time	.027	.060	.008	.078	.023	.081	.019	.079
Seeking Work	.000	.012	.000	.000	.005	.028	.003	.020
Not Seeking Work	.005	.024	.006	.068	.004	.04	.005	.045
n	1504	84	5055	294	8533	906	15092	1284
Physical Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.865	.687	.902	.683	.932	.780	.909	.744
Full Time out of Science	.103	.118	.070	.101	.047	.051	.066	.072
Part Time	.024	.089	.017	.126	.010	.078	.015	.091
Seeking Work	.005	.016	.010	.034	.008	.034	.008	.032
Not Seeking Work	.003	.091	.001	.056	.003	.057	.002	.061
n	12911	451	23403	968	31363	2402	67677	3821

Page 245 Cite

Suggested Citation:"B: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

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Life Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.900	.668	.928	.742	.944	.824	.932	.791
Full Time out of Science	.068	.104	.051	.043	.032	.033	.044	.042
Part Time	.018	.076	.013	.141	.012	.060	.013	.080
Seeking Work	.010	.061	.007	.023	.008	.031	.008	.032
Not Seeking Work	.004	.091	.000	.050	.004	.051	.003	.054
n	10777	953	18451	2446	33295	7210	62523	10609
Social/Behavioral Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.797	.682	.835	.720	.845	.721	.835	.719
Full Time out of Science	.151	.134	.130	.113	.115	.094	.124	.100
Part Time	.046	.140	.024	.117	.026	.126	.028	.125
Seeking Work	.001	.016	.008	.018	.011	.028	.008	.025
Not Seeking Work	.005	.028	.003	.031	.004	.030	.004	.030
n	9775	900	17372	2955	38455	12507	65602	16362

Page 246 Cite

Suggested Citation:"B: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

×

TABLE B-6 1989 Labor Force Participation Status, by Sex, Field, and Cohort

	1960 Ph.D.s		1970 Ph.D.s		1980 Ph.D.s		Total
Engineering	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.870	.714	.884	.796	.943	.867	.902	.848
Full Time out of Science	.107	.125	.081	.097	.044	.050	.074	.062
Part Time	.015	.107	.025	.077	.007	.057	.016	.062
Seeking Work	.003	.036	.010	.011	.003	.011	.006	.011
Not Seeking Work	.005	.018	.000	.019	.003	.016	.002	.016
n	14213	56	25783	362	22368	1415	62364	1833
Mathematical Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.899	.754	.917	.809	.929	.812	.917	.804
Full Time out of Science	.078	.119	.070	.078	.059	.069	.068	.078
Part Time	.018	.077	.007	.071	.010	.079	.011	.076
Seeking Work	.003	.021	.003	.007	.002	.009	.003	.010
Not Seeking Work	.002	.028	.002	.034	.000	.032	.001	.032
n	4923	285	8846	970	7197	1270	20966	2525
Physical Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.896	.746	.895	.782	.939	.832	.910	.807
Full Time out of Science	.076	.099	.085	.086	.041	.049	.068	.066
Part Time	.025	.088	.012	.082	.007	.054	.014	.067
Seeking Work	.001	.010	.005	.014	.010	.026	.005	.020
Not Seeking Work	.002	.057	.003	.036	.002	.039	.002	.040
n	21906	879	32027	2420	25329	4528	79262	7827

Page 247 Cite

Suggested Citation:"B: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

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Life Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.909	.705	.901	.779	.940	.838	.918	.808
Full Time out of Science	.073	.108	.075	.087	.037	.047	.060	.065
Part Time	.013	.145	.010	.087	.014	.063	.012	.078
Seeking Work	.002	.010	.011	.014	.005	.018	.007	.016
Not Seeking Work	.003	.033	.002	.033	.004	.034	.003	.034
n	16330	2111	34684	8078	31891	15359	82905	25548
Social/Behavioral Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.801	.696	.823	.661	.818	.698	.817	.686
Full Time out of Science	.156	.143	.145	.150	.142	.105	.145	.122
Part Time	.035	.128	.024	.131	.027	.158	.027	.147
Seeking Work	.005	.011	.007	.017	.013	.021	.009	.019
Not Seeking Work	.003	.021	.002	.041	.000	.019	.002	.027
n	15764	2553	38771	12921	32248	23054	86783	38528

Page 248 Cite

Suggested Citation:"B: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

×

TABLE B-7 1995 Labor Force Participation Status, by Sex, Field, and Cohort

	1970 Ph.D.s		1980 Ph.D.s		1990 Ph.D.s		Total
Engineering	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.874	.864	.929	.803	.952	.811	.918	.813
Full Time out of Science	.069	.000	.042	.041	.025	.050	.046	.043
Part Time	.031	.089	.012	.065	.010	.064	.018	.066
Seeking Work	.011	.047	.015	.059	.010	.027	.012	.040
Not Seeking Work	.015	.000	.003	.032	.002	.047	.007	.038
n	21947	361	23688	1480	19655	2553	65290	4394
Mathematical Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.900	.794	.927	.698	.909	.911	.911	.801
Full Time out of Science	.053	.031	.028	.093	.052	.024	.044	.052
Part Time	.034	.096	.021	.176	.021	.045	.026	.107
Seeking Work	.004	.026	.009	.000	.015	.000	.009	.006
Not Seeking Work	.009	.054	.015	.034	.004	.020	.010	.033
n	8396	897	7508	1416	6179	1389	22083	3702
Physical Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.875	.702	.917	.769	.894	.830	.895	.780
Full Time out of Science	.076	.150	.044	.089	.052	.051	.059	.087
Part Time	.025	.049	.013	.051	.030	.052	.022	.051
Seeking Work	.011	.015	.013	.011	.016	.034	.013	.021
Not Seeking Work	.013	.083	.013	.079	.009	.033	.012	.062
n	30327	2267	25962	4753	15716	4474	72005	11494

Page 249 Cite

Suggested Citation:"B: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

×

Life Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.848	.733	.886	.75	.892	.792	.873	.762
Full Time out of Science	.104	.114	.09	.116	.076	.105	.092	.112
Part Time	.019	.089	.007	.067	.015	.046	.013	.064
Seeking Work	.012	.011	.010	.014	.014	.016	.012	.014
Not Seeking Work	.016	.053	.006	.053	.003	.040	.009	.048
n	32398	7809	32230	15867	18892	13797	83520	37473
Social/Behavioral Sciences	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Full Time in Science	.808	.671	.814	.703	.813	.705	.811	.696
Full Time out of Science	.140	.125	.133	.098	.134	.091	.136	.102
Part Time	.041	.158	.039	.156	.039	.162	.039	.158
Seeking Work	.003	.007	.009	.005	.011	.009	.007	.007
Not Seeking Work	.009	.039	.006	.040	.003	.033	.007	.037
n	33058	11125	29532	21113	13966	15578	76556	47816

Page 250 Cite

Suggested Citation:"B: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

×

TABLE B-8 Reasons for Part-Time Employment, by Sex and Year of Survey

1989	No Job Available	No Need to Work	Family Obligations	n
Men	.296	.527	.047	7917
Women	.187	.319	.470	8573
1995	No Job Available	No Need to Work	Family Obligations	n
Men	.246	.316	.042	15377
Women	.188	.416	.518	11992

TABLE B-9 Reasons for Part-Time Employment, by Cohort, Sex, and Year of Survey

	1989	Older	Middle	Younger
Men	No Job	.312	.375	.470
	No Need	.519	.455	.300
	Family	.075	.055	.043
	N	1561	2232	1694
Women	No Job	.212	.179	.189
	No Need	.488	.348	.257
	Family	.203	.466	.539
	N	730	2656	4887
	1995	Older	Middle	Younger
Men	No Job	.308	.475	.577
	No Need	.282	.221	.212
	Family	.060	.112	.023
	N	3655	2137	1630
Women	No Job	.198	.160	.236
	No Need	.462	.432	.354
	Family	.388	.629	.549
	N	2678	4948	3614

Page 251 Cite

Suggested Citation:"B: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

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TABLE B-10 Reasons for Part-Time Employment, Field, Sex, and Year of Survey

			Engineering	Mathematical Sciences	Physical Sciences	Life Sciences	Social/Behavioral Sciences
1989	Men	No Job	.285	.102	.355	.371	.257
		No Need	.515	.625	.475	.454	.581
		Family	.042	.050	.058	.037	.048
		N	1345	323	1729	1362	3158
	Women	No Job	.181	.193	.222	.239	.164
		No Need	.060	.278	.258	.259	.354
		Family	.724	.503	.508	.456	.465
		N	116	187	563	2032	5675
1995	Men	No Job	.302	.197	.324	.162	.225
		No Need	.328	.432	.291	.281	.335
		Family	.042	.028	.023	.043	.057
		N	2193	773	3822	3226	5363
	Women	No Job	.366	.362	.202	.229	.157
		No Need	.414	.298	.331	.430	.425
		Family	.493	.431	.432	.487	.540
		N	292	420	673	2591	8016

Page 252 Cite

Suggested Citation:"B: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

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TABLE B-11 Reasons for Part-Time Employment, by Field, Cohort, Sex, and Year of Survey

			Older		Middle		Younger
			Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
1989	Engineering	No Job	.248	.833	.352	.000	.503	.175
		No Need	.371	.000	.486	.179	.252	.025
		Family	.190	.167	.000	.821	.112	.750
		N	210	6	640	28	143	80
	Mathematics	No Job	.182	.200	.000	.215	.246	.174
		No Need	.477	.350	.552	.369	.261	.163
		Family	.000	.450	.448	.415	.043	.609
		N	88	20	29	65	69	92
	Physical Sciences	No Job	.517	.338	.499	.161	.538	.230
		No Need	.383	.442	.298	.327	.321	.071
		Family	.083	.182	.100	.528	.011	.690
		N	540	77	379	199	184	239
	Life Sciences	No Job	.173	.225	.356	.240	.713	.242
		No Need	.631	.376	.413	.247	.226	.191
		Family	.000	.281	.054	.479	.041	.544
		N	214	306	315	691	442	937
	Social/ Behavioral Sciences	No Job	.202	.159	.358	.158	.343	.172
		No Need	.684	.623	.512	.393	.345	.295
		Family	.063	.118	.063	.449	.040	.520
		N	509	321	869	1673	856	3539
1995	Engineering	No Job	.308	.375	.633	.281	.610	.415
		No Need	.375	.125	.076	.500	.346	.421
		Family	.104	.625	.080	.677	.000	.360
		N	672	32	275	96	205	164
	Mathematics	No Job	.256	.302	.076	.378	.515	.516
		No Need	.463	.465	.335	.341	.400	.000
		Family	.060	.221	.000	.586	.038	.161
		N	285	86	158	249	130	62
	Physical Sciences	No Job	.509	.196	.762	.128	.741	.343
		No Need	.196	.723	.053	.370	.211	.197
		Family	.066	.438	.062	.716	.000	.292
		N	745	112	341	243	464	233
	Life Sciences	No Job	.291	.266	.619	.182	.469	.327
		No Need	.180	.405	.164	.476	.197	.385
		Family	.029	.350	.044	.627	.114	.512
		N	611	692	226	1071	290	633
	Social/ Behavioral Sciences	No Job	.214	.162	.378	.136	.495	.185
		No Need	.291	.473	.303	.428	.126	.365
		Family	.050	.404	.164	.625	.000	.603
		N	1342	1756	1137	3289	541	2522

Page 253 Cite

Suggested Citation:"B: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

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TABLE B-12 Predicted Probabilities of Working, by Familial Status and Year of Survey. Based on Multinomial Logit Analyses of Labor Force Participation Status

			Full Time in Science	Full Time Outside Science	Part Time	Seeking Work	Not Seeking Work
Men	1979	Single	.894	.053	.029	.017	.008
		Married	.920	.057	.016	.005	.002
		Older Children	.927	.058	.010	.004	.001
		Younger Children	.921	.060	.015	.003	.001
	1989	Single	.888	.075	.019	.012	.006
		Married	.911	.070	.012	.005	.002
		Older Children	.920	.069	.006	.004	.001
		Younger Children	.925	.061	.010	.003	.001
	1995	Single	.854	.085	.024	.023	.014
		Married	.907	.064	.015	.009	.006
		Older Children	.916	.061	.011	.008	.004
		Younger Children	.914	.061	.011	.010	.005
			Full Time in Science	Full Time Outside Science	Part Time	Seeking Work	Not Seeking Work
Women	1979	Single	.837	.083	.054	.016	.011
		Married	.770	.065	.100	.030	.035
		Older Children	.674	.058	.169	.027	.071
		Younger Children	.559	.051	.198	.044	.148
	1989	Single	.860	.088	.034	.011	.008
		Married	.804	.081	.077	.017	.021
		Older Children	.697	.074	.152	.017	.061
		Younger Children	.642	.061	.192	.019	.087
	1995	Single	.822	.115	.037	.013	.013
		Married	.789	.096	.067	.011	.037
		Older Children	.714	.089	.124	.010	.062
		Younger Children	.646	.068	.167	.013	.106

Page 254 Cite

Suggested Citation:"B: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

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TABLE B-13 1979 Mean Work Experience, by Sex, Year of Ph.D., and Marital Status

	Men								Women
	Total		Single		Married without Children		Children at Home		Total		Single		Married without Children		Cat Home hildren
Ph.D. Year.	Mean	n	Mean	n	Mean	n	Mean	n	Mean	n	Mean	n	Mean	n	Mean	n
57	21.9	2704	21.7	293	21.9	1352	21.9	1059	20.7	199	21.8	91	20.9	68	17.6	40
58	20.6	4115	20.4	428	20.7	1330	20.7	2357	18.8	268	20.6	122	18.7	58	16.3	88
59	19.7	4144	18.7	496	19.9	1352	19.7	2296	17.6	273	19.6	98	18.2	58	15.6	117
60	18.8	4439	18.6	485	18.9	1055	18.8	2899	16.9	300	17.9	164	17.6	59	14.2	77
61	17.7	5304	17.8	607	17.6	1296	17.8	3401	16.1	326	17.5	161	17.6	75	12.3	90
62	16.4	5282	16.0	544	16.9	1201	16.3	3537	15.2	391	16.9	155	16.7	81	12.6	155
63	15.6	5886	14.9	453	15.7	1044	15.6	4389	13.6	563	14.7	215	15.4	100	12.0	248
64	14.6	6951	14.7	746	14.3	1123	14.7	5082	13.2	557	14.3	195	13.0	115	12.3	247
65	13.7	7657	13.6	770	13.8	1223	13.6	5664	12.3	699	13.4	261	13.1	129	10.9	309
66	12.8	9343	12.8	1335	12.9	1544	12.7	6464	11.2	863	12.4	288	12.1	156	10.0	419
67	11.8	9417	11.7	880	11.9	1302	11.8	7235	10.2	1022	11.5	343	11.6	147	8.9	532
68	10.7	10146	10.9	1410	10.8	1033	10.7	7703	9.4	1044	10.2	388	10.6	194	8.3	462
69	9.6	11793	9.4	1829	9.6	1370	9.7	8594	8.6	1246	9.0	421	9.0	302	7.9	523
70	8.7	12846	8.5	2188	8.8	1543	8.7	9115	7.9	1339	8.4	508	8.4	273	7.2	558
71	7.7	14044	7.5	1904	7.6	2017	7.8	10123	7.3	1674	7.6	503	7.7	439	6.8	732
72	6.7	13066	6.5	1907	6.7	2006	6.8	9153	6.2	2022	6.3	709	6.3	529	6.0	784
73	5.6	11630	5.4	1725	5.4	1789	5.7	8116	5.4	1937	5.7	647	5.4	448	5.2	842
74	4.8	11892	4.7	2318	4.7	2334	4.9	7240	4.5	2216	4.7	927	4.5	505	4.3	784
75	3.8	11037	3.8	2689	3.8	2134	3.8	6214	3.6	2509	3.7	913	3.5	782	3.5	814
76	2.8	10003	2.8	2461	2.6	2223	2.9	5319	2.8	2379	2.8	1054	2.8	544	2.7	781
77	1.9	10808	1.8	2872	1.9	3446	1.9	4490	1.9	2514	1.9	995	1.9	615	1.9	904
78	1.0	6862	0.9	1876	1.0	1852	1.0	3134	0.9	1804	1.0	667	0.9	552	0.9	585

Page 255 Cite

Suggested Citation:"B: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

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TABLE B-14 1989 Mean Work Experience, by Sex, Year of Ph.D., and Marital Status

	Men								Women
	Total		Single		Married without Children		Children at Home		Total		Single		Married without Children		Cat Home hildren
Ph.D. Year.	Mean	n	Mean	n	Mean	n	Mean	n	Mean	n	Mean	n	Mean	n	Mean	n
67	21.4	10083	21.0	1326	21.6	5870	21.0	2887	18.2	1002	20.3	336	18.0	472	15.3	194
68	20.3	12044	20.2	1334	20.3	6902	20.4	3808	17.5	1071	18.6	370	17.9	422	15.2	279
69	19.4	13321	19.1	1056	19.4	7146	19.5	5119	17.4	1265	18.4	424	17.0	488	16.9	353
70	18.2	14773	17.6	1888	18.3	6891	18.4	5994	16.4	1469	17.8	562	15.6	550	15.5	357
71	17.5	15462	17.5	1491	17.4	7215	17.7	6756	15.9	1946	16.3	622	16.3	816	15.0	508
72	16.4	14738	16.1	1807	16.5	6694	16.2	6237	15.1	2180	16.0	669	15.3	906	13.8	605
73	15.3	13656	14.8	1823	15.6	5004	15.3	6829	14.0	2387	14.5	731	13.9	872	13.6	784
74	14.4	14637	14.0	1810	14.4	5793	14.4	7034	13.5	2495	13.7	782	14.1	848	12.6	865
75	13.5	12904	12.9	1561	13.6	4081	13.6	7262	12.0	2830	13.2	829	11.6	991	11.4	1010
76	12.4	11995	11.6	1964	12.4	3539	12.5	6492	11.5	3009	11.9	918	11.6	936	11.1	1155
77	11.3	13865	10.7	1781	11.5	4499	11.4	7585	10.5	3024	11.0	843	11.1	1007	9.7	1174
78	10.4	12763	10.1	1806	10.4	3497	10.5	7460	9.3	3601	9.6	1022	9.6	1092	8.9	1487
79	9.5	12094	9.1	1871	9.6	3472	9.6	6751	8.8	3703	9.2	1217	9.0	1202	8.4	1284
80	8.5	12823	8.2	1850	8.5	3681	8.5	7292	8.0	4085	8.4	1305	7.9	1081	7.8	1699
81	7.6	12190	7.5	1830	7.6	2941	7.7	7419	7.1	4172	7.6	1393	7.2	1133	6.5	1646
82	6.6	12244	6.4	2424	6.4	3257	6.7	6563	6.1	4524	6.2	1182	6.2	1498	5.9	1844
83	5.4	12311	5.2	2543	5.3	3281	5.6	6487	5.0	4799	5.4	1340	5.2	1421	4.7	2038
84	4.6	11580	4.4	2865	4.8	2916	4.6	5799	4.3	4578	4.5	1502	4.5	1350	3.8	1726
85	3.7	11810	3.6	3075	3.6	3436	3.8	5299	3.5	4906	3.7	1916	3.4	1333	3.4	1657
86	2.7	11740	2.7	3379	2.7	3523	2.8	4838	2.6	5249	2.7	1656	2.6	2122	2.4	1471
87	1.8	12700	1.8	4224	1.9	3763	1.8	4713	1.7	5519	1.8	2117	1.8	2031	1.6	1371
88	1.1	7062	1.0	2371	1.1	2418	1.1	2273	1.0	3011	1.0	1155	1.0	1134	0.9	722

Page 256 Cite

Suggested Citation:"B: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.

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