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Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
×

APPENDIX C
Tables

Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
×

TABLE C-1 Percent Working Full Time in Each Sector, by Sex and Year of Survey

 

1973

1979

1989

1995

Men

Women

Men

Women

Men

Women

Men

Women

Colleges and Universities

N

104,553

8,970

134,911

16,878

167,638

35,370

163,145

47,252

%

56.0

67.8

52.2

61.4

48.7

54.0

45.0

51.38

Government

N

21,318

1,312

27,941

2,362

33,264

5,287

37,236

9,208

%

11.4

9.9

10.8

8.6

9.7

8.1

10.3

10.0

Industry

N

47,829

960

72,286

3,470

116,528

15,174

135,486

24,121

%

25.6

7.3

28.0

12.6

33.9

23.2

37.3

26.2

Private Nonprofit and Hospitals

N

9,973

1,275

16,614

3,138

18,889

6,655

16,057

5,796

%

5.3

9.6

6.4

11.4

5.5

10.2

4.4

6.3

Other

N

2,884

653

4,208

1,224

5,904

2,381

8,141

4,338

%

1.5

4.9

1.6

4.5

1.7

3.6

2.2

4.7

Missing Data

N

314

68

2,387

399

1,911

583

2,894

1,254

%

0.17

0.5

0.9

1.5

0.6

0.9

0.8

1.4

Total

N

186,871

13,238

258,347

27,471

344,134

65,450

362,959

91,969

%

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Note: Counts are weighted. Other is primarily education at below the level of a two-year college. Missing Data indicates that respondent did not respond to the questions or their response was unusable.

Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
×

TABLE C-2 Percent Working Full Time in Various Work Activities, by Sex and Year of Survey

 

1973

1979

1989

1995

Men

Women

Men

Women

Men

Women

Men

Women

Teaching

N

66,743

6,008

73,784

9,276

83,539

17,388

76,136

22,575

%

35.7

45.4

28.6

33.8

24.3

26.6

21.0

24.6

Basic Research

N

27,994

2,883

38,634

5,610

52,131

12,016

50,429

14,331

%

15.0

21.8

15.0

20.4

15.2

18.4

13.9

15.6

Applied Research

N

26,094

840

32,538

2,072

64,790

9,181

77,288

16,519

%

14.0

6.4

12.6

7.5

18.8

14.0

21.3

18.0

Production

N

13,001

340

26,845

1,241

40,707

3,792

45,140

5,878

%

7.0

2.6

10.4

4.5

11.8

5.8

12.4

6.4

Management

N

41,175

1,565

62,425

4,437

59,816

9,116

46,953

9,102

%

22.0

11.8

24.2

16.2

17.4

13.9

12.9

9.9

Professional Services

N

4,584

1,003

12,181

3,092

20,926

9,463

36,910

17,713

%

2.5

7.6

4.7

11.3

6.1

14.5

10.2

19.3

Other Work Activities

N

4,391

397

8,564

1,042

19,223

3,568

29,254

5,112

%

2.4

3.0

3.3

3.8

5.6

5.5

8.1

5.6

Missing Data

N

2,889

202

3,376

701

3,002

926

849

739

%

1.6

1.5

1.3

2.6

0.9

1.4

0.2

0.8

Total

N

186,871

13,238

258,347

27,471

344,134

65,450

362,959

91,969

%

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Note: Counts are weighted.

Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
×

TABLE C-3 Percent Working Full Time in Each Sector, by Sex, Field and Year of Survey

 

Women

Men

1973

1979

1989

1995

1973

1979

1989

1995

Engineering

 

Academia

47.1

43.1

41.3

42.2

38.7

36.0

36.1

32.2

Industry

35.6

44.7

46.1

46.2

46.2

49.8

53.5

57.0

Government

9.2

9.0

8.0

8.3

10.4

9.6

7.2

7.0

PNP/Hospitals

5.8

2.7

3.8

2.1

4.0

4.0

3.0

2.8

Other Education

2.3

0.5

0.8

1.2

0.8

0.7

0.2

1.0

N

87

367

1,671

3,778

31,717

45,315

63,212

72,496

Mathematics

 

Academia

88.0

73.1

67.7

60.6

81.7

72.4

66.1

60.9

Industry

3.4

14.5

23.1

21.9

10.1

17.0

25.5

29.6

Government

3.5

3.4

3.6

5.9

5.3

5.8

4.3

4.2

PNP/Hospitals

1.9

4.5

2.3

3.2

2.1

2.5

2.4

3.0

Other Education

3.2

4.6

3.3

8.5

0.8

2.2

1.8

2.3

N

627

1,132

2,270

3,290

10,925

15,241

21,570

24,827

Physical Sciences

 

Academia

60.6

48.0

39.4

39.8

42.0

40.1

38.5

37.6

Industry

17.7

28.9

40.8

43.5

39.9

42.2

46.3

45.7

Government

10.0

9.7

10.0

8.0

11.7

10.6

9.8

10.1

PNP/Hospitals

6.5

7.2

5.3

3.2

4.6

4.8

3.9

4.1

Other Education

5.2

6.3

4.5

5.6

1.9

2.3

1.5

2.5

N

1,814

3,239

7,095

10,543

55,990

70,367

84,777

87,228

Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
×

Life Sciences

 

Academia

70.2

68.0

62.1

59.5

65.4

62.2

56.3

53.1

Industry

5.7

7.7

17.4

19.9

13.2

15.2

23.1

27.3

Government

10.7

9.5

9.0

10.4

14.6

13.8

12.5

12.2

PNP/Hospitals

8.9

10.0

8.4

5.4

5.2

6.3

5.7

4.3

Other Education

4.5

4.8

3.2

4.9

1.6

2.5

2.4

3.0

N

4,893

9,078

22,754

34,263

45,874

63,157

86,440

94,175

Social/Behavioral

 

Academia

66.0

59.8

51.2

47.6

70.5

62.3

55.9

49.7

Industry

5.3

11.0

22.2

25.6

8.8

12.2

20.5

25.2

Government

9.9

8.2

7.3

10.7

9.9

10.2

9.8

12.8

PNP/Hospitals

12.2

14.2

13.4

8.5

8.3

11.1

9.4

6.6

Other Education

6.6

6.8

5.8

7.5

2.5

4.3

4.5

5.6

N

5,817

13,655

31,660

40,095

42,365

64,267

88,135

84,233

Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
×

TABLE C-4 Number Working Full Time in Each Sector, by Sex, Field and Year of Survey

 

Women

Men

1973

1979

1989

1995

1973

1979

1989

1995

Engineering

 

Academia

41

158

690

1,593

12,271

16,310

22,816

23,332

Industry

31

164

771

1,746

14,638

22,569

33,819

41,306

Government

8

33

133

314

3,282

4,333

4,558

5,075

PNP/Hospitals

5

10

63

79

1,277

1,790

1,878

2,051

Other Education

1

2

7

13

190

81

40

425

N

86

367

1,664

3,745

31,658

45,083

63,111

72,189

Mathematics

 

Academia

552

827

1,537

1,993

8,929

11,040

14,252

15,121

Industry

21

164

524

720

1,102

2,596

5,505

7,344

Government

22

38

82

193

578

887

921

1,051

PNP/Hospitals

12

51

52

105

231

386

512

743

Other Education

19

47

64

247

85

254

343

456

N

626

1,127

2,259

3,258

10,925

15,163

21,533

24,715

Physical Sciences

 

Academia

1,100

1,555

2,798

4,193

23,494

28,241

32,640

32,808

Industry

321

935

2,893

4,583

22,312

29,683

39,220

39,850

Government

181

313

711

844

6,541

7,459

8,325

8,796

PNP/Hospitals

118

233

376

334

2,559

3,359

3,338

3,613

Other Education

90

170

235

529

1,025

1,113

1,069

1,770

N

1,810

3,206

7,013

10,483

55,931

69,855

84,592

86,837

Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
×

Life Sciences

 

Academia

3,436

6,175

14,124

20,373

30,002

39,282

48,683

50,023

Industry

279

700

3,953

6,803

6,068

9,621

19,947

25,728

Government

523

860

2,045

3,551

6,711

8,702

10,835

11,503

PNP/Hospitals

433

911

1,909

1,852

2,384

3,960

4,885

4,084

Other Education

206

254

514

1,158

588

1,067

1,435

2,103

N

4,877

8,900

22,545

33,737

45,753

62,632

85,785

93,441

Social/Behavioral

 

Academia

3,841

8,163

16,221

19,100

29,857

40,038

49,247

41,861

Industry

308

1,507

7,033

10,269

3,709

7,817

18,037

21,258

Government

578

1,118

2,316

4,306

4,206

6,560

8,625

10,811

PNP/Hospitals

707

1,933

4,255

3,426

3,522

7,119

8,276

5,566

Other Education

337

751

1,561

2,391

996

1,693

3,017

3,387

N

5,771

13,472

31,386

39,492

42,290

63,227

87,202

82,883

Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
×

TABLE C-5 Percent in Each Work Activity in Academia, by Sex, Field and Year of Survey

 

Women

Men

1973

1979

1989

1995

1973

1979

1989

1995

Engineering

 

Teaching

65.9

54.8

47.9

49.0

68.0

54.8

51.4

48.2

Basic Research

4.9

19.8

21.1

10.4

7.1

7.8

10.1

11.9

Applied Research

19.5

14.0

25.6

28.6

10.5

15.7

21.8

26.2

Production

0.0

3.8

1.6

1.1

1.3

1.2

1.5

3.9

Administration

9.8

7.6

3.4

10.4

13.1

20.5

14.9

8.6

Professional Services

0.0

0.0

0.4

0.5

0.1

0.0

0.3

1.4

N

41

157

677

1,542

12,016

16,198

22,456

22,668

Mathematics

 

Teaching

86.1

74.5

69.6

65.0

76.7

69.6

61.3

65.5

Basic Research

8.2

13.1

16.1

19.4

14.6

14.9

23.6

18.2

Applied Research

1.9

3.8

6.7

10.6

1.5

2.7

5.4

7.3

Production

1.1

2.9

0.5

1.7

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.1

Administration

2.8

5.4

7.0

3.4

6.7

11.8

8.4

6.2

Professional Services

0.0

0.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.2

0.1

1.6

N

538

815

1,485

1,916

8,804

10,873

14,028

14,607

Physical Sciences

 

Teaching

59.6

44.0

41.9

45.2

62.9

49.7

44.6

38.8

Basic Research

29.2

38.5

38.8

31.8

24.0

25.9

31.8

33.2

Applied Research

3.3

4.9

9.8

13.6

3.4

6.5

12.0

15.2

Production

0.7

1.3

1.1

2.1

1.0

2.5

1.5

2.7

Administration

5.9

10.6

7.3

5.4

8.8

15.2

9.4

8.3

Professional Services

1.5

0.7

1.2

2.0

0.0

0.3

0.8

1.9

N

1,076

1,506

2,705

3,958

22,993

27,775

32,033

31,451

Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
×

Life Sciences

 

Teaching

48.3

39.8

32.5

31.9

48.6

37.7

30.3

27.8

Basic Research

39.0

42.2

43.9

37.7

27.2

33.6

38.9

37.1

Applied Research

4.7

5.0

11.7

15.9

10.9

10.4

16.4

18.0

Production

0.2

0.5

0.5

1.5

0.8

0.8

0.6

1.5

Administration

7.1

11.0

8.0

6.6

11.5

14.8

9.8

8.3

Professional Services

0.8

1.5

3.3

6.4

1.0

2.7

4.0

7.3

N

3,351

5,971

13,794

20,056

28,873

38,141

46,979

48,880

Social/Behavioral

 

Teaching

75.1

62.6

57.7

52.4

71.4

66.3

62.6

58.7

Basic Research

7.8

12.4

14.5

13.0

8.8

8.4

12.7

12.8

Applied Research

2.5

6.0

9.2

14.2

5.1

5.8

7.5

12.5

Production

1.5

0.8

0.4

1.1

0.6

0.9

0.8

1.4

Administration

9.4

14.5

12.6

9.4

12.5

16.2

13.5

9.3

Professional Services

3.7

3.8

5.6

10.0

1.5

2.4

3.0

5.3

N

3,723

7,791

15,716

18,697

28,904

38,742

47,771

41,052

Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
×

TABLE C-6 Percent in Each Work Activity in Industry, by Sex, Field and Year of Survey

 

Women

Men

1973

1979

1989

1995

1973

1979

1989

1995

Engineering

 

Teaching

0.0

0.0

0.4

0.0

0.0

0.3

0.6

0.4

Basic Research

7.1

3.2

5.5

1.2

1.8

3.6

2.7

1.4

Applied Research

21.4

32.3

37.1

33.1

26.8

17.0

28.2

25.6

Production

46.4

41.3

35.7

40.3

34.7

40.7

42.4

45.9

Administration

25.0

21.9

20.7

17.0

36.4

37.0

25.1

21.7

Professional Services

0.0

1.3

0.6

8.5

0.3

1.5

1.1

4.9

N

28

155

704

1,428

14,100

21,783

31,509

35,091

Mathematics

 

Teaching

0.0

0.0

0.8

0.0

0.6

0.6

1.5

0.7

Basic Research

20.0

8.0

7.2

0.9

4.4

3.2

6.6

5.3

Applied Research

53.3

17.9

20.9

59.0

31.4

17.1

23.8

34.2

Production

26.7

53.0

39.7

23.3

29.8

44.8

43.5

33.0

Administration

0.0

19.9

30.4

9.5

31.1

31.5

24.1

20.1

Professional Services

0.0

1.3

1.0

7.4

2.7

2.8

0.6

6.8

N

15

151

388

473

1,080

2,436

4,421

4,354

Physical Sciences

 

Teaching

0.0

0.2

0.3

0.7

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

Basic Research

19.6

16.5

6.8

2.8

10.4

9.8

4.2

4.5

Applied Research

44.1

28.0

48.1

47.8

30.4

22.6

39.4

37.3

Production

14.6

20.0

25.8

30.6

16.5

24.6

29.6

31.8

Administration

19.9

31.9

17.9

10.0

41.7

41.7

26.0

19.9

Professional Services

1.8

3.5

1.1

8.2

0.8

1.3

0.6

6.3

N

281

869

2,626

4,071

21,294

28,192

36,342

35,157

Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
×

Life Sciences

 

Teaching

0.0

0.0

0.8

1.1

0.2

0.4

0.4

0.9

Basic Research

30.8

16.0

6.8

6.6

8.2

5.9

4.1

4.9

Applied Research

23.5

22.4

37.0

36.9

17.8

15.5

33.4

35.4

Production

16.2

16.7

24.9

23.2

17.0

28.7

28.1

23.9

Administration

25.2

32.4

23.3

14.0

51.3

41.9

27.5

18.1

Professional Services

4.3

12.6

7.2

18.3

5.6

7.7

6.5

16.9

N

234

652

3,441

6,241

5,783

8,849

18,039

24,031

Social/Behavioral

 

Teaching

1.6

0.4

0.3

1.9

1.3

0.0

0.8

0.7

Basic Research

1.2

0.9

0.6

0.7

3.1

1.5

0.4

0.4

Applied Research

10.6

8.5

8.2

8.5

13.4

14.2

8.2

14.2

Production

12.1

11.6

16.0

8.5

22.7

23.9

27.3

13.8

Administration

18.8

8.3

8.4

6.4

31.3

18.7

12.8

10.2

Professional Services

55.9

70.2

66.5

74.0

28.1

41.7

50.6

60.6

N

256

1,383

6,368

9,891

3,379

7,362

15,532

19,294

Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
×

TABLE C-7 Percent in Each Work Activity in Government, by Sex, Field and Year of Survey

 

Women

Men

1973

1979

1989

1995

1973

1979

1989

1995

Engineering

 

Teaching

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

4.5

2.6

1.0

0.1

Basic Research

28.6

0.0

17.0

14.1

7.5

9.1

7.9

7.9

Applied Research

14.3

26.9

44.3

43.4

32.2

23.4

34.1

46.5

Production

57.1

23.1

4.7

7.2

9.3

10.4

19.1

12.6

Administration

0.0

46.2

34.0

22.8

46.3

54.2

38.0

27.8

Professional Services

0.0

3.9

0.0

12.6

0.2

0.4

0.0

5.0

N

7

26

106

263

3,063

3,974

4,271

4,524

Mathematics

 

Teaching

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

4.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

Basic Research

5.0

0.0

12.1

11.3

12.9

6.1

6.5

16.4

Applied Research

25.0

6.3

24.1

12.0

38.5

39.9

46.2

47.7

Production

15.0

50.0

15.5

18.7

12.3

22.0

11.9

13.0

Administration

55.0

43.8

48.3

52.0

30.9

29.6

35.4

17.1

Professional Services

0.0

0.0

0.0

6.0

1.1

2.4

0.0

5.9

N

20

32

58

150

551

874

613

709

Physical Sciences

 

Teaching

0.6

0.0

0.5

0.0

1.7

1.1

0.9

0.4

Basic Research

45.9

37.9

32.7

36.9

34.5

28.3

23.8

20.0

Applied Research

29.4

12.8

29.8

47.6

24.1

24.5

33.9

42.9

Production

0.6

13.8

11.0

4.1

6.0

12.1

7.7

8.8

Administration

17.7

34.1

24.3

10.5

33.4

32.5

32.9

22.7

Professional Services

5.9

1.4

1.7

0.9

0.3

1.5

0.8

5.2

N

170

290

584

555

6,195

6,882

7,646

7,553

Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
×

Life Sciences

 

Teaching

1.6

2.1

1.5

0.2

1.2

0.4

0.9

0.6

Basic Research

52.6

45.8

32.5

22.7

30.2

31.4

25.7

23.5

Applied Research

18.6

11.9

25.6

30.6

28.5

25.4

34.4

39.1

Production

3.9

10.6

6.2

8.4

2.7

5.0

4.0

5.3

Administration

22.1

25.3

31.3

22.2

35.5

35.2

32.4

22.1

Professional Services

1.2

4.3

3.0

15.9

1.9

2.7

2.7

9.5

N

489

771

1,793

3,098

6,385

8,064

9,496

10,181

Social/Behavioral

 

Teaching

5.4

0.0

1.1

0.6

2.8

1.1

4.8

0.8

Basic Research

7.4

7.1

3.8

3.1

7.8

5.6

2.8

3.9

Applied Research

11.5

17.5

26.0

21.7

16.0

21.7

26.1

23.5

Production

2.4

11.5

6.9

3.8

3.9

8.8

7.2

8.8

Administration

37.3

45.7

44.0

20.7

55.3

47.2

43.9

23.9

Professional Services

36.0

18.3

18.3

50.1

14.2

15.6

15.3

39.2

N

539

991

2,025

3,708

3,781

5,449

6,718

9,272

Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
×
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Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
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Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
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Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
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Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
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Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
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Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
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Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
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Page 263
Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
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Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
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Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
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Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
×
Page 267
Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
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Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
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Suggested Citation:"C: Tables." National Research Council. 2001. From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5363.
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Although women have made important inroads in science and engineering since the early 1970s, their progress in these fields has stalled over the past several years. This study looks at women in science and engineering careers in the 1970s and 1980s, documenting differences in career outcomes between men and women and between women of different races and ethnic backgrounds.

The panel presents what is known about the following questions and explores their policy implications: In what sectors are female Ph.D.s employed? What salary disparities exist between men and women in these fields? How is marital status associated with career attainment? Does it help a career to have a postdoctoral appointment? How well are female scientists and engineers represented in management?

Within the broader context of education and the labor market, the book provides detailed comparisons between men and women Ph.D.s in a number of measures: financial support for education, academic rank achieved, salary, and others. The study covers engineering; the mathematical, physical, life, and social and behavioral sciences; medical school faculty; and recipients of National Institutes of Health grants.

Findings and recommendations in this volume will be of interest to practitioners, faculty, and students in science and engineering as well as education administrators, employers, and researchers in these fields.

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