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Linking Science and Technology to Society's Environmental Goals
INDEX
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Linking Science and Technology to Society's Environmental Goals
A
ABS, 53
Access to information
cross-border issues, 207-209
environmental quality data, 145
EPA policy, 125
policy goals, 116
for public participation in policy-making, 207, 340
recommendations for, 7
tools for, 340
Acid rain, 62-63
Adaptive management, 337-338, 341
Agriculture
PCSD goals, 129, 440
in prairie ecosystem, 276
Agriculture, U.S. Department of, 145-146, 359-360
Air quality
CENR research goals, 108, 130
climate change risk reduction, 103
current scientific understanding, 333
demonstration graphics, 161
energy system pollution, 62
EPA goals, 102-103, 119
incentive-based management, 30
monitoring, 47
pollution prevention, 150-151
Animal testing, 8, 56, 58
Antartica, 39-40
Army Corps of Engineers, 364
Automobiles
alternatives to combustion engines, 10, 70
emission standards, 20-21, 293
environmental management in manufacture of, 308
negative effects, 10, 70
B
Biodiversity
CENR research goals, 130
current scientific understanding, 333-334
international agreements, 152
keystone species, 334-335
policy goals, 329-330
research needs, 338, 339, 341, 343
C
Canada, 199, 210-212, 217-219
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CENR. See Committee on Environment and Natural Resources
CFCs, 54, 296, 298, 306-307
Chemical contaminants
among causes of death, 460
byproducts, 55-56, 57
CENR research goals, 109-110
corporate management interventions, 318-319
current scientific understanding, 332-333
degradation behavior, 57
environmental concerns, 51-52
EPA safety goals, 122
groundwater contamination, 53
historical problems, 52-54
industrial ecology system for controlling, 77
industry self-regulation, 302-303
inter-agency goal consistency, 110
limitations of current knowledge, 7-8
measurement goals, 57-58
pesticides, 53
predictive modeling, 56-57, 58, 59
recommendations for research, 8, 58-59
regulatory system, 55
research needs, 56-58, 341
risk assessment, 454-455, 456
scale effects, 52
structure-activity relationship prediction, 55, 56
synergistic interactions in environment, 57
Chlorinated solvents, 54
Chlorinated water, 54
Clean Air Act, 292, 294
goals, 99, 102, 293
Clean Water Act, 292, 293, 294
Coal production and use
future prospects, 66
recommendations for research, 9-10, 70
Coalition for Environmentally
Responsible Economies, 296, 310-311
Command-and-control regulation, 29
Commerce, U.S. Department of, 146
Committee on Environment and Natural Resources (CENR), 18-19, 100
evaluation of goals, 112-115
goals for research, 107-110, 130-134
inter-agency goal comparison, 110, 116-118
Comparative risk assessment
community-level program, 253-254
environmental policy projects, 246-247, 258
project design, 246
recommendations for research, 6, 35
research needs, 31, 32
Congress, 419-422, 439
recommendations for, 7, 48
Continuous improvement, 88, 300
Corporate environmental management
conceptual approaches, 283-284
as eco-efficiency, 310
goal-setting, 288-296
goal-setting by individual firms, 297-302
goals for, 410-411
industry collaborations, 296, 302-308
industry-government collaborations, 296, 308-309
managing for environment, 288, 291, 309-311
measuring performance, 318-320
questions regarding, 320-322
stages of, 285-288
voluntary self-regulation, 295-296
Cost-benefit analysis
for incentive-based regulation, 5
pollution control technology, 27-28
public opinion, 183
recommendations for research, 5, 34-35
research needs, 31, 32
uncertainty of economic projections, 456-457
valuation of ecological services for, 339-340
Council on Environmental Quality, 136,145
Critical loads, 214
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D
DDT, 52
Defense, U.S. Department of, 353, 355, 358, 368
Demonstration graphics, 161-178
Design for environment, 76-77, 301, 311, 313-314
Developing countries
energy systems, 63, 70-71
environmental protection through political/economic systems, 424, 428-429
global implications of population growth in, 82-83
sustainable development in, 83-84
Dioxin, 54, 103
Drinking water
EPA budget, 350
EPA goals, 121
E
Earth Summit, 151
Ecological footprint, 84
Ecological knowledge
for assessing environmental change, 332, 337, 341-342
of climate change, 335-336, 341-342
of ecosystem thresholds, 335
evolution of, 328, 332
of genetic engineering effects, 336-337
of habitat loss/fragmentation, 333-334
limits of, 328
patterns of species diversity, 338
policy-making applications, 328-329
for predicting human impacts, 328-329, 341
public education for, 412, 447
for resource management, 331-332, 337-338, 340-341
for setting environmental management goals, 329-332, 338-340, 342, 343
of species addition/removal, 334-335
of toxic substance effects in environment, 332-333
for valuing ecological services, 330-331, 339-340
Economic analysis
calculating environmental externalities, 212
cost of natural resources, 425
economic growth and demand for environmental protection, 220-201
ecosystem approach to resource management, 147-148, 331-332
of energy system, 61-62, 64-65
environmental standards selection, 206
environmentally-sensitive purchasing, 75
equity issues in environmental justice, 439
growth vs. prosperity, 440-441, 445
industrial ecology perspective, 74
market-oriented environmental policy, 254-259, 410-411, 441
motivation to reduce pollution, 287
PCSD goals, 104-105
population growth, 81, 82
sustainable development, 83-84
uncertainty in economic projections, 456-457
valuation of ecological services, 74-75, 330-331, 339-340
See also Financial issues
Educational interventions, 412, 447
Electricity production and use, 9, 69
Endangered Species Act, 148, 186-187, 329, 330
Energy, U.S. Department of, 146, 355, 359, 370, 408-409, 460-461
Energy system
alternative resources for, 66
assessment per capita, 251
coal-based, 9-10, 66, 70
current research activities, 65, 426-427
demonstration graphics, 172-178
economic context, 61-62, 64-65
efficiency, 62, 65, 67-68
electricity, 9, 69
environmental effects, 61, 62-64
federal oversight, 146
fossil fuel-based, 10, 65-66
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global impact, 63
hydrogen as carrier for, 68, 70
life-cycle analysis, 314
nuclear power-based, 10, 66-67, 70
PCSD goals, 129, 441
pollution prevention interventions, 151
potential threats to, 9, 69
recommendations for policy, 10-11, 70-71
recommendations for research, 9-10, 69-70
renewable, 9, 64-65, 69
research goals, 68-69
research needs, 65-66, 67
social value, 61
wood-based, 63
Environment defined, 15
Environmental movement
conceptual basis, 423-424
consensus, 420-421
flawed assumptions about limits, 423-424, 425
origins of, 291-292
public identification with, 181
successes of, 427
Environmental Protection Agency
accomplishments, 432
air quality goals, 102-103, 119
budget, 348-350, 355, 361-362, 368, 370, 394-396
chemical product regulation, 55
climate change risk reduction, 103
comparative risk projects, 246
evaluation of goals, 112-115
goals and milestones, 17-19, 99, 101-103, 119-125,150, 433-436
inter-agency goal comparison, 110, 116-118
mission, 147, 292, 348, 432
origins and development, 136, 292, 348, 431
performance standards, 262
waste management policy, 103, 123
EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency
Epidemiology, 457-458
Equilibrium state, 328, 332
European Community
environmental policy, 228-230, 231, 233
environmental standards, 204-207
public participation in policy-making, 207-209
research community, 230
science policy, 230-231
F
Federal Insecticide. Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 55, 57
Financial issues
advantages of incentive-based regulation, 30-31
CENR research goals, 107
continuity of state environmental technology programs, 261-262
costs of environmental protection, 27-28
environmental component of federal budget, 365-368
federal budget analysis, 347-348, 370-372
federal budget process, 347
federal environmental budget, 350-355
See also specific federal agencies
funding status of environmental efforts, 24
funding support for regulatory requirements, 32
implementation of incentive-based protection, 32
international comparison of environmental protection costs, 210-213
nuclear fusion energy systems research, 67
public opinion on environmental spending, 184-185
selection of environmental indicators, 141-145
See also Economic analysis
Fisheries management, 402, 405-406
Food and Drug Administration, 55
Food safety/supply, 440, 450-452
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EPA goals, 121
international trade, 196-197
France, 206, 220-222
G
Genetic Engineering, 336-337
Germany, 196, 198, 200, 206, 213-214, 222-225
Global climate change, 24, 63
CENR research goals, 108-109, 132
current understanding, 335-336
disease risk and, 336
EPA goals, 103
inter-agency goal consistency, 110
international efforts, 151
monitoring, 405
research needs, 341-342, 440
Goals/goal-setting
assessment of trade-offs in, 111, 113, 116
based on rates of change, 13-14, 87-89
based on valuation of ecological services, 330-331, 339-340
CENR, 107-110, 130-134
community-level programs, 253-254
consensus, 22, 408, 420-421
contexts for setting, 244-245
corporate performance evaluation, 318-320
criteria for evaluation of, 111-112
designers of, 111-112, 114
for ecological monitoring, 37
economic growth vs. economic prosperity, 440-441, 445
end point, 13-14, 88, 89
environmental standards, 20
EPA, 99, 101-103, 119-125, 150, 433-436
evolution in corporate sector, 283-284
as expressed in federal budget, 347, 348, 370-372
geographic variation, 198-199
government-industry coalitions for setting, 308-309
inadequate descriptions, 99
of industrial ecology, 73
of industry, 20-21, 297-302, 320-322
of industry groups, 302-308
inter-agency comparison, 112-115, 116-118
inter-agency consistency, 99-100, 110,114-115, 457
knowledge base for decision-making, 38, 328, 329-332, 338-340
laws vs., 408
market considerations, 262-264, 410-411, 441
measures of success, 111, 112-113
moral context, 411
for national economic sustainability, 316-318
nature of, 288-290
NOAA, 403-405
objectives, 289
participants for setting, 263-264
performance standards, 262, 404
policy mechanisms for achieving, 111, 113
policy-making environment, 17-19, 117-118
pollution prevention, 150-151
President's Council on Sustainable Development, 104-107, 126-129, 437-447
priorities, 253
process, 290, 301-302
progress assessment, 111, 113
public perception of environmental risk, 21-22, 118
recommendations for, 14, 89
resource management, 331-332
role of technology for achieving, 424, 426-427
science policy, 194
scope of, 111, 112, 117
societal, 15-16, 22-25
stages of corporate environmental management, 290-296
state of the art, 117
state policies, 248-254
targets, 289-290
time frame, 111, 112, 117
unaddressed topics, 115-116, 117
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updating, 259-260
Green business, 255-256, 288
Groundwater contamination, 53, 103
H
Hazardous waste
CENR goals, 134
CENR research goals, 109-110
EPA goals, 124
Vermont experience, 272-274
Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of, 146
Health risks
of chemical contaminants, 460
disease outbreaks related to climate change, 336
lifestyle issues, 459-460
noncancer, 5, 32, 35
risk assessment methodology, 458-459
Heavy metals, 57
Hydrogen energy, 10
I
Incentive-based regulation
advantages, 4-5, 28-29, 34
applications, 32-33
effectiveness, 29-31
examples, 29
in industrial ecology approach, 79
recommendations for research, 5-6, 34-35
research needs, 32-34
tools for implementation, 5, 32, 34
Indicators of environmental quality, 44-45, 46, 105
conceptual framework, 137-139
cost considerations, 141-145
critical loads approach, 214
current practice, 137
definition, 139-140
demonstration graphics, 161-178
economic implications of standards selection, 206
evaluation of, 111-112
for international comparison, 213-215
marine fisheries, 405
public understanding, 154-156
research needs, 342
risk assessment for, 451
selecting data sets for, 156
selection criteria and procedure, 154-160, 444-445
state of the environment measures, 141
in state policy-making and regulation, 247-248
suspended sediment concentration as, 140
sustainable development approach, 149-150
validity, 154
Industrial ecology
analytical approach, 11, 73-74, 78
definition, 311-312
goals, 73, 76, 312
leverage for implementation, 75
material separation technologies, 77
obstacles to, 77-78
principles of, 312-313
products as services perspective, 74-75
recommendations for implementation, 12, 79
research needs, 11
selection of manufacturing process, 77
Infant mortality, 105
Information management
development of ecological science, 328
for federal budget analysis, 347, 371
for international comparison of environmental protection costs, 212-213
national data collection program, 415-416
science and policy-making, 193-194
See also Access to information;
Ecological knowledge;
Research
Inter-agency Committee on Environmental Trends, 137
Interior, U.S. Department of, 146, 355, 359, 413
National Biological Service, 414-417
International comparison civil service tradition, 210
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cost of environmental protection 210-213
environmental goals, 198-199
environmental pressures, 201-202
environmental quality, 213-215
environmental regulation, 194-197, 202-203
integrated environmental policy-making, 198
interdisciplinary research, 236
legislation, 203-204
regulatory procedure, 207-210
research activities, 237-238
significance for policy-making, 203, 215, 216-217
standards, 204-207
International Organization for Standardization, 304-305, 318-319
International relations chemical product test standards, 59
climate change research and policy, 63
coordination of environmental regulations, 27
coordination of environmental standards, 20, 204-207
coordination of research, 236
for environmental cooperation, 151-152
importance of, 203
for industry self-regulation, 296
population growth management, 82-83, 86
public participation in decision-making, 207-209
trade practice, 27, 152, 196-197
U.S. leadership role, 446-447
Internet, 7
ISO standards, 304-305, 318-319
J
Japan, 198, 233-235
Justice, U.S. Department of, 146
K
Keystone species, 334-335
L
Labor, U.S. Department of, 146
Land use planning, 197
Lead toxicity, 53
Life-cycle analysis, 76-77, 312, 314-316
Local conditions
regulatory consideration, 198-199, 201
research needs, 341, 342-343
resource management goals, 338
M
Marketable discharge permits, 29
Mercury, 54, 103
Miniecosystems, 57, 59
Minnesota Milestones program, 248-253
Monitoring of ecological systems
access to data, 7, 145
air quality, 47, 102
biological systems data, 40
chemical product effects, 57-58, 59
climate change, 405
Council on Environmental Quality responsibilities, 136-137, 145
current practice, 43, 46
data needs, 45-46
data sources, 140-141
for early warning, 45-46
environmental standards, 20
federal agencies for, 145-147
goals, 37, 46-47
historical practice, 37-40
importance of, 338
inadequacies in, 6-7, 41-42, 47-48, 115, 145
interdisciplinary collaboration, 215-216
NOAA activities, 402-406
organizational structure for, 7, 43-44, 48
physical systems data, 40
pressure-state-response model, 45, 138-139
for program assessment, 115
quality control, 42-43
for rates and directions of change, 13-14, 87-89
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recommendations for, 7, 48
selection of indicators, 44-45, 46, 105
technological advancement for, 401-402
See also Indicators of environmental quality
Moral issues, 411
N
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 355, 359, 368, 370-371
National Biological Service, 414-417
National Environmental Protection Act, 136, 197
National Forest Management Act, 148
National Institutes of Health, 357, 364-365, 368
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 146, 355, 363, 401-406
National Science Foundation, 355, 359
Natural disasters, 133
Negotiated conflict resolution, 32
Netherlands, 196, 198, 214-215, 316-318
North American Free Trade Agreement, 152
Nuclear fission, 63-64
current status as energy source, 66-67
recommendations for research, 10, 70
Nuclear fusion
current status as energy source, 67
recommendations for research, 10, 70
research costs, 67
O
Occupational Safety and Health Act, 55
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 212
Ozone layer, 238
P
PCBs, 53, 299
PCSD. See President's Council on Sustainable Development
Pesticides, 53
Petroleum energy
industry self-regulation, 303-304
transportation consumption, 10, 70
Pharmaceuticals, 55
Population growth
economic activity and, 81, 82
as environmental threat, 12, 81-83, 85, 449
management strategies, 82
monitoring, 403
PCSD goals, 128, 441, 446
policy goals, 84-85
policy issues, 13
policy-making environment, 12-13, 85
recommendations for policy, 13, 85-86
recommendations for research, 13, 86
risk assessment, 455
sustainable development and, 84
trends, 81, 403
Prairie ecosystem, 276-279
Predictive modeling
chemical products, 56-57, 58, 59
climate change effects, 335
habitat fragmentation effects, 333-334
need for, 417
species addition/removal, 334-335
status of ecological science, 328-329
toxic exposure methodology, 455
Presidential-Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management, 453-457
President's Council on Sustainable Development, 18-19, 100, 149, 150
evaluation of goals, 112-115
goals, 104-107, 126-129, 443-445
inter-agency goal comparison, 110, 116-118
origins and development, 437-443
Pressure-state-response model, 45, 138-139
state measures, 141
Preventive interventions
corporate environmental goals, 283
in corporations, 286-288, 291, 294-302
industry collaborations for, 302-308
market incentives, 262, 287
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pollution prevention, 150-151, 449-450
systems approach for, 415
Product design and development
chemical products, 52-55, 58, 59
energy systems, 65, 68-69
environmental management in, 287
industrial ecology approach, 11, 73-74, 311-313
life-cycle analysis, 301, 312, 314-316
nuclear fusion energy systems, 67
products as services perspective, 74-75
recommendations for, 12
Public perception/understanding
as component of state environmental strategies, 245, 259
confidence in environmentally-safe economic development, 180-181
of current environmental status, 182, 188
development of environmental consciousness, 291-292, 407, 408
of ecological science, tools for, 340
electoral significance of environmental issues, 187-188
of environmental protection strategies, 185-187
of government role in environmental protection, 182-183, 186-187, 412
identification with environmental movement, 181
of indicators of environmental quality, 154-156
of industry self-regulation, 302-305
participation in regulatory process, 207-209, 446, 450
of risk assessment, 460-461
salience of environmental issues, 181-182
of spending for environmental protection, 184-185
success of environmental strategies and, 263, 411-412
of trade-offs in environmental protection, 183-184
trends, 188-189
Q
Quantitative risk assessment
for incentive-based regulation, 5
for noncancer health outcomes, 5, 35
recommendations for research, 5, 35
research needs, 31, 32
R
Radioactive waste, 64
Recycling, 185
economic opportunity, 259-260
industry efforts, 305, 308-309
Regulatory system
accomplishments, 432
analytical tools for, 31
of Canada, 217-218
for chemical products, 55
civil service tradition, 210
command-and-control approach, 29
consideration of local conditions, 198-199, 201
continuity, 260-261
corporate environmental management as response to, 285-286, 290-291, 293-294
corporate perspective, 294-295
costs, 4, 27-28
of European Community, 228-230, 233
evolution of, 136, 196-197, 202-203, 292-293, 407-408, 421
executive branch organization, 145-147
of France, 220
funding support for, 32
of Germany, 222-223, 224-225
goals of, 17-19, 408
government-industry coalitions for goal-setting, 308-309
industry efforts to influence, 306, 307-308
industry goals and, 20-21
integrated environmental policy-making, 197-198
international comparison, 194-196, 202-210, 215-216.
See also specific country
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of Japan, 233-234
legislative component, 99, 203-204
market functioning, 262-264
model of corporate compliance, 283-284
obstacles to international coordination, 27
participants in decision-making, 32
permitting systems, 209-210
pollution prevention interventions, 150-151
public participation, 207-209
public perception, 182-183, 186-187
reform, 115-116, 432-433
risk management applications, 451-453
role of, 424
science and policy-making, 193-194
technological development and, 34
of United Kingdom, 225-226, 227-228
use of standards, 204-207
See also Incentive-based regulation
Renewable energy
economic considerations, 65
recommendations for research, 9
Research
biodiversity, 339
in Canada, 218-219
CENR goals, 107-110
chemical contamination, 8, 56-59
climate change, 63, 110
comparative risk assessment, 6, 31, 32, 35
cost-benefit analysis, 5, 31, 32, 34-35
development of ecological science, 328, 414
energy system, 9-10, 65-70
environmental component of federal budget, 365-368
EPA budget, 349, 355, 394-396
federal environmental budget, 355-365, 371-372
in France, 220-222
in Germany, 223-224
incentive-based regulation, 5-6, 32-35
industrial ecology, 11
integrated, 415-417
interdisciplinary social science, 115
international comparison, 237-238.
See also specific country
international cooperation, 236
in Japan, 234-235
limits of, 328
long-term needs, 332, 338, 341, 343
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 359
population growth, 13, 86
public health science, 457-461
quantitative risk assessment, 5, 31, 32, 35
science and policy-making, 442-443
scope of environmental science R&D, 357
state support for environmentally-oriented business, 254-259
technology trends, 401-402
transportation system, 10, 70
in United Kingdom, 226-227
See also Ecological knowledge;
Information management
Resource management
adaptive management, 337-338, 341
in developing world, 428-429
ecosystem approach, 147-149, 331, 339
effects of habitat loss, 333-334
federal agency activities, 146
flawed assumptions about limits, 423-424, 425
government-owned resources, 351
importance of, 414
knowledge base for policy-making, 331-332, 337-338, 340-341
land use planning, 197
marine fisheries, 402, 405-406
modeling human impacts, 328-329
proactive, 415
risk assessment for, 451
site-specific information, 338, 341, 342-343
sustainable development approach, 149-150
systems approach, 416-417
Risk assessment, 439
application, 409-410, 450
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bright line approach, 456
of Department of Energy sites, 460-461
ecological, 33
exposure modeling methodology, 455
health assessment and, 458-459
misunderstandings about, 453
objectives of, 450-453
Presidential-Congressional commission on, 453-457
public perception of current environmental status, 182, 188
regional variation, 201-202
toxin exposure limits, 454-455
variability and uncertainty in, 455-456
See also Comparative risk assessment;
Quantitative risk assessment
S
Seattle, Washington, 253-254
Social values
causes of death, policy-making and, 458-460
costs of environmental protection, 27-28
energy system, 61
environmental decision-making, 201
equity issues, 439, 444
federal budget as expression of, 348
goal-setting and, 245
goals for sustainable communities, 106
participants in policy-making, 32
public perception of environmental risk, 21-22
in risk assessment methodology, 442
scope of, 423
valuation of ecosystem services, 32, 330-331, 339-340
Solar energy, 68, 69
State, U.S. Department of, 146-147
State-level policy-making and regulation
agency goals, 116
community-level programs, 253-254
comparative risk projects, 246-247, 258
continuity, 260-262
environmental technology programs, 254-259
goal flexibility, 259-260
goal-setting, 244-245, 248-254, 263-264
industry-government collaborations, 296, 308-309
inter-agency coordination, 252-253
performance standards, 262
state-of-the-environment reports, 247-248
strategic approaches, 245
trends, 19, 244, 245
use of environmental indicators for, 247-248
Structure-activity relationship, 55, 56
Superfund, 349
Sustainable development
agricultural component, 440
definition, 149, 449
environmental indicators, 149-150
generational equity issues, 444
industrial practice for, 309-311
national goal-setting, 316-318
policy goals, 83, 149
rationale, 83-84
Systems engineering, 11-12, 73
T
Total quality management, 88, 288
Toxic Substances Control Act, 55
Trade-offs
assessment of, 111, 113, 116
public opinion, 183-184
Transportation, U.S. Department of, 147
Transportation system
energy use, 62, 70
federal oversight, 147
PCSD goals, 129
recommendations for research, 10, 70
Trihalomethanes, 54
U
United Kingdom, 196, 197, 199, 200, 225-228
Urban areas, 84
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V
Volatile organic compounds, 102
Voting patterns, 187-188
W
Waste management
CENR goals, 134
CENR research goals, 109-110
EPA goals, 103, 123
industrial ecology approach, 73-74, 78
in manufacturing companies, 298-301, 318-319
radioactive waste, 64
Vermont policy and performance, 271-274
Water quality
CENR goals, 134
current scientific understanding, 333
demonstration graphics, 166-171
designated use assessments, 268-269
EPA budget, 349, 350
EPA goals, 120
proactive interventions, 150-151
regulatory history, 196
suspended sediment concentration in streams, 140
Weapons manufacture, 24
Weather monitoring, 402-403, 404-405
White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, 7, 48
Workplace
chemical product regulation, 55
EPA goals, 121
federal oversight, 146
Z
Zero-emissions, 300
Representative terms from entire chapter:
sustainable development
