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OCR for page 185
Index
Accretion disks, 57, 59, 62, 108, 153
Advanced Solar Observatory (ASO), 17, 19,
33, 63, 78, 134
Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility
(AXAF), 15, 18, 19, 27, 31, 39, 44, 48,
50, 52, 53, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 82, 85,
133, 134-135, 141, 148-149, 158, 159
Andromeda Galaxy (Messier 31), 59, 70,
163
Antimatter and cosmology, 96
Apollo Telescope Mount, 23
Array processors, 74
Asteroids, 73, 107, 112
Astrometry, 17, 19, 23, 24, 34, 90, 134,
153-154
Astronomy and the forces of nature, 91-
98
Astrophysical theory, 8, 15, 19, 23, 126-
127
Balloons, 13, 23, 25, 67, 75, 101, 106, lp8-
109, 150, 160, 169
Barnard's star, 76, 89
Big bang, 37, 38, 95, 96, 97, 107
Binary stars, 56-58, 142
accretion of mass, 56
Black holes, 54, 57, 96, 97, 147, 153
evaporation of, 97
massive, 53, 62, 103
massive and Sagittarius A, 59
primordial, 97
Carbon monoxide (CO), 51, 68, 70, 85,
89, 151
Carbonaceous chondrites, 73, 89
Cataclysmic variable stars, 142, 159
Centaurus A, 60
Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observa-
tory, 117, 119
Comets, 72, 103, 108, 112
Computational facilities, 7, 15, 19, 127-
129
Computer codes for hydrodynamics, 74,
75
Copernicus ultraviolet observatory, 5, 8, 23,
67, 68, 70, 80, 84, 85, 103
COS-B satellite, 23, 69, 105
Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), 39,
41, 47, 107-108, 109, 141
Cosmic microwave background radiation,
9, 39, 41, 47, 95, 107, 120
Cosmic-ray experiments, 17, 19, 33, 134,
149-150
Cosmic rays, 50, 53, 54, 63, 64, 69, 70,
106, 109, 142, 149
acceleration of, 56, 63
isotopic composition of, 6, 56, 63
Cosmology, 37
185
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186
Crab nebula, 55, 59
Critical matter density, 43
Cyclotron resonance and determination
of magnetic fields, 57
Cygnus X-1, 57
Detectors, 14, 22, 123-125
charge-coupled device, 104, 125
cosmic-ray, 125
gamma-ray, 125
infrared array, 124
millimeter and submillimeter, 125
two-dimensional, 104, 124, 125
Deuterium, abundance of, in the Uni-
verse, 41, 44
Diffuse gamma-ray background radia-
tion, 38, 105
Diffuse x-ray background radiation, 38
Early Universe, 41
Einstein x-ray observatory, 6, 8, 22, 27,
39, 54, 60, 61, 69, 81, 134, 135, 158
Energy sources in the Universe, 91-92
European Space Agency, 102, 149
Expansion of the Universe, 37, 40, 96, 103
Explorer program, 14, 16, 19, 20, 25, 32,
101, 106-108, 134, 14~144, 150
Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE), 63,
108, 141, 160
Extreme Ultraviolet Telescope Facility
(EUVTF), 148
Far-Ultraviolet Spectograph in Space, 16,
19, 32, 65, 67, 68, 82, 85, 134, 144
145
Fluctuations, adiabatic, 46, 47
isothermal, 46, 47
matter, 46, 47
Formation of stars and planets, 66-76
Funding requirements, new, 18, 19
Galactic winds, 49
Galaxies, active, 52, 53, 58-60, 66, 105,
106, 140, 153, 159, 163
binary, 51
clusters of, 37, 41, 42, 135, 147, 159
clusters and superclusters, formation
of, 47, 138
distribution of, 38, 42
elliptical, 45, 49, 53
Index
evolution of, 9, 44-53, 103, 104, 112,
134, 137, 140, 147
formation of, 46-48, 134, 137
groups of, 41, 42
Hubble types, 45
interaction with their environment, 51-
53, 119
irregular, 45
l en ticu la r , 45
Local Group, 40
nuclei of, 59, 136, 144
radio, 52, 59, 145
Seyfert, 6, 52, 59, 145
spiral, 45, 49
superclusters of, 41
supermassive, 52
Galilean satellites of Jupiter, 73
Gallium neutrino detector, 80, 94, 114
115
Gamma-ray bursts, 6, 58, 64, 106, 109,
142, 159
Gamma-ray emission lines, 64
Gamma-ray experiments, 18, 158, 165
Gamma Ray Explorer, 5
Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO), 13, 25,
28, 30, 39, 63, 64, 66, 69, 97, 101, 105
106, 109, 165
Gamma-ray sources, 4, 5, 105
Gauge theory of weak and electromag-
netic interactions, 93, 94
General Theory of Relativity, 5, 96, 136,
153
Globular clusters, 40, 43, 47, 52, 102, 103,
137, 163
condensed, 58
Grand Unified Theories of elementary
particles, 47, 94, 96, 97
Gravitational radiation, 5, 17, 56, 96, 97,
161
instruments for detection of, 157, 161
Gravitational lens, 6, 147
Grazing Incidence Solar Telescope (GRIST),
111, 148
Hale (5-m) telescope, 22, 137
Heliosphere, 77, 79
Helium, abundance of in the Universe,
41, 44, 65
Hidden mass, 42 11, 93, 94, 147
High Altitude Observatory, 118
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Index
High Energy Astronomical Observatories
(HEAO S), 22, 23, 30, 38, 59, 109, 160
FIubble constant, 40, 120
Hubble time, 40
Hyades star cluster, 40
Hydrogen, molecules in interstellar space,
67, 71, 85
21-cm line of atomic, 45, 66
Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS), 22, 27,
104, 107, 139, 141, 162
Infrared radiation, 50, 69
Infrared spectroscopy, 6, 17
Infrared Telescope Facility on Mauna Kea,
118
Infrared telescopes, long-duration space-
flights of, 157, 161-162
Instrumentation, 14, 19
Interferometry, advanced, 18, 164-165
Intergalactic clouds, 41, 62, 65, 69
Intergalactic gas, 39, 41, 51, 120, 138, 142,
144, 163
Intergalactic medium in clusters of gal-
axies, 5, 43, 49, 142
International Solar Polar Mission (ISPM),
78
International Ultraviolet Explorer (lUE), 6,
8, 23, 54, 65, 81, 84, 85, 107
Interplanetary medium, 54, 142
Interstellar dust, 66, 67
source of in stellar winds, 85
Interstellar medium, 4, 45, 46, 66-70, 71,
103, 108, 110, 119, 139, 140, 142, 143,
144, 149, 159, 160
heating of, 5, 8, 56, 140
hot intercloud, 70
Interstellar radio communication, 88
Interstellar shock waves, 48, 56, 69, 70,
72, 75
lo, 5, 73, 88
Jupiter, 73, 88, 89, 108, 109, 144, 163
Kitt Peak National Observatory, 117
Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO), 22,
75, 109
Laboratory astrophysics, 15, 19, 23, 129-
130
187
Large Deployable Reflector (LDR) in space,
16, 19, 20, 27, 32, 47, 50, 73, 75, 76,
85, 112, 133, 138, 139-140, 163
Large Magellanic Cloud, 6, 58
Large-scale structure in the Universe, 37-
44
Las Campanas Observatory, 119
Life, in the solar system, 86-88, 89
in the Universe, 86, 88-90
Local Group of galaxies, 39, 40
Look-back time, 45, 51
Magnetic fields, reconnection of, 54, 83,
84
solar, 78, 82, 83
stellar, 82, 83
stellar, origin of, 82, 83
Magnetosphere of the Earth, 54, 83
Mars, 73, 86, 87
Masers, interstellar, 69, 85, 86
Mercury, 73, 87
Messier 31 (M31), 59, 70, 163
Messier 87 (M87), 52, 59
Meteorites, 72, 73
isotopic anomalies in, 74
Milky Way Galaxy, 27, 137, 145
Millimeter-Wave Radio Telescope, 25-Me-
ter, 14, 21, 25, 31, 50, 51, 68, 70, 71,
72, 74, 75, 102, 117, 119-122, 152
Molecular clouds, collapse of, 70, 74, 88,
89, 138, 140
dense cores in, 68, 71, 75
interstellar, 50, 68, 69, 70-72, 75, 88,
89, 112, 120, 138, 151
turbulence in, 70, 75
Molecular spectra, 50, 75
Molecules in interstellar space, 4, 21, 67,
71, 120, 151
Moon, 73
observatories on, 18, 158, 165-166
Multiple-Mirror Telescope (MMT), 21
National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 20,
24, 101, 105, 112, 113, 119
National Aeronautics and Space Admin-
istration (NASA), 13, 18, 23, 24, 25, 72,
101, 102, 103, 106, 108, 111, 115-117,
124, 126-127, 129, 130, 134, 140-144,
150, 162
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188
National Astronomy and Ionosphere
Center, 117
National Astronomy Centers, 14, 25, 102,
115, 117-119, 124, 127
National Bureau of Standards (NBS), 130
National Radio Astronomy Observatory,
117
National Research Council (NRC), 23, 24,
28
National Science Foundation (NSF), 13, 18,
20, 23, 24, 25, 29, 115-117, 124, 126,
129, 130
Neutrino astronomy, 14, 79, 93
Neutrino oscillations, 94
Neutrinos, and cosmology, 94
high energy, 94, 95
massive, 43, 44, 51, 93, 94
solar, 5, 25, 93, 102, 114-115
Neutron stars, 4, 55, 57, 58, 62, 64, 96,
97, 108, 142
mass of, 56
New Technology Telescope (NNT), 16, 18,
19, 27, 32, 42, 43, 45, 46, 50, 51, 52,
65, 73, 75, 85, 112, 133, 137-139
Nuclear energy and the Sun, 79-80, 92,
114
Nucleosynthesis, 3, 46, 48, 54, 55, 56, 64,
105, 106, 137, 149, 165
Nucleus of the Galaxy, 59
Orbiting Solar Observatory (oso), 23
Particle acceleration, 53, 54, 55, 83, 84
Planetary astronomy, 72, 164
Planetary atmospheres, 72, 73, 103, 112,
140
Planetary exploration, 72
Planetary magnetospheres, 72, 77
Planetary nebulae, 48
Planetary science, 72
Planetesimals, 74
Planets, detection of extrasolar, 89, 90, 91,
154, 165
life and intelligence on, 86-91
terrestrial, 74
Proton decay, 96
Protoplanetary disks, 76
Pulsar in a binary-star system, 5, 56, 97
Pulsars, 5, 55, 57, 64, 105, 110, 147
Index
Quantum chromodynamics (QCD), 93, 94
Quantum electrodynamics, 92
Quantum theory of gravitation, 97
Quarks, 93
Quasars, 4, 6, 9, 22, 27, 39, 52, 58, 60-
62, 65, 84, 103, 110, 112, 134, 136,
138, 142, 145, 147, 159, 163, 164, 165
absorption lines in, 41, 62, 65, 138
cosmological distances of, 61, 147
emission lines in, 61, 62, 65
energy source of, 61, 62, 65
gamma-ray sources, 61
luminosity indicators, 65
superluminal expansion, 5, 61
theoretical models, 62, 65
x-ray emission, 61
Red dwarfs, 43, 44
Red giants, 48, 50, 68, 85
Red shifts, dependence of galactic prop-
erties on, 45
surveys, 38, 42, 159
Rockets, 23, 25, 69, 101, 103, 106, 110, 169
Sacramento Peak Observatory, 117
Sagittarius A, 58
Saturn, 6, 73, 109
Scientific expertise at U.S. universities, 17,
19, 28, 34, 102, 115-117, 134, 154-155
Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
(SETI), 17, 19, 20, 28, 33, 90 - 91, 134,
150-151
Shock waves, 54, 55, 56
Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF),
14, 25, 27, 31, 48, 50, 51, 66, 67, 75,
76, 85, 101, 104, 110, 112-113, 138,
139, 161-162
Skylab satellite, 5, 23, 77
Small Astronomy Satellite-2 (SAS-2), 23,
69, 105, 109
Solar activity, long-term variations in, 77
Solar and stellar activity, 76-86, 114, 142,
147, 149
Solar atmosphere, circulation of, 83, 113
Solar constant, 143
Solar core, 79-80, 149
Solar corona, 4, 76, 77, 78, 143, 160
Solar cosmic rays, 76, 77
Solar Dynamics Explorer, 80
Solar Gamma Ray Telescope, 149
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Index
Solar interior dynamics, 80, 143
Solar flares, 23, 54, 63, 76, 77, 78, 113,
143, 149
Solar Maximum Mission (SMM), 23, 78
Solar nebula, 74
Solar Optical Telescope (SOT), 14, 25, 31,
33, 63, 78, 101, 110, 111, 112, 11
114, 148
Solar oscillations, 5, 80, 83
Solar Shuttle Facility, 111, 148
Solar Soft X-ray Telescope Facility (SSXTF),
111, 148
Solar system, 72-74
formation, 4, 74
Solar wind, 77, 143, 149
Spacelab, 14, 25, 101, 106, 109, 110-112,
148, 150, 159, 160, 169
Space platform, 111, 150, 160, 162, 165,
169
Space Telescope (ST), 13, 23, 24, 25, 27,
28, 30, 40, 41, 45, 46, 50, 51, 52, 53,
63,64,65,67,73,74,82,85,101,102-
105, 118, 127, 135, 137, 140, 144, 163
Spatial interferometer, 17, 19, 34, 134, 152
153, 158, 16~165
SS 433, 6, 58, 64, 146, 147
Star Probe, 79
Stars, collapsed, 43
formation, 9, 21, 49, 70, 84, 85, 107, 119,
136, 140, 163
formation, sequential, 72
Starspots, 81
Stellar mass loss, 6, 8, 50, 66, 84-86, 108,
119, 152-153
Stellar parallaxes, 153, 163, 165
Stellar winds, 80, 81, 84, 85
Submillimeter-wave antenna, 10-m, 17,
19, 34, 50, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75,
134, 151-152
Sun, coronal eruptions, 77
coronal holes, 5, 77
x-ray bright points, 77
Sunspot cycle, 76, 113
Supernovae, 3, 6, 48, 49, 54, 64, 74, 97,
142, 159
and cosmic rays, 55
remnants, 53, 58, 64, 106, 135, 142, 144,
159, 165
189
shock waves in, 5, 8, 55, 56, 64, 70, 74
Type I, 54, 56, 57
Type II, 54
Synchrotron radiation, 45, 53, 55, 61
Technical support, 15, 19, 130-131
Telescopes of 2-5-m class, 16, 19, 22, 33,
134, 146-148
Theory and data analysis, 15, 126-127
Titan, atmosphere of, 88
Uhuru satellite, 4, 8, 57
Uranus, rings of, 6, 109
Venus, 73, 87, 109
Very Large Array (VLA), 20, 21, 27, 28, 30,
45, 58 117, 127, 135
Very large telescope in space, 157, 162
163
Viking mission to Mars, 73, 87
Very-Long-Baseline (VUB) Array, 15, 18,
19, 27, 31, 64, 66, 85, 112, 133, 135
136, 145, 146, 164
Very-long-baseline interferometry (veal),
5, 10, 58, 59, 61, 85, 145
in space (space MOBS), 16, 19, 33, 66, 134,
145-146, 164
Violent events, 53-66, 119
Virgo cluster of galaxies, 40, 41, 52, 103,
163
Voyager space probe, 5, 6, 73, 88
White dwarfs, 51, 56, 108, 142, 159
X-ray bursters, 58, 64, 108
X-ray observatories, 17, 157, 158-161
X-ray pulsars, 57, 142
X-ray sky, low-resolution survey of, 8,
158
x-ray sources, 4, 8, 108, 135, 141-142
in binary-star systems, 4, 57, 64, 136,
142, 147
X-ray structure of the Universe, 159
X-Ray Timing Explorer (XTE), 64, 65, 108,
141, 160
X-ray variability, 158
Representative terms from entire chapter:
cosmic rays
