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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5501.
×

Index

A

Acellular antigens, 11, 18, 20, 28, 30, 129, 446

Adenovirus, 29, 33

Adjuvants, 34–35, 372–377, 430

animal models, 373–374, 375, 376

defined, 372

diabetes, 388

Helicobacter pylori, 365–366

hepatitis C virus, 336

Histoplasma capsulatum, 358

mycobacterium tuberculosis, 352–353

papillomaviruses, 340

Administration of vaccines, see Delivery of vaccines

Adolescents, see Children

Adults, 23, 47–50, 100, 111, 112

chlamydia, 149

dengue virus, 345–346

Epstein-Barr virus, 7, 88, 177

hepatitis B, 18

hepatitis C, 189

herpes simplex virus, 196

influenza virus, 21, 224

papillomaviruses, 213

pneumonococcal vaccines, 21

polio, 24

streptococus, group B, 6, 305–306, 307, 309

Streptococcus pneumoniae, 314

see also Elderly persons; Men; Women

African Americans, 50

Age factors, 4, 435

Coccidiodes immitis, 160, 359

cost-effectiveness model, analytic approach, 60, 66, 68–69, 80–83, 84

cost-effectiveness model, detailed review, 93, 95, 98–100, 101–103, 105

diabetes mellitus, 233

ethical issues, 112

Helicobacter pylori, 181, 182

herpes simplex virus, 197

Histoplasma capsulatum, 207, 208

influenza virus, 225–226

melanoma, 239

multiple sclerosis, 245

mycobacterium tuberculosis, 252, 253

parainfluenza virus, 275

quality-adjusted life years, 58, 66, 68–69, 80–82, 84, 80–83, 84, 95, 98–99

respiratory syncytial virus, 279, 280, 281

rheumatoid arthritis, 285, 286

streptococcus, group A, 299

streptococcus, group B, 305, 306

Streptococcus pneumoniae 313, 314

see also Adults; Children; Elderly persons; Infants

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5501.
×

Aggregation

ethical issues, 117–118, 119

quality-adjusted life years, 2, 56

AIDS, see Human immunodeficiency virus

American Academy of Pediatrics, 45, 126

American College Health Association, 49

Americans with Disabilities Act, 112–113

Animal models, 419, 423, 425, 426–427, 436

adjuvants, 373–374, 375, 376

antigen delivery, 378–379, 380

autoimmune diseases, 386–387, 388–395, 399–403, 404–407

chlamydia, 349, 350–351

cholera, 376

Coccidiodes immitis, 357, 358–359

costimulation 408

diabetes, 386–387, 388–395

DNA vaccines, 382–383

Epstein-Barr virus, 333–334

gonorrhea, 368–369, 371

Helicobacter pylori, 365–366

hepatitis C virus, 335, 336, 337, 338

herpes simplex virus, 328–329

Histoplasma capsulatum 357–358

papillomaviruses, 340–341

programmed T-cell death, 397

streptococcus, group A, 361–362, 363

Antigens, 18, 20, 26–27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 35, 40, 377–381, 412, 417, 420–424, 432

acellular, 11, 18, 20, 28, 30, 129, 446

autoimmune disease, 35–38

chlamydia, 350–351

Coccidiodes immitis, 358–359

dengue virus, 346

diabetes, 387–388

DNA vaccines, 381–386

gonorrhea, 368–371

Helicobacter pylori, 367

hepatitis B virus, 378

hepatitis C virus, 337

Helicobacter pylori, 364

Histoplasma capsulatum 358

influenza virus, 223

multiple sclerosis, 399, 400

polio, 24

programmed T-cell death, 37, 395–399, 409, 410–411

streptococcus, group A, 360

see also B cells; T cells

Apoptosis, 37, 395–399, 409, 410–411

Attenuated live viruses, 19, 20, 379

herpes simplex virus, 328–329

mycobacterium tuberculosis, 352

polio, 24–25

Attitudes

physicians, 47

public complacency and fear, 9, 46, 73–74, 130

vaccine acceptance, 11, 20

Autoimmune diseases, 1, 12, 35–38, 45, 380, 399–407

animal models, 386–387, 388–395, 399–403, 404–407

antigens, 35–38

diabetes mellitus, 6, 35, 37, 37, 54, 67, 87, 90, 233–238, 386–389, 391, 392, 393–395, 403

cancer therapy, 427–429, 431

multiple sclerosis, 6, 35, 54, 87, 245–249, 397, 399–400

programmed T-cell death, 397–399

rheumatoid arthritis, 6, 35, 54, 67, 87, 285–290, 403

T cells, 35–38, 233, 245, 389–391, 392–395, 399–406 (passim)

B

Barriers to research and development, 11, 13, 90, 130–131

see also Litigation; Market forces

B cells, 28, 32, 35, 380, 381, 436

adjuvants, 372, 376

autoimmune disease, 36, 37

diabetes, 387, 391

Epstein-Barr virus, 330, 332, 334

Helicobacter pylori, 364

streptococcus, group A, 362

see also Mucosal immunity

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5501.
×

Biotechnology, 26, 30, 33–34, 90, 379, 381–386

attenuated live viruses, 19, 20, 24–25, 328–329, 352, 379

Epstein-Barr virus, 332–333, 334

hepatitis B virus, 18, 379

hepatitis C virus, 337

herpes simplex virus, 327–328

Histoplasma capsulatum 358

hybridoma, 30

monoclonal antibodies, 29–30

mycobacterium tuberculosis, 355

papillomaviruses, 339–340

risk capital, 125

Salmonella, 31–32

see also DNA; Genomes; RNA

Bordetella pertussis, 11, 18, 19, 20, 28, 30, 46

Borrelia burgdorferi, 7, 44, 54, 88, 91, 100, 143–148

Burkitt’s lymphoma, 330, 331, 332, 333

C

Canada, 49, 62, 66, 68, 96, 99

Cancer, 1, 12, 185, 189, 190, 194, 213–219, 381, 411, 415–433

autoimmune therapy, 427–429, 431

Epstein-Barr virus, 330–333

melanoma, 6, 54, 88, 89–90, 239–243, 421

papillomaviruses, 338–342

Caribbean region, 343

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 14, 28, 50, 100, 125, 126

Central nervous system, 67, 399–403

herpes simplex virus, 196–200 (passim), 202, 204, 328

multiple sclerosis, 6, 35, 54, 87, 245–249, 397, 399–400

see also Neisseria meningitidis

Children, 7, 8–9, 45–47, 60, 69, 72, 80–82, 91, 99, 100, 101, 111, 130, 377

American Academy of Pediatrics, 45, 126

CDC recommendations, 28

chlamydia, 6, 88, 157

combination vaccines, 9, 18, 38, 46–47, 75, 130

contraceptive vaccines, health effects, 76

cytomegalovirus, 6, 90, 167

dengue virus, 343, 345

Epstein-Barr virus, 7, 88, 177, 179, 330–331, 333

gonorrhea, 6, 88

Helicobacter pylori, 181

herpes simplex virus, 6, 88, 196, 203, 329

influenza virus, 223–224

liability issues, 128–129

meningitis, 267

National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act, 20–21, 128–129, 258

papillomaviruses, 6, 88, 219, 342

pregnant, 51

polio, 24

record-keeping, 46, 47, 49

respiratory syncytial virus, 88, 279, 280, 281

rotavirus, 291–292

school entry immunizations, 7, 8–9, 20, 49, 90, 130

Shigella, 295

streptococcus, group A, 299, 363

streptococcus, group B, 6, 93, 310, 311–312

Streptococcus pneumoniae 313, 314, 315

Vaccines for Children Program, 47, 131

see also Infants

Children’s Vaccine Initiative, 127–128

China, 334

Chlamydia, 6, 54, 67, 88, 89–90, 97, 149–158, 347–351, 368

Cholera, see Vibrio cholerae

Clinical trials, 9, 19, 70, 105, 126, 406, 417, 424, 430–431, 436

djuvants, 373, 374

AIDS, 373, 379

Bordetella pertussis, 30

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5501.
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Coccidiodes immitis, 7, 19

dengue virus, 345–346

diabetes, 387

Epstein-Barr virus, 329, 333

funding, 125

gonorrhea, 371

herpes simplex virus, 327

mycobacterium tuberculosis, 352, 353–354, 355

papillomaviruses, 342

programmed T-cell death, 397–398

respiratory syncytial virus, 6, 19

streptococcus, group A, 362, 363

Cloning, 26, 36

Coccidiodes immitis, 7, 19, 44, 54, 88, 90, 91, 159–164, 356–359

Cognitive impairments, 62, 64–65

Combination vaccines, 9, 18, 38, 46–47, 75, 130, 436

elicobacter pylori, 364, 366–367

herpes simplex virus, 327

Computer technology

committee’s model, application of, 13, 95

Internet, IOM, 4, 323

physician reminders, 48

Confidentiality, 47

Conjugate vaccines

Haemophilus influenzae, 11

varicella-zoster virus, 11, 18

Cost and cost-effectiveness analysis, general, 2–3, 11, 12, 17, 20, 435–436, 437

age factors, analytic approach of model, 60, 66, 68–69, 80–83, 84

age factors, detailed review of model, 93, 95, 98–100, 101–103, 105

aggregation, 2, 56, 117–118, 119

children, 46

combination vaccines, 47

death rates, analytic approach of model, 61–62, 66, 68, 78–79, 80–83, 86

death rates, detailed characterization of model, 95, 97–98, 100, 103–104

defined, 56

discounting, 18, 60–61, 68–69, 74, 80, 83, 85–86, 97–98, 99, 101–103, 105–107, 114–115

ethical issues, 3–4, 58, 75, 109–122, 128, 129

licensure possibilities, scope of study at hand, 39, 40, 43

licensure process, 19–20, 54–55, 58;

see also Time factors

life expectancy, analytic approach of model, 57, 66, 68, 76, 120

life expectancy, detailed characterization of model, 95–96, 98, 99, 101–102, 103, 104, 106–107

mathematical formulae, 94–97, 99, 101–106 (passim)

model, analytical approach, 53–92

model, detailed description, 93–108

morbidity/morbidity scenarios, analytic approach of model, 61–66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 76, 78–79, 80–85

morbidity/morbidity scenarios, detailed characterization of model, 95, 96, 97, 98, 108

opportunity costs, 74, 115–116, 130

polio, 25–26

pregnant women, 22

ranking of vaccines covered, 5–8

reasons for, 57

sensitivity analysis, 3, 57

specific diseases/pathogens/vaccines,

lists of, 54–55, 87–91

review for each, 143–433;

see also diseases/pathogens/vaccines found in lists

utilization of vaccines, analytic approach of model, 72–73, 75, 76, 79, 80, 86, 88, 89, 91

utilization of vaccines, detailed characterization of model, 95, 107–108

see also Death rates; Efficacy of vaccines; Morbidity scenarios; Quality-adjusted life years

Contraceptive vaccines, 75–76

Costimulation, 372, 373, 375, 389, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 407–412, 419

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5501.
×

Court cases, see Liability issues;

Litigation

Cuba, 343

Cystic fibrosis, 33, 42

Cytokines, 27, 374, 409–411, 415, 429–433

autoimmune disease, 36, 38, 389–392, 404–405

chlamydia, 348–349

dengue virus, 344

gonorrhea, 371

Interleukin, 27, 38, 348–349, 372, 373, 374, 388, 389, 390–394, 396, 402–403, 405–406, 409, 410, 411–412, 420, 424, 430, 432

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 6, 19, 20, 22, 54, 87, 89, 90, 165–171

D

Death rates, 377

as assessment criterion, 27

model, analytic approach, 61–62, 66, 68, 78–79, 80–83, 86

model, detailed characterization, 95, 97–98, 100, 103–104

chlamydia, 149

Coccidiodes immitis, 159, 160, 162

dengue virus, 343

gonorrhea, 257

Helicobacter pylori, 181, 182

herpes simplex virus, 198

Histoplasma capsulatum, 207, 208

influenza virus, 225–226

malaria, 43

melanoma, 239

meningitis, 267, 268

mycobacterium tuberculosis, 252, 253, 351

parainfluenza virus, 273

polio, 24

papillomaviruses, 215

respiratory syncytial virus, 279, 281, 283

rheumatoid arthritis, 287

rotavirus, 291

streptococcus, group B, 305, 307, 309

Streptococcus pneumoniae 313, 321

see also Life expectancy; Quality-adjusted life years

Dengue hemorrhagic fever, 342–347

Dental caries, 44–45

Delivery of vaccines, 130

adults, 47–50

antigens, various, 377–381

children, 45–47

DNA vaccines, 381–386

intranasal immunization

mycobacterium tuberculosis, 354

polio, 25–26

pregnant women, 50–51

see also Noninjection routes; Utilization of vaccines; Vaccine schedules

Demographic factors, 58

see also Age factors; Immigrants; Men; Race/ethnicity; Regional factors; Travelers; Urban areas; Women

Dengue hemorrhagic fever, 8

Department of Health and Human Services, 20–21

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 14, 28, 50, 100

Food and Drug Administration, 14, 125, 126, 362, 367, 373, 374;

see also Licensure, vaccines

Health Care Financing Administration, 71, 106

see also National Institutes of Health; specific institutes

Developing countries, 1, 17, 127–128, 173, 355, 360

Diabetes mellitus, 6, 35, 37, 54, 67, 87, 90, 233–238, 386–389, 391, 392, 393–395, 403

Diptheria, 20, 28, 30, 46, 49

Disabilities, 63–66, 68, 78–79, 86, 89, 97–98

cognitive impairments, 62, 64–65

emotional impairments, 64–65

ethical factors, 111, 112–113, 114–115

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5501.
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mobility impairments, 24, 25, 64, 126–127

sensory impairments, 62, 64, 64, 67, 236

Disability-adjusted life years, 63, 66, 111, 112

Discounting, 18, 60–61, 68–69, 74, 80, 83, 85–86, 97–98, 99, 101–103, 105–107

ethical issues, 114–115

quality-adjusted life years, 18, 60–61, 68–69, 114–115

time factors, 68–69, 86, 101

Disease burden, 7–8, 11, 12, 43–45, 86, 89, 126, 127, 129

cost-effectiveness analyses, specific diseases, 24–25, 42–43, 143–437 (passim);

see also specific pathogens

ethical issues, 109, 117–118, 121

malaria, 42–43

polio, 24–25

waterborne pathogens, 42

workshop summaries, specific diseases, 326–433 (passim)

see also Death rates; Disabilities; Epidemiology; Incidence; Morbidity

Disease scenarios, see Death rates; Incidence; Morbidity scenarios; Prevalence;

Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries, 1, 11

Diseases of Importance in the United States, 1, 11, 17

DNA, 33, 34, 90, 381–386, 418, 420, 421, 422

antigen delivery, 380, 395

chlamydia, 348

Coccidiodes immitis, 358–359

dengue virus, 346

Epstein-Barr virus, 330, 331

hepatitis B virus, 379

hepatitis C virus, 335, 336, 337

HIV, 382–383

papillomaviruses, 6, 54, 88, 213–221, 338–342, 384, 433

transfection, 32, 34

tuberculosis, 383–384

see also Genomes

Drug resistance, 131, 380

gonorrhea, 368

malaria, 43

mycobacterium tuberculosis, 252, 253–254, 351

E

E-coli, see Escherichia coli

Economic factors, 9

market forces, 9, 19, 125–126

see also Cost and cost-effectiveness analysis; Funding

Efficacy of vaccines, 32, 71–72, 79, 80, 94, 95, 107–108

Borrelia burgdorferi, 145, 147

chlamydia, 157

Coccidiodes immitis, 163, 164

cytomegalovirus, 170

diabetes mellitus, 237, 238

DNA vaccines, general, 384

enterotoxigenic E. coli, 174, 176

Epstein-Barr virus, 179, 180

gonorrhea, 264, 265

Helicobacter pylori, 186–187

hepatitis C virus, 193

herpes simplex virus, 203, 204, 328, 329

Histoplasma capsulatum, 209, 210

influenza virus, 229, 230

melanoma, 242

meningitis, 271, 272

multiple sclerosis, 248

mycobacterium tuberculosis, 254, 255, 256, 351–352, 355

papillomaviruses, 219, 220

parainfluenza virus, 276

respiratory syncytial virus, 282, 283

rheumatoid arthritis, 289

rotavirus, 292–293

Shigella, 296–297

streptococcus, group A, 303–304

streptococcus, group B, 310–312

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5501.
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Streptococcus pneumoniae 320–321

see also Clinical trials; Quality-adjusted life years

Elderly persons, 23, 47–48, 49, 80–82, 100, 112

Helicobacter pylori, 181

influenza, 48, 223–224

Medicare, 4, 49–50

parainfluenza, 6, 273, 275

rheumatoid arthritis, 285

respiratory syncytial virus, 279

streptococcus, group B, 6, 7, 47–48, 310

Streptococcus pneumoniae 313, 314, 316–317, 319–321

ELISA, see Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays

Emotional impairments, 64–65

Emergency departments, 49

Enterococci, 42

Enterotoxigenic E. coli, see Escherichia coli

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, 341, 342

Epidemiology, 12, 17, 26, 44, 435

dengue virus, 343

hepatitis C virus, 334–335

poliomyelitis, 23–26, 91–92

see also Death rates; Incidence; Morbidity; Morbidity scenarios; Prevalence

Epstein-Barr virus, 7, 54, 67, 88, 177–180, 329–334

Equations, see Mathematical formulae

Escherichia coli, 7, 54, 67, 88, 91, 173–176, 361, 365–366, 374, 379

Ethical issues, 3–4, 109–122, 128, 129

aggregation, 117–118, 119

committee membership, 14

confidentiality, 47

contraceptive vaccines, 75

incidence of disease, 117, 118

pregnant women, 22

quality-adjusted life years, 3–4, 58, 111, 112, 113, 114–115, 120–121, 129–130

transplants, 120–121, 122

worst-off/sickest persons, 119–120

see also Quality of life

Europe, 347, 367, 377

Expanded Programme on Immunization, 127–128

Expert judgment, 3, 12

committee membership, 14, 17

list of, 437–442

morbidity scenarios, 97

survey instrument, 435–437

F

Fairness, see Ethical issues

Federal Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 45

Fertility, 62, 65, 151, 155, 259, 264

contraceptive vaccines, 75–76

Food and Drug Administration, 14, 125, 126, 362, 367, 373, 374

see also Licensure, vaccines

Foreign countries, 1, 5, 8, 11, 17, 39, 42–43, 59, 110

dengue virus, 343

polio, 25

pregnant women, 21

see also Developing countries; Immigrants; Travelers; specific countries

Formulae, see Mathematical formulae

Funding, 8, 19, 123–126, 436

National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act, 20–21

G

Gender factors, see Men; Women

Genetics, 233

Epstein-Barr virus, 330–332

Helicobacter pylori, 364–365

papillomaviruses, 339–340

see Biotechnology; DNA; Genomes; RNA

Genomes, 32, 395

Epstein-Barr virus, 330–331, 333–334

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5501.
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hepatitis C virus, 335

herpes simplex virus, 327, 328

influenza, 223

Geographic factors, see Developing countries; Foreign countries; Regional factors; Urban areas

Glycopolymers, 374

Glycoprotein vaccines, 19, 20, 33, 223, 327, 336, 380, 382–383

Gonorrhea, see Neisseria gonorrhea

Group A streptococcus, 6, 43, 54, 67, 88, 299–304, 359–363

Group B streptococcus, 6, 19, 20, 54, 67, 87, 88, 89, 90, 129, 305–312

adolescent girls, 93

pregnant women, 7, 21, 22, 23, 93

Guillain-Barré syndrome, 21

H

Haemophilus influenzae (Hib), 11, 18, 19, 23, 28, 46–47, 114, 126

Health Care Financing Administration, 71, 106

Health care workers

hepatitis B, 18

hepatitis C virus, 337

see also Nurses; Physicians

Health departments, 46, 49

varicella-zoster virus, 18

Health insurance, 131

children, 47, 90

incentives to, 9

performance measures, 7

Health utility index (HUI), 62–68 (passim), 76, 96, 97, 98–99, 102

Borrelia burgdorferi, 143, 145, 146

chlamydia, 150, 151–152

Coccidiodes immitis, 161, 162

cytomegalovirus, 165–166, 167

diabetes mellitus, 234

enterotoxigenic E. coli, 173

Epstein-Barr virus, 177, 178

ethical issues, 117, 119

gonorrhea, 257, 258

Helicobacter pylori, 181, 182, 183

hepatitis C virus, 191

herpes simplex virus, 196, 200

Histoplasma capsulatum, 208

influenza virus, 227

melanoma, 239

meningitis, 267–268

multiple sclerosis, 246

mycobacterium tuberculosis, 252, 254

papillomaviruses, 214, 215–216

respiratory syncytial virus, 279

rheumatoid arthritis, 286

streptococcus, group A, 300, 301

streptococcus, group B, 305

Streptococcus pneumoniae 313

Heat shock proteins, 353

Helicobacter felis, 30

Helicobacter pylori, 6, 54, 67, 88, 181–188, 363–367

Hepatitis A virus, 11, 18, 19, 334, 337

Hepatitis B virus, 11, 18, 19, 28, 30, 44–44, 47–48, 114, 334, 337, 378, 379, 412–415

Hepatitis C virus, 6, 54, 88, 189–194, 334–338, 433

Herpes simplex virus, 6, 19, 22, 54, 67, 88, 195–205, 326–329, 384

Herpesvirus (Epstein-Barr), see Epstein-Barr virus

Hispanics, 50

Histoplasma capsulatum 7, 44, 54, 67, 89, 91, 207–212, 356–359

Historical perspectives, 123–124

childhood immunizations, 46

hepatitis, 334

IOM studies, 1, 2, 11, 17, 123–124

litigation, 20–23

malaria, 42–43

quality-adjusted life years, 2, 56

polio, 23–26, 91–92

syphilis, 41

vaccine development, 12

Hodgkin’s disease, 330, 331

Hospitals and hospitalization, 4, 48–49, 67, 106

cost-effectiveness, general, 59, 71

chlamydia, 153–156

Coccidiodes immitis, 161, 162

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5501.
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cytomegalovirus, 166, 167, 168–169

gonorrhea, 257–263 (passim)

Helicobacter pylori, 184–185

hepatitis C virus, 190, 192

herpes simplex virus, 202–203

Histoplasma capsulatum, 209, 211

influenza virus, 224, 227

melanoma, 240, 241

meningitis, 268, 269, 270

multiple sclerosis, 246, 247

mycobacterium tuberculosis, 252, 254, 255

nosocomial infections, 9, 18, 41, 42, 131

papillomaviruses, 214

parainfluenza virus, 274, 275

respiratory syncytial virus, 20, 281, 282

rheumatoid arthritis, 286, 288

streptococcus, group A, 301–302

streptococcus, group B, 306, 307, 308, 309

Streptococcus pneumoniae 318–320

HUI, see Health utility index

Human immunodeficiency virus, 2, 13–14, 22, 32, 42, 43, 44, 112, 119–120, 159–160, 165, 195, 330, 368, 373, 377, 379, 380, 382–383, 386

Human papillomaviruses, see Papillomaviruses

Humoral immunity, 41

adjuvants, 373

Coccidiodes immitis, 357

hepatitis C virus, 337

Histoplasma capsulatum 357

see also B cells; Mucosal immunity; T cells

Hybridoma, 30, 401–402, 404–405

I

Iceland, 378

Immigrants

Borrelia burgdorferi, 7, 88, 145

Coccidiodes immitis, 7, 88, 159, 161, 163

Histoplasma capsulatum, 7, 89, 207, 209

Immune system, general, 26–30, 377

Coccidiodes immitis, 358–359

chlamydia, 349–351

dengue virus, 345–346

gonorrhea, 368–369

hepatitis C virus, 336

herpes simplex virus, 327, 329

Histoplasma capsulatum 357–358

mycobacterium tuberculosis, 352–353

papillomaviruses, 339

pregnant women, 22–23

streptococcus, group A, 363

see also Adjuvants; Antigens; Autoimmune diseases; B cells; Macrophages; Mucosal immunity; Peptide therapy; T cells

Immunoglobin, 27, 28, 29–30, 32, 33, 378, 379–380, 408, 426

Epstein-Barr virus, 334

Helicobacter pylori, 364, 366

streptococcus, group A, 362

transplacental transport, 22–23

Impairments, see Disabilities; Morbidity

Incidence, 3, 435

Bordetella pertussis, 143, 144

chlamydia, 149–152, 347

Coccidiodes immitis, 159, 160, 162, 356–357

cost-effectiveness model, analytic approach, 58, 68, 80–84 (passim), 87, 89

cost-effectiveness model, detailed review, 100

cytomegalovirus, 165–166

dengue virus, 343

diabetes mellitus, 233

enterotoxigenic E. coli, 173

Epstein-Barr virus, 177, 329–330

ethical issues, 117, 118

gonorrhea, 257, 367–368

Helicobacter pylori, 181, 182, 183, 363

hepatitis C virus, 189, 191, 334

herpes simplex virus, 196, 197, 326

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5501.
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Histoplasma capsulatum 207, 208, 356–357

influenza virus, 224, 225, 227

melanoma, 239, 240

meningitis, 267, 268

multiple sclerosis, 245

mycobacterium tuberculosis, 252, 253, 351

papillomaviruses, 213, 338

parainfluenza virus, 6, 273

polio, 24–25

respiratory syncytial virus, 279, 280

rheumatoid arthritis, 285

rotavirus, 291

Shigella, 295

streptococcus, group A, 299, 300, 360

streptococcus, group B, 305, 306

Streptococcus pneumoniae 313, 314

see also Death rates

Infants, 8–9, 23, 45–47, 60, 69, 84, 100, 101

Borrelia burgdorferi, 7, 88, 145

chlamydia, 152, 153, 156, 347–348

Coccidiodes immitis, 7, 88, 161, 163

cytomegalovirus, 165–166, 168, 170

enterotoxigenic E. coli, 7, 88, 173

Haemophilus influenzae, 11, 114

Helicobacter pylori, 88

hepatitis B virus, 18, 114

herpes simplex virus, 6, 88, 199, 201, 326, 327–328

Histoplasma capsulatum 7, 89, 209

meningitis, 7, 23, 89, 267

parainfluenza virus, 6, 273, 275

respiratory syncytial virus, 6, 19, 279, 280, 281, 282

rotavirus, 6, 88, 291–292

Shigella, 7, 89, 295, 296, 297

streptococcus, group A, 6, 88, 303

streptococcus, group B, 20, 23, 88, 305, 307, 308

Streptococcus pneumoniae 314

tuberculosis, 91

varicella-zoster virus, 18

see also Pregnant women

Infertility, see Fertility

Inflammatory response, 35, 36, 37, 385, 390, 397, 398, 411–412, 422, 423, 428

adenoviruses, 33

central nervous system, 399, 401, 402, 403

disbetes, 233, 386, 387

gastric, 363, 264

heat shock protein, 351

macrophage activation, 372, 373

multiple sclerosis, 245

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), 150, 153, 257, 348

peptides, 403, 404, 405, 406

rheumatoid arthritis, 285

Influenza virus, 6, 11, 19, 22, 30, 34, 48–50, 54, 59–60, 67, 87, 89, 223–231, 382, 386

litigation, 21

see also Parainfluenza virus

Insert baculovirus system, 30

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, see Diabetes mellitus,

Insurance, see Health insurance

Interferon, 351, 357, 373, 387, 388, 392, 393, 409

Interleukin, 27, 38, 348–349, 372, 373, 374, 388, 389, 390–394, 396, 402–403, 405–406, 409, 410, 411–412, 420, 424, 430, 432

International perspectives, see Foreign countries

Internet, IOM, 4, 323

Intranasal delivery, 9, 28, 29–30, 33, 34, 37, 47, 130, 355, 358, 361–362, 366, 378, 380

J

Japan, hepatitis C virus, 334

L

Legislation, general

pregnant women, 7

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5501.
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school entry immunizations, 7, 8–9, 20, 49, 90, 130

Legislation, specific

Americans with Disabilities Act, 112–113

National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act, 20–21, 128–129, 258

Less-developed countries, see Developing countries

Liability issues, 19, 128–129

see also Litigation

Licensure, vaccines, 1, 4, 5, 11, 18–19, 39, 43, 89–91, 436

Borrelia burgdorferi, 145

chlamydia, 157

Coccidiodes immitis, 20

cytomegalovirus, 20, 167

diabetes mellitus, 234, 237

enterotoxigenic E. coli, 174

Epstein-Barr virus, 179

funding issues, 8

gonorrhea, 6, 20, 264, 265

Helicobacter pylori, 185

hepatitis A, 18

hepatitis B, 18

hepatitis C, 190

herpes simplex virus, 201

Histoplasma capsulatum, 209

influenza virus, 228

length of process, general, 19–20, 54–55, 58, 60–61, 79, 80–82, 90, 95, 108, 121, 437

melanoma, 240

meningitis, 271

multiple sclerosis, 246

mycobacterium tuberculosis, 253

papillomaviruses, 219

parainfluenza virus, 20, 276

polio, 25, 126–127

respiratory syncytial virus, 20, 280

rheumatoid arthritis, 287, 289

rotavirus, 18, 292

Shigella, 296, 297

streptococcus, group A, 302

streptococcus, group B, 20, 306–309

Streptococcus pneumoniae 317, 321

therapeutic vaccines, general, 45

varicella-zoster virus, 18

see also Animal models; Clinical trials; Time factors

Life expectancy, general

cost-effectiveness model, analytic approach, 57, 66, 68, 76, 120

cost-effectiveness model, detailed characterization, 95–96, 98, 99, 101–102, 103, 104, 106–107

ethical issues, 112, 113, 120

see also Quality-adjusted life years

Litigation, 8, 20–23, 127, 128–129

pregnant women, 21–23

streptococcus, group B, 6

see also Liability issues

Local government, see Health departments

Lymphocytes, see B cells; T cells

M

Macrophages, 27, 28, 246, 353, 357, 372, 373, 374, 375, 377, 378, 392, 393, 399, 401, 402–403, 409, 430, 432

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 26–27, 32–37 (passim), 344, 350, 358, 373, 381, 390, 399–400, 404, 406, 407, 410–422 (passim), 430, 432, 433

Malaria, 8, 42–43

March of Dimes, 24

Market forces, 9, 19, 125–126

Mathematical formulae, 94–97, 99, 101–106 (passim)

Measles, 20, 28, 49, 131, 386

Medicaid, 118

Medicare, 4, 49–50

Melanoma, 6, 54, 88, 89–90, 239–243, 421

Men, 68, 97, 98–99

chlamydia, 97, 149–153 (passim), 155–156, 347

gonorrhea, 257, 258, 260, 263, 264–265

herpes simplex virus, 326

papillomaviruses, 214, 216, 218–219

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5501.
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Meningitis, see Neisseria meningitidis

Microspheres, 378–379, 380

Migration, see Immigrants

Military personnel, 330, 356

Minority groups, see Race/ethnicity

Mobility impairments, 64

polio, 24, 25, 126–127

onoclonal antibodies, 29–30

herpes simplex virus, 327

Mononucleosis, see Epstein-Barr virus

Monophosphoric lipid-A, 373

Morbidity, 61–66, 67, 68, 78–79, 108

as assessment criterion, 27, 39, 80–82, 95, 96

health utility index, general, 62–68 (passim), 76, 96, 97, 98–99, 102

scenarios, see Morbidity scenarios; specific diseases listed under Health utility index

chlamydia, 347–348

Coccidiodes immitis, 356

dengue virus, 342–343

Epstein-Barr virus, 330

gonorrhea, 368

hepatitis C virus, 334

Helicobacter pylori, 363–364

Histoplasma capsulatum 356

malaria, 43

papillomavirus, 338–339

streptococcus, group A, 359–360

see also Disabilities; Quality-adjusted life years

Morbidity scenarios, 69, 71, 78, 80–85, 95, 96, 97, 98

Bordetella pertussis, 143–144, 146

chlamydia, 150, 151–152

Coccidiodes immitis, 162

cytomegalovirus, 165–166, 167

diabetes mellitus, 234

enterotoxigenic E. coli, 173

Epstein-Barr virus, 177

gonorrhea, 257, 259

Helicobacter pylori, 182–183, 363–364

hepatitis C virus, 190, 191

herpes simplex virus, 196, 198–199

Histoplasma capsulatum, 208, 210

influenza virus, 224, 227

melanoma, 239–240, 241

meningitis, 267–269

multiple sclerosis, 246

mycobacterium tuberculosis, 252, 254

papillomaviruses, 214, 215–216

parainfluenza virus, 273, 274

respiratory syncytial virus, 279, 281

rheumatoid arthritis, 285–286, 287

rotavirus, 291

Shigella, 295

streptococcus, group A, 299–300

streptococcus, group B, 305–306, 307

Streptococcus pneumoniae 313, 315–317

see also Health utility index

Mortality, see Death rates

Mucosal immunity, 27, 28–30, 32, 33, 47

adjuvants, 374–375, 376

antigen delivery, 377, 378, 380

autoimmune disease, 35, 37

chlamydia, 348

Epstein-Barr virus, 333

Helicobacter pylori, 365

papillomaviruses, 338–339, 341

streptococcus, group A, 362

see also B cells; Intranasal delivery

Multiple sclerosis, 6, 35, 54, 87, 245–249, 397, 399–400

Mumps, 20, 28, 49

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 6, 54, 88, 89–90, 91, 100, 251–256, 351–355, 383–384, 386

N

Nasal delivery, see Intranasal delivery

National Cancer Institute, 339–341

National Center for Health Statistics, 14

National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act, 20–21, 128–129

National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis-March of Dimes, 24

National Health Interview Survey, 50

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5501.
×

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 17, 18, 110, 124–125, 126

National Institute of Child Health and Development, 125

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 356–357

National Institutes of Health

hepatitis C virus, 334, 336

HIV research, 13–14

papillomaviruses, 339–341

study at hand, methodology, 14, 110

National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, 20–21, 128–129

Neisseria gonorrhea, 6, 20, 54, 67, 88, 100, 257–265, 367–372

Neisseria meningitidis, 7, 19, 23, 54, 66, 67, 89, 200, 251, 267–272

streptococcus, group B, 20, 23, 88, 305, 307, 308–309

Streptococcus pneumoniae 313–320 (passim)

Neonates, see Infants;

Pregnant women

New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities, 1, 11, 17

Noninjection routes, vaccines, 9, 25, 29, 31–34, 47

diabetes, 387–388

intranasal administration, 9, 28, 29–30, 33, 34, 37, 47, 130, 355, 358, 361–362, 366, 378, 380

oral administration, 9, 28, 29, 31–32, 37, 130, 378, 380

polio, 20, 25–26, 28–29, 32

tuberculosis, 354, 355

particulate vaccines, 30–34

rotavirus, 20–29

Nosocomial infections, 9, 18, 41, 42, 131

Nurses, 49, 255

O

Occupational health, see Health care workers

Older persons, see Elderly persons

Ontario Health Survey, 96

Opportunity costs, 74, 115–116, 130

Oral administration, 9, 28, 29, 31–32, 37, 130, 378, 380

diabetes, 387–388

Helicobacter pylori, 366

mycobacterium tuberculosis, 354, 355

polio vaccine, 20, 25–26, 28–29, 32

Organ transplants, see Transplants (organs)

P

Pain, 62, 65, 260–261

Pan-American Health Organization, 25

Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine, 56, 85

Papillomaviruses, 6, 54, 88, 213–221, 338–342, 384, 433

Parainfluenza virus, 6, 19, 20, 54, 88, 273–277

Particulate vaccines, 30–34

Pasteur Institute, 340

Peptide therapy, 26–27, 33, 35–36, 37, 358, 395, 396, 410, 411, 412–432 (passim)

adjuvants, 373, 374, 375

autoimmune diseases, 399–401, 403–407

chlamydia, 350

dengue virus, 344

Epstein-Barr virus, 333, 334

gonorrhea, 369, 370

hepatitis B virus, 412–415

multiple sclerosis, 399, 300

streptococcus, group A, 362

Pertussis acellular vaccine, 11, 18, 20, 28, 30, 129

Physicians, 17, 47–48

Borrelia burgdorferi, 145

chlamydia, 153–156

Coccidiodes immitis, 161, 162

cytomegalovirus, 166, 168–169

diabetes mellitus, 234, 235–236

enterotoxigenic E. coli, 174

Epstein-Barr virus, 178, 179

gonorrhea, 260–264 (passim)

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5501.
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Helicobacter pylori, 184

hepatitis C virus, 192

herpes simplex virus, 202–203

Histoplasma capsulatum, 211

influenza virus, 228

melanoma, 240, 241

meningitis, 270

multiple sclerosis, 246, 247

mycobacterium tuberculosis, 252, 255

papillomaviruses, 214, 215, 217–219

parainfluenza virus, 274, 275

respiratory syncytial virus, 282

rheumatoid arthritis, 286, 288

Shigella, 295–296, 297

streptococcus, group A, 302

streptococcus, group B, 306, 308, 309

Streptococcus pneumoniae 318–320

varicella-zoster virus, 18

Poliomyelitis, 20, 23–26, 28–29, 32, 91–92

Poverty

ethical issues, 115–116, 118

Medicaid, 118

see also Developing countries

Pregnant women, 7, 21–23, 50–51, 69, 91, 101, 128–129

chlymadia, 154, 347–348

contraceptive vaccines, 75–76

fertility, 62, 65, 151, 155, 259, 264

gonorrhea, 259, 368

hepatitis C virus, 334

herpes simplex virus, 326–327

meningitis, 22

parainfluenza, 88

streptococcus, group B, 20, 90, 93, 306, 307, 309, 310–311

Streptococcus pneumoniae 22

tetanus toxoids, 23

time of delivery, 20, 23, 51

various pathogens, 22

Prevalence

cost-effectiveness model, analytic approach, 68

cost-effectiveness model, detailed description, 100

see also Incidence

Privacy, see Confidentiality

Private sector, 8, 19, 105, 125, 436

market forces, 9, 19, 125–126

papillomaviruses, 342

streptococcus, group B, 6

see also Health insurance; Litigation

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 42, 44, 128

Psychological factors, see Attitudes; Cognitive impairments; Emotional impairments

Psychomotor impairments, see Mobility impairments

Puberty, see Children

Public Health Service, 56

Public opinion, see Attitudes

Q

Quality-adjusted life years, 2, 57, 58, 61–69, 76–89, 95–99 102–104, 106, 107–108

age and, 58, 66, 68–69, 80–82, 84, 80–83, 84, 95, 98–99

aggregation, 2, 56

average population health states, 66, 68

definitional issues, 2, 56, 58, 61–62, 86, 95

disability-adjusted life years, 63, 66, 111, 112

discounting, 18, 60–61, 68–69, 114–115

ethical issues, 3–4, 58, 111, 112, 113, 114–115, 120–121, 129–130

mathematical formulae, 95, 96, 99

see also Life expectancy

Quality-adjusted life years, specific vaccines

Borrelia burgdorferi, 147

chlamydia, 157, 158

Coccidiodes immitis, 163–164

cytomegalovirus, 167, 170–171

diabetes mellitus, 237, 238

Enterotoxigenic E. coli, 174, 176

Epstein-Barr virus, 179–180

gonorrhea, 264–265

Helicobacter pylori, 186–187

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5501.
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hepatitis C virus, 193–194

herpes simplex virus, 204

Histoplasma capsulatum, 210, 211

influenza virus, 229–230

melanoma, 241, 242–243

meningitis, 271, 272

multiple sclerosis, 248, 249

mycobacterium tuberculosis, 254, 256

papillomaviruses, 220

parainfluenza virus, 276, 277

ranking of vaccines covered, 5–7

respiratory syncytial virus, 282–283

rheumatoid arthritis, 289

rotavirus, 293

Shigella, 296, 297

streptococcus, group A, 301, 303, 304

streptococcus, group B, 307, 310–312

Streptococcus pneumoniae 315, 320—321

Quality of life, general, 15

Quality of Well-Being Scale, 63, 66

R

Race/ethnicity, 50

syphilis, 41

see also specific racial/ethnic groups

Receptor-centered regulation, 22, 26, 29, 30–31, 36, 37–38, 407, 418, 426

chlamydia, 349, 350

dengue virus, 343–344

gonorrhea, 369, 370–371

hepatitis B virus, 412–413

streptococcus, group A, 360

virus-like particles, 30–31

Record-keeping, 46, 47, 49

Regional factors, 7, 44, 71, 88, 89, 91, 93, 105, 128

Borrelia burgdorferi, 144, 145

chlamydia, 347

Coccidiodes immitis, 159

dengue virus, 343

gonorrhea, 257, 367–368

Histoplasma capsulatum 207, 209, 356–357

mycobacterium tuberculosis, 352, 355

see also Developing countries; Foreign countries; Immigrants

Respiratory syncytial virus, 6, 19, 20, 22, 23, 43, 54, 88, 90, 279–284

Rheumatoid arthritis, 6, 35, 54, 67, 87, 285–290, 403

RNA

dengue virus, 342–347

diabetes, 388

Epstein-Barr virus, 330

gonorrhea, 368

hepatitis C virus, 335, 336

Rotavirus, 6, 11, 18, 19, 22, 28–29, 54, 88, 291–294

Rubella, 20, 28

S

Salmonella, 31–32

Schedules, see Vaccination schedules

School entry immunizations, 7, 8–9, 20, 49, 90, 130

Sensitivity analysis, 3, 57

Sensory impairments, 62, 64, 64, 67, 236

Sex differences, see Men; Women

Sexually transmitted diseases, 7

chlamydia, 6, 54, 67, 88, 89–90, 149–158, 347–351, 368

hepatitis C virus, 334–335

herpes simplex virus, 6, 19, 22, 54, 67, 88, 195–205, 326–329, 384

gonorrhea, 6, 20, 54, 67, 88, 100, 257–265, 367–372

human immunodeficiency virus, 2, 13–14, 22, 32, 42, 43, 44, 112, 119–120, 159–160, 165, 195, 330, 368, 373, 377, 379, 380, 382–383, 386

papillomaviruses, 6, 54, 88, 213–221, 338–342, 384, 433

syphilis, 41

Shigella, 7, 43, 54, 100, 295–297, 379

Socioeconomic status, see Poverty; Race/ethnicity

Southeast Asia, 339, 343

Staphylococcus aureus, 42

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5501.
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State public health programs, see Health departments

Streptococcus, see Group A streptococcus; Group B streptococcus; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus mutans, 44–45

Streptococcus pneumoniae 6, 21, 43, 47–48, 49, 54, 60, 88, 89, 313–322

Syncytial virus, see Respiratory syncytial virus

Syphilis, 41

T

Target populations, see Age factors; Immigrants; Men; Race/ethnicity; Women

T cells, 26–35, 408–409, 410, 415–433 (passim), 436

adjuvants, 372–373, 374, 376

antigen-induced programmed cell death, 37, 395–399, 409, 410–411

autoimmune disease, 35–38, 233, 245, 389–391, 392–395, 399–406 (passim)

chlamydia, 348–349, 350

cholera, 375

Coccidiodes immitis, 357

dengue virus, 344–345, 346, 347

diabetes mellitus, 233, 387–389, 391, 392, 393–395

Epstein-Barr virus, 330, 331, 332, 333

DNA vaccines, 378, 380, 381, 382, 383, 385

Helicobacter pylori, 364

hepatitis B virus, 412, 413–415

hepatitis C virus, 335, 337–338

herpes simplex virus, 329

Histoplasma capsulatum 357

mycobacterium tuberculosis, 353–355

papillomaviruses, 342

Tetanus, 20, 23, 28, 30, 46, 49

Time factors, 68–69, 79, 86

Bordetella pertussis, 145

chlamydia, 156

Coccidiodes immitis, 161

cytomegalovirus, 167

development/licensure process, 19–20, 54–55, 58, 60–61, 79, 80–82, 90, 95, 108, 121, 437

diabetes mellitus, 234, 237

enterotoxigenic E. coli, 174

Epstein-Barr virus, 179

gonorrhea, 264

Helicobacter pylori, 185

hepatitis C, 190

herpes simplex virus, 201

Histoplasma capsulatum, 209

influenza virus, 228

melanoma, 240

meningitis, 271

multiple sclerosis, 246, 248, 249

mycobacterium tuberculosis, 252, 254

papillomaviruses, 219, 220

parainfluenza virus, 276, 277

respiratory syncytial virus, 280, 282–283

rheumatoid arthritis, 287, 289

rotavirus, 292, 293

Shigella, 296, 297

streptococcus, group A, 302, 304

streptococcus, group B, 306, 311

Streptococcus pneumoniae 317, 321

discounting, 68–69, 86, 101

licensure possibilities, scope of study at hand, 39, 40, 43

patient time costs, 74

patterns of vaccine use, 60, 93–94

pregnant women, 20, 23, 51

Tobacco, 379–380

Tourists, see Travelers

Transfection, 32, 34, 416, 418, 423–424

Transplants (organs), 391

cytomegalovirus, 165, 169

Epstein-Barr virus, 330

ethical issues, 120–121, 122

hepatitis C virus, 334

Travelers, 105

E. coli, 7, 88, 173, 174

malaria, 42–43

Shigella, 7, 89, 295, 296, 297

Treponema pallidum, 41

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5501.
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Tuberculosis, see Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tyler’s murine encephalomyelitis, 399

Typhoid, 29, 30, 47

U

Urban areas

influenza, 50

syphilis, 41

Utilization of vaccines, 9, 39, 45, 130

Borrelia burgdorferi, 147

chlamydia, 157

Coccidiodes immitis, 163, 164

complacency and fear, 9, 46, 73–74 [ALL]

cost-effectiveness model, analytic approach, 72–73, 75, 76, 79, 80, 86, 88, 89, 91

cost-effectiveness model, detailed review, 95, 107–108

cytomegalovirus, 170

diabetes mellitus, 237, 238

E. coli, 174, 176

Epstein-Barr virus, 179, 180

gonorrhea, 264, 265

streptococcus, group B, 6

Helicobacter pylori, 186–187

hepatitis C virus, 193, 194

herpes simplex virus, 204

Histoplasma capsulatum, 210

influenza virus, 229, 230

melanoma, 242, 243

meningitis, 271, 272

multiple sclerosis, 248, 249

mycobacterium tuberculosis, 253–254, 255, 256

papillomaviruses, 219, 220

parainfluenza virus, 276, 277

respiratory syncytial virus, 281, 282, 283

rheumatoid arthritis, 289

rotavirus, 292–293

school entry immunizations, 7, 8–9, 20, 49, 90, 130

Shigella, 296–297

specific vaccines, various, 53

streptococcus, group A, 303–304

streptococcus, group B, 310–312

Streptococcus pneumoniae 320–321

see also Attitudes; Barriers to research and development; Delivery of vaccines

V

Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, 20–21, 128–129

Vaccine schedules, 45–46, 431–432

Borrelia burgdorferi, 145, 147

chlamydia, 157

Coccidiodes immitis, 163

cytomegalovirus, 170

diabetes mellitus, 237

enterotoxigenic E. coli, 174

Epstein-Barr virus, 179

gonorrhea, 264

Helicobacter pylori, 186

hepatitis C virus, 193, 336

herpes simplex virus, 203, 329

Histoplasma capsulatum, 209

influenza virus, 229

melanoma, 242

meningitis, 271

multiple sclerosis, 248

mycobacterium tuberculosis, 254

papillomaviruses, 219

parainfluenza virus, 276

respiratory syncytial virus, 282

rheumatoid arthritis, 289

rotavirus, 292

Shigella, 296

streptococcus, group A, 303

streptococcus, group B, 310

Streptococcus pneumoniae 320

Vaccines for Children Program, 47, 131

Varicella-zoster virus, 11, 18, 19, 28

Vector-borne pathogens, 8, 42–43, 342–347

Vibrio cholerae, 30, 31, 35, 374, 375–376, 378

Virus-like particulates, 30–34

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5501.
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Visting Nurse Assocations, 49

W

Waterborne pathogens, general, 42

World Bank, 63

World Health Organization, 21, 25, 63

Women, 68, 98–99

chlymadia, 97, 149, 150–152, 153, 154

contraceptive vaccines, 75–76

fertility, 62, 65, 151, 155, 259, 264

gonorrhea, 257, 258, 259–265

papillomaviruses, 214, 215, 217, 338–342

respiratory syncytial virus, 6, 280, 281

streptococcus, group B, 6, 88, 309, 307, 310

syphilis, 41

see also Pregnant women

World Wide Web, see Internet

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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5501.
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Page 459
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5501.
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Page 460
Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking Get This Book
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Vaccines have made it possible to eradicate the scourge of smallpox, promise the same for polio, and have profoundly reduced the threat posed by other diseases such as whooping cough, measles, and meningitis.

What is next? There are many pathogens, autoimmune diseases, and cancers that may be promising targets for vaccine research and development.

This volume provides an analytic framework and quantitative model for evaluating disease conditions that can be applied by those setting priorities for vaccine development over the coming decades. The committee describes an approach for comparing potential new vaccines based on their impact on morbidity and mortality and on the costs of both health care and vaccine development. The book examines:

  • Lessons to be learned from the polio experience.
  • Scientific advances that set the stage for new vaccines.
  • Factors that affect how vaccines are used in the population.
  • Value judgments and ethical questions raised by comparison of health needs and benefits.

The committee provides a way to compare different forms of illness and set vaccine priorities without assigning a monetary value to lives. Their recommendations will be important to anyone involved in science policy and public health planning: policymakers, regulators, health care providers, vaccine manufacturers, and researchers.

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