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DONNEL FOSTER HEWETT
June 24, 1 881-February 5,1971
BY JAMES GILLULY
DONNEL FOSTER HEWETT lived a long, fruitful, and satisfying
life that impinged on many fields of science and many
persons. He was alert and productive almost to the day of his
death at the age of eighty-nine; in fact, two of his papers were
in the press at that time. And he had the satisfaction, granted
to few, of participating constructively in the evolution of eco-
nomic geology as a profession during a period of explosive
technologic progress and of being everywhere recognized for his
contributions to these developments.
Foster Hewett was born tune 24, 1881, at Irwin, Pennsyl-
vania, son of George C. Hewett and Hetty Barclay Foster
Hewett. Both his father and his paternal grandfather were
highly successful mining engineers; his maternal grandfather
had served as a Congressman from Pennsylvania and had once
been a candidate for the governorship. Hewett's mother died
lichen he was only three years old, and for more than ten years
he was reared in the household of his mother's sister, Mrs.
Frank A. Hopper, in Washington, D.C. He attended elementary
schools in Washington until 1895 when his father remarried and
established a family home in Atlanta, Georgia, where he was
then employed by the Southern Railway Company. Young
Foster had visited his father in some of the western mining areas
during vacations and had become something of an amateur
111
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112
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
mineralogist; now rejoined with his engineer father, Foster was
taken as a companion on many mine examinations in Alabama
and Georgia—experiences that surely influenced his own final
choice of a profession.
At fourteen young Hewett entered the Georgia School of
~ · ~ ~
Technology where he remained for a year and a half before
dropping out to attend a business college. In the fall of 1897,
when he was sixteen years old, he was employed as a stenog-
rapher and typist for several months. By this time he had de-
cided on an engineering career, so he entered the National
Capitol University School in Washington in order to prepare
for college.
In the fall of 1898 Hewett enrolled at Lehigh University at
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, as a student of chemistry, metallurgy,
and mining. Something of his outgoing personality is revealed
by his election to the presidency of his class. He was graduated
with high honors in 1902 as Bachelor of Metallurgy. He re-
mained on at Lehigh for a year as an instructor in mineralogy
and metallurgy and became one of the most skillful determina-
tive mineralogists of his time. At Lehigh he had come under
the influence of Joseph Barrell, one of the ablest geologists of
his generation, and acquired the enthusiasm for geology that
remained with him through life.
In 1903 Hewett entered the employ of the Pittsburgh Test-
ing Laboratories as a mining engineer. This firm was at that
time one of the largest consulting organizations in the mineral
industries and the twenty-two-year-old Hewett, fresh from the
classroom, was given flattering responsibilities from the begin-
ning—responsibilities he quickly showed he was fully able to
meet. Between 1903 and 1909 Hewett examined, mapped, and
reported on scores of mines in widely scattered parts of the
United States, Mexico, Canada, and Peru. The commodities
sought ranged widely over the held of economic geology:
arsenic, coal, gold, lead, silver, vanadium, and zinc.
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DONNEL FOSTER HEWETT
113
In 1906 Hewett was primarily responsible for the discovery
of the largest vanadium deposit in the world, at Mina Ragra,
Peru. This was a fantastic ore deposit, from which nearly a
dozen minerals new to science have been described. Hewett's
skill as a chemist enabled him to recognize that the minerals
of the ore body, though previously unknown, were rich in
vanadium. The world supplies of vanadium had previously
been insufficient to justify any of the steel manufacturers ventur-
ing into the commercial production of vanadium steel, though
its superiority for many uses had been recognized. Hewett
realized, after mapping the surface ore, that he had before him
a probable ore body that might revolutionize the steel industry,
as indeed it has. He reported his findings to his principals in
Pittsburgh, urging their immediate consideration. They had
enough confidence in the judgment of this twenty-five-year-old
engineer to act immediately on his recommendations. Their
long-term reward was many millions of profits.
During these exciting and broadening experiences, Hewett
became more and more convinced of the need for applying
detailed geologic studies to the search for ores in a much more
intensive way than was usual at the time. He decided, therefore,
to undertake graduate studies in geology. In 1909 he enrolled
in the Yale Graduate School to study with his old friend and
counselor, Joseph Barrell. Although Hewett had originally
planned to remain for only one year, a gift from the now pros-
perous Vanadium Corporation of America in acknowledgment
of his work at Mina Ragra enabled him to finance a second year
and thus to complete the residence requirements for the doctor-
ate. His thesis and the award of the degree were delayed, how-
ever, until 1924.
The appeal of the scientific aspects of economic geology was
so great that Hewett was now more attracted to the research
~ Of the new minerals found at Mina Ragra, hewettite and metahewettite
were named in his honor.
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114
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
program of the United States Geological Survey than to the
more directly economic work he had hitherto carried on. Ac-
cordingly in the spring of 1911 he took the three-day examina-
tion then required for a Civil Service appointment. He attained
a high score and entered on duty as a {unior Geologist in the
Geological Survey on June 1, 1911. Except for two brief periods
of leave, he was to continue in the Survey until his death, more
than fifty-nine years later.
Hewett's first assignment was to the coal fields of the Big
Horn Basin of Wyoming, in association with C. T. Lupton. He
quickly made significant contributions to the stratigraphy of the
region and discovered the Heart Mountain thrust, still one of
the most interesting and provocative structural features in the
United States. He also discovered, and demonstrated convinc-
ingly, that bentonite, so widely distributed in the Cretaceous
strata of the West, is an alteration product of volcanic ash. His
elucidation of the systematic tilting of the anticlines of the
Big Horn Basin was later of considerable value to the petroleum
producers of the region. Few two-year field projects have pro-
duced so much.
Later assignments were to Oklahoma for studies of petro-
leum and manganese—the beginning of his lifelong interest in
manganese minerals and their origin; to Oregon, where he
studied the gold deposits of the Blue Mountains in conjunction
with Joseph T. Pardee; to Cuba, for studies of manganese and
iron. After nearly ten years of such miscellaneous assignments,
Hewett entered upon his most productive mapping program,
the study of the geology and ore deposition of the southern
Great Basin. Though often interrupted by other duties? this
project, under various titles, was to occupy him as long as he
could do strenuous fieldwork; his other main scientific interest,
the study of the emplacement of manganese, could be pursued
even after arduous fieldwork was no longer possible.
Hewett began his Great Basin work in the Goodsprings
mining district, in southern Nevada. Goodsprings was not and
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DONNEL FOSTER HEWETT
115
never has been a major mining area, but it became famous after
Hewett, in 1924, announced the discovery there of the close
association of dolomitization with the deposition of lead and
zinc ores; an association that, soon recognized, was used the
world over as a guide to such ore deposits. Most of the leading
petrologists of the early twenties were agreed that magnesium is
an element early fixed in magmatic rocks and that it could have
little association with the more soluble and readily mobilized
elements of ore deposits such as those of lead and zinc. Hewett's
careful mapping and detailed observations in Nevada showed
this viewpoint to be entirely wrong. In a few weeks in 1926 he
showed that some of the classic ore districts of Europe (in
Sicily, northern Italy, and Poland) were similarly encased in
hydrothermal dolomite like that at Goodsprings. But he like-
wise showed that this association is by no means universal; the
famous mines of Laurium have no such dolomitic mantles. As
with most geologic phenomena, a common association is not
necessarily an invariable one.
Goodsprings was also the scene of Hewett's recognition of
the large thrust faults that characterize the southern Great
Basin. He recognized that, while some of the thrusts were of
Tertiary age, many were older. When he completed the Good-
springs study he expanded his fieldwork to include the much
larger area of the Ivann~h ()l]~r~n~lf~ ~f~rP he H~~'q~-A
~ 1_ _ _ _ . . ~
~.~~~ zip ~~ · — ^~4 ~ ~~~ Blat
one continuity or a great section of Precambrian rocks in com-
plete conformity with the overlying Paleozoic rocks—one of the
few places in the world where the Cambrian-Precambrian
boundary does not record a break.
Hewett's other main geological interest was the study of
manganese mineralogy and ore deposition, a field in which he
came generally to be recognized as the world leader. His in-
terest in this subject began early, but was strengthened almost
to the point of total absorption by his assignment during World
War I to the evaluation of manganese deposits within the
United States. This study was necessitated by the submarine
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116
campaign that threatened to cut off our normal imports from
South Africa and Brazil. During the next two decades he per-
sonally visited virtually every significant deposit of manganese
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
minerals in the United States.
Hewett's breadth and tact caused his assignment to many
delicate intragovernmental tasks. Perhaps the most interesting
was his study, along with Geoffrey Crickmay of the Georgia
State Geological Survey, of the hydrology of the Warm Springs
of Georgia, famous for their supposedly therapeutic effects in
the treatment of poliomyelitis. President Franklin D. Roosevelt,
although a self-admitted layman, was thoroughly convinced of
the value of the springs and strongly urged a complete study,
which he thought would show some peculiarity of the water
to account for its supposed helpful qualities. The careful two-
year study by Hewett and Crickmay revealed that the springs
were not unusual in any way, except for their slightly higher
than normal temperature; their volume was precisely what
would be expected from deep circulation of the normal rainfall
tributary to the watershed; the chemical composion, density,
and gaseous content oreciselv what would be expected of the
~ r ~
grounuwater or the region. An amusing element in this study
was that a German "expert" on therapeutic spas, one Dr. Paul
Haertl, Managing Director of Bad-Kissingen, who had been
brought over to advise on the development of both Saratoga
Hot Springs in New York and Warm Springs, Georgia, insisted
that the value of these springs largely depended on the fact that
the gas bubbles contained were cubical rather than spherical
and thus more stimulating to the skin! With this sort of advice
to the authorities of the Warm Springs Foundation, it can be
readily understood that Hewett had to walk warily; he did so,
and though his report must clearly have been disappointing to
the enthusiasts operating the resort, it was never challenged.
Hewett was made Chief of the Section of Metalliferous
Geology of the Geological Survey in 1935 and continued in this
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DONNEL FOSTER HEWETT
117
position until 1944. Although this administrative position seri-
ously interfered with his scientific work, it was of utmost value
to the country during World War II. Hewett was a man of
great foresight and was thoroughly familiar with a broad spec-
trum of mineral affairs. From his experience in World War I
he early saw the threat of a wartime cutoff of many mineral
products of which this nation has an insufficient supply. There
can be little doubt that he was one of the dozen or so men best
informed as to the mineral industry who by dint of constant
pressure finally persuaded the administration to prepare for the
war by building, up supplies of "strategic minerals"—minerals
whose domestic production is too low to support the needs of
industry. He was able to get some support for this program
as early as 1938, but full recognition of the crisis and the de-
velopment of a strong Strategic Minerals Program did not begin
until 1940.
Hewett recruited a staff of mostly young geologists until it
was large enough to evaluate to some degree nearly every
mineral showing of possible value in the country. Before the
war ended the nation was producing from many small deposits
and a few large ones most of the minerals in short supply.
Notable progress was made, for example, in the production of
tungsten, mercury, manganese, quartz crystals, mica, and baux-
ite, though in none of these was the country ever fully self-
sufficient. Had it not been for Hewett's success in arousing the
administration and the mineral industry to the potential crisis,
the country's war effort would have been far more severely
handicapped than it was.
After the war Hewett was relieved of his administrative
duties and made "Special Scientist," in which position he was
free to choose the area of research he would follow. He trans-
ferred from Washington, D.C., to Pasadena, California, where
the California Institute of Technology offered him laboratory
space, and from this base he returned to his studies of the min-
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118
eral deposits and tectonics of the Nevada-California border
region.
In 1949 Foster made a second discovery of a unique mineral
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
deposit. He was the first to recognize the great deposit of rare
earth elements at Mountain Pass, California. Here he identified
and established the abundance of the mineral bastnasite, a
mineral elsewhere rare, but here in sufficient concentration and
tonnage to constitute an ore. Hewett's skill in chemistry and
mineralogy was dramatically demonstrated for the second time—
and at an age approaching, that of full retirement for most men.
But in 1951, when Foster reached the statutory retirement
age, an unsolicited executive order returned him to active duty
without terminal date; Foster was able to continue for many
years his productive scientific career. When he was no longer
able to do strenuous fieldwork, he continued his laboratory
studies of manganese mineralogy, shifting his headquarters to
the Menlo Park, California, office of the Geological Survey,
where the support of many specialists was available to him.
Here he worked until a few weeks before his death, a record of
production few men of eighty-nine attain.
Hewett's foresight, already remarked on, extended to private
matters. For example, he was one of the few who recognized,
during the late twenties, that the paper prosperity of Wall
Street was basically unsound. He sold his modest holdings of
stocks in late 1928, knowing that prices had not yet peaked, and
put the money into government bonds, then selling at very
considerable discounts. In 1934, after the collapse of the market,
he sold the bonds, then at par, and bought "blue-chip" stocks
at the prevailing low prices. Few others were as farseeing.
His foresight was not so evident when he was behind the
wheel of an automobile. Here he would become so interested
in the passing scene or in some topic of conversation that he
would often have narrow misses. Some of his passengers would,
as one remarked, start a trip as bare acquaintances and after
an hour's drive find themselves in each other's arms! While he
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DONNEL FOSTER HEWETT
119
never had a severe accident, Foster's passengers had many a
thrill they would rather have gone without.
Foster was a man of medium height, broad-shouldered and
appearing squat. His energy, so well displayed in his work, was
evident in his every move. He walked with springy stride until
he was past eighty, and his conversation was both quick and
thoughtful. An interesting and stimulating companion, he had
almost complete recall of events many years in the past and
a fund of current information that was truly astounding.
Hewett was married in January 1909 to Mary Amelia Hamil-
ton, of New Castle, Pennsylvania, his companion in the field
and at home for more than sixty-two years, who survived him by
less than a year. Mary Hewett was a delightful reader; one of
the most pleasant occasions for their friends was to be included
-in a small group in the Hewett home for an evening of reading
and discussion. Mary would read—usually political or philo-
sophical works—and all were free at any time to interrupt either
to agree or to disagree with the author. Sometimes the reading
would stop for an hour as one listener after another had his or
her comments to make. Foster's were always among the most
thoughtful.
Although the Hewetts were childless, they became literally
"foster" parents to a host of junior associates—secretaries, clerks,
aspiring young geologists and their wives—whoever was priv-
ileged to work in close association with Foster. Later they took
much satisfaction in aiding needy students in half a dozen col-
leges and universities; no one knows how many.
In any company Foster Hewett was a leader. His impress on
the work of the Geological Survey was surely greater than that
of any of his contemporaries; the present prestige of the organ-
ization is in large part due to his foresight in the matter of
strategic minerals and the sound basis he then established for a
wide spectrum of work. Few men have made so great a contri-
bution to a scientific or governmental enterprise.
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120
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
HONORS AND DISTINCTIONS
PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES AND OTHER MEMBERSHIPS
Fellow, Geological Society of America (Councillor, 1931-1933; Vice
President, 1935, 1945)
Fellow, Mineralogical Society of America
Society of Economic Geologists (Vice President, 1 93 1; President,
1936)
American Chemical Society
National Academy of Sciences, elected 1937
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engi-
neers
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Tau Beta Pi
Sigma Xi
Phi Beta Kappa
AWARDS AND MEDALS
Distinguished Service Medal, United States Department of the In-
terior, 1952
Award, American Academy of Achievement, 1965
Honorary Doctor of Science, Lehigh University, 1942
Penrose Gold Medal, Society of Economic Geologists, 1956
Penrose Medal, Geological Society of America, 1964
Research Associate, California Institute of Technology, 1947-1954
Research Associate, Stanford University, 1957-1971
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DONNEL FOSTER HEWETT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS
Am. I. Sci. American journal of Science
Am. Mineralogist—American Mineralogist
121
cant. Kept. Nat. lees. Rev. Mines Dull.—(California Department of Natural
Resources, Division of NIines Bulletin
Econ. Geol. _ Economic Geology
Eng. Mining J. Press Engineering and Mining journal Press
I. Wash. Aced. Sci. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences
U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. United States Department of the Interior, Geo-
logical Survey, Bulletin
U.S. Geol. Surv. Mineral Res. of the U.S. United States Department of
the Interior, Geological Survey, Mineral Resources of the United States
U.S. Geol. Surv. Profess. Pap. United States Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey, Professional Papers
1912
A graphic method for dips on geologic sections. Econ. Geol., 7:
190-91.
1913
Sulphur deposits of the Sunlight Basin, Wyoming.
Bull., No. 530, pp. 350-62.
Manganese and manganiferous ores. U.S. Geol. Surv. Mineral Res.
of the U.S., 1912, Part 1, pp. 203-21.
1914
The ore deposits of Kirwin, Wyoming.
540, pp. 121-32.
Sulphur deposits in Park County, Wyoming.
No. 540, pp. 477-80.
The Shoshone River section, Wyoming. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., No.
541,pp.89-113.
With ]. T. Pardee.
Quadrangle, Oregon.
128.
U.S. Geol. Surv.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., No.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull.,
Geology and mineral resources of the Sumpter
Mineral Resources of Oregon, 1 (6 ): 3-
1916
Some manganese mines in Virginia and Maryland. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Bull., No. 640, pp. 37-71.
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122
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1917
With C. T. Lupton. Anticlines in the Big Horn Basin, Wyoming.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., No. 656, 192 pp.
The origin of bentonite and the geologic range of related materials
in the Big Horn Basin, Wyoming. J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 7: 196-98.
Manganese. American Institute of Mining Engineers Bulletin, No.
129, pp. v-xiii.
1918
With others. Possibilities for manganese ore on certain unde-
veloped tracts in Shenandoah Valley, Virginia. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Bull., No. 660, pp. 271-96.
1919
Manganese and manganiferous ores in 1917. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Mineral Res. of the U.S., 1917, Part 1, pp. 665-96.
1920
The Heart Mountain overthrust, Wyoming.
28:536-57.
Manganese and manganiferous ores in 1918. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Mineral Res. of the U.S., 1918, Part 1, pp. 607-56.
Measurements of folded beds. Econ. Geol., 15:367-85.
Journal of Geology,
1921
With E. V. Shannon. Orientite, a new hydrous silicate of man-
ganese and calcium from Cuba. Am. I. Sci., 1:491-506.
Manganese deposits near Bromide, Oklahoma. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Bull., No. 725, pp. 311-29.
1923
Carnotite in southern Nevada.
Eng. Mining i. Press, 115:232-35.
lg24
Deposits of magnesia alum near Fallon, Nevada.
Bull., No. 750, pp. 79-86.
1925
U.S. Geol. Surv.
With W. T. Schaller. Hisingerite from Blaine County, Idaho.
Am. J. Sci., 10:29-38.
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DONNEL FOSTER HEWETT
123
Carnotite discovered near Aguila, Arizona. Eng. \lining I. Press,
120:19.
1926
Geology and oil and coal resources of the Oregon Basin, Meeteetse,
and Grass Creek Basin quadrangles, Wyoming. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Profess. Pap., No. 145, 111 pp.
1927
Late Tertiary thrust faults in the Mojave Desert, California. Pro-
ceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 14:7-12.
1928
A manganese deposit of Pleistocene age in Bannock County, Idaho.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., No. 795, pp. 211-18.
Two Tertiary epochs of thrust faulting in the Mojave Desert, Cali-
fornia. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 39:178-
79.
With E. V. Shannon and F. A. Gonyer. Zeolites from Ritter Hot
Spring, Grant County, Oregon. Proceedings of the U.S. Na-
tional Museum, Vol. 73, Article 16, 18 pp.
Dolomitization and ore deposition. Econ. Geol., 23:821-63.
1929
Cycles in metal production. American Institute of Mining and
Metallurgical Engineers Technical Publication, No. 183, 31 pp.
1930
With O. N. Rove. Occurrence and relations of alabandite. Econ.
Geol., 25: 35-56.
Genesis of iron-manganese carbonate concretions in central South
Dakota. l. \\lash. Acad. Sci., 20:243.
1931
Geology and ore deposits of the Goodsprings Quadrangle, Nevada.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Profess. Pap., No. 162, 172 pp.
Zonal relations of the lodes of the Sumpter Quadrangle, eastern
Oregon. American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engi-
neers Transactions for 1931, pp. 305~6.
With B. N. Webber. Bedded deposits of manganese oxides near
Las Vegas, Nevada. Nevada University Bulletin, Vol. 25, No.
6, 17 pp.
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124
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1932
Manganese sediments. In: Treatise on Sedimentation, by W. H.
Twenhofel and others, pp. 562-81. Baltimore, Williams &
Wilkins Company.
1933
Sedimentary manganese deposits. In: Ore Deposits of the Western
States (Lindgren Volume), pp. 488-91. New York, American
Institute of Mining & Metallurgical Engineers.
With i. T. Pardee. Manganese in western hydrothermal ore de-
posits. In: Ore Deposits of the Western States (Lindgren Vol-
ume), pp. 671-82. New York, American Institute of Mining &
Metallurgical Engineers.
1936
With others. Mineral resources of the region around Boulder Dam.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., No. 871, 197 pp.
1937
With G. W. Crickmay. The Warm Springs of Georgia, their geo-
logic relations and origin. United States Geological Survey
Water-Supply Paper, No. 819, 40 pp.
With W. T. Schaller. Braunite from Mason County, Texas. Am.
Mineralogist, 22:785-89.
Helvite from the Butte district, Montana. Am. Mineralogist, 22:
803~.
lg38
With H. D. Miser. The unweathered manganese deposits of the
Batesville district, Arkansas. Econ. Geol., 32:1069.
1948
Iron deposits of the Kingston Range, San Bernardino County, Cali-
fornia. Calif. Dept. Nat. Res. Div. Mines Bull., No. 129: Iron
Resources of California, Part M, pp. 195-206.
1953
With J. J. Glass. Two uranium-bearing pegmatite bodies in San
Bernardino County, California. Am. Mineralogist, 38: 1040-50.
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DONNEL FOSTER HEWETT
1954
125
General geology of the Moj eve Desert region, California. Calif.
Dept. Nat. Res. Div. Mines Bull., No. 170: Geology of Southern
California, ed. by R. H. Jahns, Chapter 2, pp. 5-20.
A fault map of the Mojave Desert region, California. Calif. Dept.
Nat. Res. Div. Mines Bull., No. 170: Geology of Southern Cali-
fornia, ed. by R. H. Jahns, Chapter 4, pp. 15-18.
1955
Structural features of the Moj eve Desert region, California. In:
Crust of the Earth, ed. by A. Poldervaart, pp. 377-90. Geological
Society of America Special Paper No. 62. (Symposium)
1956
Geology and mineral resources of the Ivanpah Quadrangle, Cali-
fornia and Nevada. U.S. Geol. Surv. Profess. Pap., No. 275, 172
PP
With others. Manganese deposits of the United States. In: Sym-
posium sobre yacimientos de manganese, ed. by J. Enaro Gon-
zalez Reyna, Tome 3, pp. 169-75. 20th International Geological
Congress, Mexico.
1960
With M. Fleischer.
55: 1-55.
Deposits of the manganese oxides. Econ. Geol.
1961
With others. Tephroite in California manganese deposits. Econ.
Geol., 56:39-58.
1963
Manganese is a clue to deep base and precious metals. Mining
World, 25: 26-28.
With others. Deposits of the manganese oxides supplement.
Econ. Geol., 58:1-51.
1964
Veins of hypogene manganese oxide minerals in the southwestern
United States. Econ. Geol., 59:1429-72.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
geological survey
