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PHILIP DURYEE McMASTER
September 14,1891-March 20,1973
BY WALTHER F. GOEBEL
MY FIRST ENCOUNTER with Philip McMaster was in the locker
room of the squash court at the Rockefeller Institute
more than fifty years ago. I had come to New York but a few
weeks before as a research assistant in the laboratories of Dr.
Oswald T. Avery. I was in search of exercise that day, and how
well I remember the sound of the squash ball on the wooden
walls of the court as I entered the locker room, and the shouting
and cursing which issued from the tiny balcony above the court
itself. Then, suddenly, Phil and his opponent emerged panting
and laughing. He extended his hand to me and introduced him-
self. My first impression was of a man small in stature, witty,
and cordial: something unique for me, for I had as yet made
few friends in this new and overpowering metropolis. Friends
we became, and we remained so from that day forth.
Philip McMaster was born at Chestnut Hill in Philadelphia
on the fourteenth of September 1891. His father was John Bache
Master, a distinguished historian who headed the Depart-
ment of History at the University of Pennsylvania and a scholar
still identified as the author of History of the People of the
United States. His mother was Gertrude Stevenson of Morris-
town, New Jersey. There was always a constant flow of profes-
sors through the McMaster household, and because of this,
Phil's academic background was assured. In this environment
he was to remain throughout his long and productive life.
287
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
His early education in Philadelphia was obtained in private
schools, and upon his graduation he entered Princeton Univer-
sity, from which he graduated in 1914. During his summers, as
a boy, he accompanied his family to Kennebunkport, Maine,
and to Cape Cod, where he developed his love of the outdoors
and of the sea as well. These were hobbies which never left him.
His early taste for biology undoubtedly arose when he accom-
panied his father and Professor Edward Conklin on frequent
field trips to collect biological specimens. Conklin was professor
of biology at the University of Pennsylvania and spent his sum-
mers at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole.
These forays were always made on bicycles, and the treasures
which they collected were returned to the laboratory, where they
were subjected to exhaustive scrutiny by the professor. Philip's
summers in Maine were filled with water sports of every descrip-
tion. At the age of nine he was given his first sailboat, a craft
some fifteen feet long, of which he soon became master.
After Philip graduated from Princeton in 1914 with the
degree of bachelor of science, he entered the medical school of
the University of Pennsylvania, where he was graduated the
year World War I ended. Fortunately, McMaster was not devoted
totally to scholarship during his college years, for as an under-
graduate, not long after he entered Princeton, he was made
coxswain of the freshmen crew a happy choice, for he and
water, both fresh and salt, remained inseparable during his
entire life.
I am fortunate to have in my hand an account of his life
and his scientific achievements ("Dr. Philip D. McMaster: His
Work and Its Significance," unpublished), which he himself
wrote for Dr. Herbert Gasser, the second director of the Rocke-
feller Institute. Phil was the younger of two sons, the elder of
whom died of pernicious anemia at the age of twenty-five. But
Phil was to live beyond the allotted biblical span to pursue his
distinguished scientific career, all of it at our Institute. He him-
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PHILIP DURYEE McMASTER
289
self says that during his boyhood there was but little evidence of
a scholarly attitude on his part, despite the academic atmosphere
in which he was raised. Personally, I doubt this.
Philip served as resident physician at the medical school
hospital during the last year of his medical training at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania and again during the year following his
graduation from medical school. He was commissioned as a first
lieutenant in the U.S. Army shortly before the war was over.
At the termination of the war and in the autumn of 1919,
he came to the Rockefeller Institute as a research associate in
the laboratory of Dr. Francis Peyton Rous, where he embarked
upon his first investigative work. In the ensuing pages I shall
attempt a resume of his more important contributions.
During his first three years at the Institute, McMaster col-
laborated intimately with Rous in their research. Among their
achievements was the devising of methods for the intubation
and sterile drainage of the gallbladders and bile ducts of a
variety of animal species, a technique which permitted them to
collect bile from the individual liver lobes of a number of
different experimental animals and thus enabled them to com-
pare them. These studies revealed that the normal gallbladder
rapidly concentrates hepatic bile but that the diseased organ
fails in this function. These observations were promptly utilized
by clinical surgeons as a basis for diagnostic dye tests for the
presence of gallstones and gallbladder disease. The basis for the
test lay in the fact that in the normal organ the concentration of
x-ray opaque dyes, when injected into the bloodstream, is ex-
creted in the bile. This is not the case in the diseased gallbladder.
As a result of these studies it became important to learn
whether the liver bile of animals lacking a gallbladder is ex-
creted in a form more concentrated than that of those species
possessing the organ. To test this, the pigment content of bile-
an index of its concentration was compared in two closely
related species, namely, the mouse, which has a gallbladder, and
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
the rat, which does not. Thus, the bile of rats was found to be
several times more concentrated than was the bile of mice when
collected by semimicro methods from individual lobes of the
animals' livers. Yet when the bile of the mouse was collected
from the common duct after the secretion had been acted upon
by the gallbladder, the pigment content was several times greater
than that of the liver bile. These studies and others on bile
secretion, which extended over a period of several years, led to
the development of wholly new techniques and threw new light
upon the effects of diet inanition, exercise, and liver derange-
ment on bile secretion. Their studies yielded, furthermore,
convincing evidence that bilirubin had no other source than
hemoglobin.
McMaster's three years of association with Dr. Peyton Rous
served well as a period of initiation for the work upon which he
was next to embark with Dr. Robert Elman, namely, the
pathology and physiology of urobilin. This was a problem much
disputed at the time and was one of considerable importance to
the understanding of the mechanism of the pigment changes in
certain liver derangements, including pernicious anemia. The
two men developed a procedure for collecting sterile bile, a
technique which allowed them to collect the secretions either
from the whole liver or from a part. Prior to this experiment.
it had been thought that only the damaged liver formed
urobilin, an assumption that arose as a result of finding some
animals bearing infected bile fistulas. Yet, when it became possi-
ble to obtain bile which remained sterile by using their intuba-
tion technique, the complete loss of the secretion from the body
resulted in the total disappearance of urobilin and urobilinogen
from the bile, feces, and urine. This occurred when the animals
were subjected to severe liver damage, biliary obstruction, or
blood destruction. On the other hand, all of these led to severe
urobilinuria, a condition in which bile was permitted to reach
the intestines. Thus it became clear that urobilin could not be
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PHILIP DURYEE McMASTER
291
formed by the damaged liver. In brief, these experiments settled
once and for all the question of the origin of urobilinuria. Thus
urobilin in the urine depended first on its absorption from the
intestine, or the infected biliary tract, and next upon the failure
of the liver cells to remove pigment. Their findings were sub-
sequently confirmed by other investigators.
It was with Dr. Douglas Drury, whom I had met many years
before on the first clay with McMaster in the squash court
locker room, that McMaster developed the technique for the
partial or total removal of the liver of experimental animals.
These two men were among the first to perform hepatectomies
successfully enough that the animals survived sufficiently long
to enable the investigators to study the effect of liver deprivation
or insufficiency upon carbohydrate and fat metabolism. This
work on hepatectomized rabbits revealed that the liver was the
source of blood fibrinogen.
Shortly after the completion of this work, McMaster spent a
sabbatical year at Harvard University, where he worked with
Dr. Harry Murray in the field of psychology. Upon his return to
the Rockefeller Institute he again joined Rous and his colleague
Hudack in a study of the fluid interchange between the smallest
blood vessels and tissues. They found that by injecting vari-
colored dyes in the bloodstream of rabbits and mice, they could
observe the pattern and spread of the dye's passage through the
various vessel walls and changes in vascular permeability result-
ing from a variety of physiological and pathological conditions
such as light, trauma, heat, or cold. These experiments, to be
described subsequently, were, I think, some of his finest.
McMaster next turned to a study of the lymphatic system
and the mechanisms of lymph flow, an investigation in which
Dr. Huciack again collaborated. The two found that when
bright blue vital dyes were injected into the skin of animals
superficially, and more particularly into the ears of mice, they
rendered the minute lymphatics visible. These experiments pro-
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
vided an entirely new concept of the activities of the lymphatic
system.
To me, these numbered among McMaster's most interesting
and rewarding experiments. How well I remember his enthu-
siasm for the work as it was being executed, perhaps some four
decades ago, not only on experimental animals, but upon him-
self and other normal human subjects as well. These experi-
ments proved that instead of being passive drainage canals, the
lymphatics were very active in the process of fluid exchange.
Their walls respond rapidly to various influences such as sun-
light warmth or a stroke that does not break the skin. For the
first time, too, these investigators were able to render the lym-
phatic capillaries visible in the skin of man. When a blue dye
was injected into the skin of the legs or arms, it was taken up
into torn lymphatics and rendered them visible. The color
appeared later as blue streamers in the draining lymphatic
trunks running up the limbs.
In collaboration with Dr. Robert Parsons there followed
many experiments to determine the influence of the factors
responsible for the movement of peripheral lymph. Both the
pulsation of blood vessels as well as the mechanical effects of
muscular contractions proved to be of importance. The two
devised ingenious methods for measuring the pressures which
existed within cutaneous lymphatic capillaries and in the in-
terstitial tissues outside of them, both under normal conditions
and in edematous states. They found that a gradient pressure
exists between the two tissues and lymph in the capillaries suf-
ficient to account for the flow of lymph in motionless skin. The
structural conditions in the interstitial tissues of the skin re-
vealed that fluids move along fibrillae and fibers and that open
tissue spaces, filled with free fluid, such as seems to be present in
sections of fixed dehydrated tissues, probably do not exist in
living intradermal tissue. Instead, a gelatinous ground substance
is apparently present between the formed elements.
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PHILIP DURYEE McMASTER
293
They next turned their attention to the flow of lymph under
pathological conditions. By injecting dyes into the cutaneous
lymphatics of edematous humans, they found differences of flow
in various forms of edema. Thus, in patients with cardiac in-
sufficiency and severe edema of the legs, the cutaneous lym-
phatics were more dilated than in those suffering from nephrotic
edema or in normal individuals. On the other hand, patients
who suffered from nephrotic edema, yet who had good cardiac
action, exhibited a flow of lymph more rapic! than in normal
humans. It should be added that in the first group of patients,
those with cardiac-insufficiency, it appeared that the lymphatic
valves no longer functioned and the patients suffered from
valvular incompetence of the lymphatic vessels, allowing stagna-
tion of lymph in peripheral areas and even permitting retro-
grade flow when slight pressure on the skin was made with the
finger moving toward the foot, a fact which was not true in
normal individuals.
These experiments of McMaster and his younger colleagues
had far-reaching consequences. Other investigators employed his
techniques to study cancer patients in order to trace the lymph
drainage from the diseased areas and render the lymph nodes
blue, hence visible, in regions where metastases could occur
through the lymph stream. McMaster's studies brought ample
evidence that injury to the skin, however superficial, invariably
involved the lymphatics and that local intradermal injections
were, in reality, a general injection because of rapid lymphatic
distribution. Every injury that breaks the continuity of the skin
permits bacteria, viruses, and other foreign matter to enter the
lymphatics, and because of this drainage it is not improbable
that the regional lymph nodes play an important role in the
defense of the body against invasion by an infectious agent.
There now followed important experiments, first with Dr.
Stephen Hudack and later with Dr. John Kidd, in which it Bras
conclusively demonstrated that lymph nobles, draining skin sites
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
injected either with bacteria or viruses, formed antibodies
against these agents in very high concentrations. Confirmation
of this important discovery was made in many other labora-
tories. These studies were extended to ascertain the type of cells
within the lymph nodes themselves and within the spleen which
might be responsible for antibody formation. The clear-cut
proof which McMaster's experiments presented led to a resur-
gency of interest in the activities of lymphocytes.
With the entrance of our country into World War II,
McMaster became completely involved in wartime activities,
first with the director of the Rockefeller Institute Dr. Herbert
Gasser�and Dr. Rene Dubos, then later with Dr. George Hoge-
boom. This work was done under the auspices of the National
Research Council and the Office of Scientific Research and
Development and consisted of research itself as well as consulta-
tion with the army and navy in an effort to devise tests for war
gases and prophylactic ointments against vesicants and treatment
for vesicant burns. This work consumed nearly five years of
McMaster's fruitful life, and knowing him as I did, and knowing
his love of fundamental research, I am not wrong when I say
that during this interval there were times when he was truly
frustrated.
The war ended. Once again McMaster was free to return to
his research and the important problems concerned with anti-
body formation. In this work he made use of azoproteins colored
intensely blue to study their escape through the vessel walls and
to use them as tracers in order to learn about their storage and
localization during antibody formation. He observed that mice
previously injected and then injected a second time some weeks
later suffered intense anaphylactic shock. When anesthetized
animals were placed in plasteline molds with their ears spread
out on a white porcelain plaque, the vascular changes and the
accompanying changes in blood flow could readily be observed
in the unmolested tissue of the ear. An extraordinary local and
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PHILIP DURYEE McMASTER
295
general constriction and dilation of both arterial and venous
vessels occurred, yet the capillaries showed no apparent reaction.
This technique using these intensely colored antigens proved
extraordinarily sensitive and enabled him to follow their fate in
the mammalian body. Thus, their injection into the bloocl-
stream of mice revealed that the antigens were taken up both
by cells of the reticuloendothelial systems throughout the body,
especially the Kupffer cells of the liver, and by macrophages and
reticular cells of the spleen and the lymph nodes. In this manner
they revealed certain of the sites from which the first stimuli to
antibody formation arose.
These early studies on the sites of antibody formation in
mice were considerably extended by McMaster when he next
employed a much more highly diffusible blue azoprotein com-
plex. When the latter was injected into the animal the complex
was eliminated from the body with speed, in approximately two
hours, and it was impossible to see any residual granules in the
cells. Nevertheless, minute amounts of blue material, whether
complete antigen or not, persisted in certain tissues of the ani-
mals. In order to understand more fully the mechanism of anti-
body formation, McMaster had to determine whether or not this
was intact antigen or whether it was the chromophoric group
which split off from the carrier protein. Without entering into
detail, let me say that by means of very sensitive passive ana-
phylaxis experiments McMaster showed that the antigenic mate-
rial itself and not the chromophoric group of the antigen per-
sisted in very small amounts in the tissues of the experimental
animals. Despite these findings, it still remained possible that the
persistence of the protein antigens in donor mice might exist
because the animals formed antibodies very poorly; hence the
antigen might indeed persist because of a lack of antibody to
destroy it. The experiments were therefore repeated in rabbits,
animals which are well known to be excellent antibody pro-
ducers. In these experiments, McMaster employed bovine
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
gamma globulin as the antigen. The results were in essence the
same.
By following the fate of the tracer antigen, McMaster and his
co-workers next attempted to study the mechanism of antibody
formation under various conditions. Since the first step in the
formation of an antibody appears to be the capture of the anti-
gen by phagocytic cells or even other cellular types, it seemed
likely that something might be learned by observing the fate of
the tracer antigen in mice which had been stimulated to form
antibodies but prevented from doing so by large doses of corti-
sone. Although the drug reduced the size of the lymph nodes
and spleen by some ninety percent, it was observed that the
shriveled organs took up as much of the tracer as did organs of
normal mice, thus demonstrating unequivocally that the inhibi-
tion of antibody formation did not result from the faulty uptake
of antigen. Nor did it result from an impairment of the anti-
genicity of the antigen or from a more rapid destruction than
that which occurs in animals given no cortisone. Mice injected
with foreign protein were prevented from forming antibodies
by the administration of cortisone for nearly two weeks, yet
upon withdrawal of the drug, antibodies promptly appeared.
Clearly, the antigen had remained in the organs of the mice in a
form capable of engendering antibodies.
Cortisone did not inhibit antibody formation by interfering
with the storage or distribution of the tracer antigen or by
destroying it. The phagocytic cells, even under the influence of
cortisone, continued to localize and store the tracer antigen.
The undisturbed function of these cells suggests that they do
not form antibodies, although they partake of the first step in
antibody formation by capturing and holding the antigen. It is
the cells of the lymphoid series, though greatly injured and
reduced in number by cortisone, which appear to be the units
which form the antibody.
At about this time there appeared accounts in the literature
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PHILIP DURYEE McMASTER
299
however, I recall when his judgment was not good. It was when
he asked me and two of my colleagues to sail his yacht from
Huntington, Long Island to Woods Hole. Only one of us, Tom
Hughes, who was then associated with the Rockefeller Founda-
tion, knew anything at all about sailing and navigation. But
under Hughes' short and forceful tutoring we made it, by good
navigation, luck, and some dead reckoning, for we were en-
gulfed in a heavy fog the entire distance.
His widow, Elizabeth, whom I also know well, has permitted
me to read several personal letters which she received over the
past fifty years from her husband, and from these I have gotten
certain impressions that I otherwise would not have had, despite
the fact that we were friends of many years standing.
At home, he was a charming host. He frequently entertained
guests with his violin or his accordion, both of which he played
with equal facility. His dress was at times a bit bizarre, for I saw
him frequently on his way to the Rockefeller Institute, particu-
larly in a snowstorm, dressed in the garb of a Maine woodsman,
unconventional, to say the least, in the city of New York. His
relationship to his wife was one of deepest affection, as attested
to by two very personal letters which Elizabeth permitted me to
read. They were written during World War II, when he was
stationed in Florida. These letters also served to express his
opinion of the shortcomings of military red tape. I have at hand,
too, several letters written to Mrs. McMaster, in which the
writers refer to Dr. McMaster and his work. I wish to quote
from two of these, for they are from men of distinction in their
own right. Dr. Merrill Chase of our Institute, in a letter to
Elizabeth, says, "I look back over the years to Phil's exciting
work in tracing the lymphatics of the human skin and in animals
too. He was a highly ingenious research worker and I learned
much from him." Then again in a telegram of condolence,
James and Margaret German say, "We send love to you and our
deepest sympathy. We will miss Phil because he was one of those
few who showed that it was good to be human and alive."
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1919
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1924
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1930
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as influenced by heat, cold, and light. J. Exp. Med., b5:431.
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1933
With S. S. Hudack. The lymphatic participation in human cutane-
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of the lesions due to incisions and burns. T. Exp. Med., 60:479.
With D. R. Drury. Irreversible character of the late changes after
hepatectomy. J. Exp. Med., 60:503.
1935
With P. Rous and S. S. Hudack. The fixation and protection of
viruses by the cells of susceptible animals. l. Exp. Med., 61:657.
Rate of lymph flow in edematous skin of cardiac and renal disease.
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 32:1178.
With S. S. Hudack. The formation of agglutinins within lymph
nodes. l. Exp. Med., 61: 783.
1936
With I. G. Kidd. Development of antiviral properties within lymph
nodes. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 34:547.
1937
Changes in the cutaneous lymphatics of human beings and in the
lymph flow under normal and pathological conditions. J. Exp.
Med., 65:347.
The lymphatics and lymph flow in the edematous skin of human
beings with cardiac and renal disease. l. Exp. Med., 65:373.
With J. Go Kidd. Lymph nodes as a source of neutralizing principle
for vaccinia. l. Exp. Med., 66:73.
1938
With R. l. Parsons. Path of escape of vital dyes from the lymphatics
into the tissues. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 37:707.
With R. l. Parsons. Effect of the pulse on lymph formation and
interstitial movement of substances. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.,
38:408.
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With R. J. Parsons. The effect of the pulse upon the formation and
flow of lymph. J. Exp. Med., 68:353.
With R. I. Parsons. The effect of the pulse on the spread of sub-
stances through tissues. A. Exp. Med., 68:377.
With R. I. Parsons. Normal and pathological factors influencing
the spread of a vital dye in the connective tissue. l. Exp. Med.,
68:869.
1939
With R. J. Parsons. Physiological conditions existing in connective
tissue. I. The method of interstitial spread of vital dyes. i. Exp.
Med., 69:247.
With R. l. Parsons. Physiological conditions existing in connective
tissue. II. The state of the fluid in the intradermal tissue. I. Exp.
Med., 69:265.
1941
Intermittent take-up of fluid from the cutaneous tissue. I. Exp.
Med., 73:67.
Factors influencing the intermittent passage of Locke's solution into
living skin. J. Exp. Med., 73:85.
An inquiry into the structural conditions affecting fluid transport
in the interstitial tissue of the skin. l. Exp. Med., 74:9.
A method to determine the peripheral arterial blood pressure in the
mouse. l. Exp. Med., 74:29.
1942
Lymphatic participation in cutaneous phenomena. Harvey Lec-
tures, 37:227.
1943
The lymphatic system. Annul Rev. PhysioI., 5:207.
1945
With G. H. Hogeboom. The development of methods for testing
the abilities of agents to combat the effects of mustard gas, H.
and other vesicants upon the skin. Office of Scientific Research
and Development, National Defense Research Comm., Div. 9
Rep. No. 4853.
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With G. H. Hogeboom. A search for decontaminating and treat-
ment agents for skin exposed to mustard gas, H. Once of
Scientific Research and Development, National Defense Research
Comm., Div. 9 Rep. No. 4854.
With G. H. Hogeboom. The necrotizing action of certain sub-
stances related to mustard gas, H. or the nitrogen mustards.
Once of Scientific Research and Development, National Defense
Research Comm., Div. 9 Rep. No. 4852.
With G. H. Hogeboom. A comparison of the vesicant action exerted
upon human skin by mustard gas, H. and by mixtures of H with
wetting agents or solvents. Once of Scientific Research and
Development, National Defense Research Comm., Div. 9 Rep.
No. 4852.
With G. H. Hogeboom. The inhibition of Gesticulation in mustard
gas, H. lesions of human skin by BAL. Office of Scientific Research
and Developments, National Defense Research Comm., Div. 9
Rep. No. 5027.
With G. H. Hogeboom. Changes in the circulation and in the
permeability of vessels within and about mustard gas and
Lewisite lesions of rabbit skin. Office of Scientific Research and
Development, National Defense Research Comm., Div. 9 Rep.
No. 5026.
1946
introduction: Lymph. A conference held at the New York Academy
of Sciences. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 46:679.
Conditions in the skin influencing interstitial fluid movement,
lymph formation and lymph flow. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 46:743.
The pressure and interstitial resistance prevailing in the normal and
edematous skin of animals and man. l. Exp. Med., 84:473
The effects of venous obstruction upon interstitial pressure in
animal and human skin. J. Exp. Med., 84:495.
1947
The relative pressures within cutaneous lymphatic capillaries and
the tissues. J. Exp. Med., 86:293.
1949
With H. Kruse. Peripheral vascular reactions in anaphylaxis of the
mouse. J. Exp. Med., 89:583.
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PHILIP DURYEE McMASTER
307
With H. Kruse. The distribution and storage of blue antigenic
azoproteins in the tissues of mice. l. Exp. Med., 90:425.
1950
With H. Kruse. Persistence of antigen. Fed. Proc. 9:387.
With R. I. Parsons. The movement of substances and the state of
the fluid in the intradermal tissue. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 52:992.
1951
With H. Kruse. The persistence in mice of certain foreign proteins
and azoprotein tracer antigens derived from them. J. Exp. Med.,
94:323.
With H. Kruse. The behavior and persistence of azoprotein tracer
antigens in mice. Fed. Proc., 10:564.
1953
The sites of antibody formation. In: The Nature and Significance of
the Antibody Response, ed. A. M. Pappenheimer, pp. 13~.
N.Y.: Columbia Univ. Press.
1954
With H. Kruse, E. Sturm, and i. L. Edwards. The persistence of
bovine >-globulin injected as an antigen into rabbits. A com-
parison with its previously studied persistence in mice. J. Exp.
Med., 100:341.
With H. Kruse, E. Sturm, and I. L. Edwards. Persistence of antigen
in rabbits contrasted with that in mice. Fed. Proc., 13:505.
1955
With l. L. Edwards and E. Sturm. Active anaphylaxis to a foreign
protein induced in mice by the transfer of tissue from animals
previously injected with the protein. l. Exp. Med., 102:119.
1957
With l. L. Edwards. Impairment of the antigenicity of a protein
antigen following its injection into rabbits. J. Exp. Med., 106:
219.
With i. L. Edwards. The behavior of two foreign protein antigens
in mice during inhibition of antibody formation by cortisone.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 43:380.
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1959
General and local vascular reactions in certain states of hypersensi-
tivity. A limited review of previous work. In: Cellular and
Humoral Aspects of the Hypersensitive States, ed. H. S.
Lawrence, pp. 319-353. N.Y.: Paul B. Hoeber.
1960
With M. Heidelberger. Florence Rena Sabin. In: Biographical
Memoirs, 34:271-319. Wash., D.C.: National Academy of
rot .
sciences.
1961
Antibody formation. In: The Cell, eds. I. Bracket and A. E. Mirsky,
pp. 323-404. N.Y.: Academic Press.
With R. E. Franzl. The effects of adrenal cortical steroids upon
antibody formation. Metabolism, 10:990.
\Vith R. E. Franzl. Effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharides on hemo-
lysin formation in mice. Fed. Proc., 20:26.
1968
'with R. E. Franzl. The primary immune response in mice. I. The
enhancement and suppression of hemolysin production by a
bacterial endotoxin. l. Exp. Med., 127:1087.
\Vith R. E. Franzl. The primary immune response in mice. II.
Cellular responses of lymphoid tissue accompanying the en-
hancement or complete suppression of antibody formation by a
bacterial endotoxin. l. Exp. Med., 127: 1109.
1971
Peyton Rous. N.Y.: The Rockefeller Univ. Press. 13 pp.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
biographical memoirs
