National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5739.
×

TOXICOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE ARMY'S ZINC CADMIUM SULFIDE DISPERSION TESTS

SUBCOMMITTEE ON ZINC CADMIUM SULFIDE

COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY

BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY

COMMISSION ON LIFE SCIENCES

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
WASHINGTON, D.C.,
1997

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5739.
×

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20418

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

The project was supported by contract DAMD 17-89-C-9086 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Army. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 97-67216

International Standard Book Number 0-309-05783-3

Additional copies of this report are available from:
National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Ave., NW Box 285 Washington, DC 20055 800-624-6242 or 202-334-3313 (in the Washington Metropolitan Area) http://www.nap.edu

Copyright 1997 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5739.
×

SUBCOMMITTEE ON ZINC CADMIUM SULFIDE

ROGENE F. HENDERSON (Chair),

Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico

GERMAINE M. BUCK,

State University of New York at Buffalo, New York

JOHN E. CONNETT,

University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota

ELAINE FAUSTMAN,

University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

CHARLES E. FEIGLEY,

University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina

DONALD E. GARDNER,

Inhalation Toxicology Associates, Raleigh, North Carolina

DAVID W. GAYLOR,

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas

ROBERT A. GOYER,

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

LOREN D. KOLLER,

Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon

STEPHEN U. LESTER,

Citizens Clearing House for Hazardous Waste, Falls Church, Virginia

THOMAS E. MCKONE,

University of California, Berkeley, California

MICHAEL J. THUN,

American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia

BAILUS WALKER, JR.,

Howard University, Washington, D.C.

SUSAN D. WILTSHIRE,

JK Research Associates, Inc., Hamilton, Massachusetts

HANSPETER R. WITSCHI,

University of California, Davis, California

Sponsor: U.S. Army

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5739.
×

Staff

KULBIR S. BAKSHI, Project Director

DIANE J. MUNDT, Senior Program Officer

ERIN M. BELL, Research Associate

SUSAN N. J. PANG, Research Associate

RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Staff Associate

NORMAN GROSSBLATT, Editor

LINDA LEONARD, Senior Project Assistant

LUCY V. FUSCO, Project Assistant

KATHRINE IVERSON, Information Specialist

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5739.
×

COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY

ROGENE F. HENDERSON (Chair),

Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico

DONALD E. GARDNER (Vice-Chair),

Inhalation Toxicology Associates, Raleigh, North Carolina

GERMAINE M. BUCK,

State University of New York at Buffalo, New York

DEBORAH A. CORY-SLECHTA,

University of Rochester, Rochester, New York

KEVIN E. DRISCOLL,

Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio

ELAINE M. FAUSTMAN,

University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

CHARLES E. FEIGLEY,

University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina

DAVID W. GAYLOR,

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas

IAN A. GREAVES,

University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota

SIDNEY GREEN,

Corning Hazleton, Inc., Vienna, Virginia

WILLIAM E. HALPERIN,

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Atlanta, Georgia

LOREN D. KOLLER,

Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon

GEORGE B. KOELLE,

University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

DANIEL KREWSKI,

Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario

THOMAS E. MCKONE,

University of California, Berkeley, California

MICHELE A. MEDINSKY,

Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

JOHN L. O'DONOGHUE,

Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York

ROBERT SNYDER,

Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey

BERNARD M. WAGNER,

Wagner Associates, Inc., Millburn, New Jersey

BAILUS WALKER JR.,

Howard University, Washington, D.C.

ANNETTA P. WATSON,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennesee

HANSPETER R. WITSCHI,

University of California, Davis, California

GAROLD S. YOST,

University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5739.
×

Staff

KULBIR S. BAKSHI, Program Director

MARGARET E. MCVEY, Program Officer

SUSAN N. J. PANG, Research Associate

ABIGAIL STACK, Research Associate

RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Editor

CATHERINE M. KUBIK, Senior Program Assistant

LINDA V. LEONARD, Senior Project Assistant

LUCY V. FUSCO, Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5739.
×

BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY

PAUL G. RISSER (Chair),

Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon

MAY R. BERENBAUM,

University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois

EULA BINGHAM,

University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio

PAUL BUSCH,

Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., White Plains, New York

EDWIN H. CLARK II,

Clean Sites, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia

ELLIS COWLING,

North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina

GEORGE P. DASTON,

The Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio

PETER L. DEFUR,

Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia

DAVID L. EATON,

University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

DIANA FRECKMAN,

Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado

ROBERT A. FROSCH,

Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

DANIEL KREWSKI,

Health & Welfare Canada, Ottawa, Ontario

RAYMOND C. LOEHR,

The University of Texas, Austin, Texas

WARREN MUIR,

Hampshire Research Institute, Alexandria, Virginia

GORDON ORIANS,

University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

GEOFFREY PLACE,

Hilton Head, South Carolina

BURTON H. SINGER,

Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey

MARGARET STRAND,

Bayh, Connaughton and Malone, Washington, D.C.

BAILUS WALKER, JR.,

Howard University, Washington, D.C.

GERALD N. WOGAN,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

TERRY F. YOSIE,

E. Bruce Harrison Co., Washington, D.C.

Staff

JAMES J. REISA, Director

DAVID J. POLICANSKY, Associate Director and Program Director for Natural Resources and Applied Ecology

CAROL A. MACZKA, Program Director for Toxicology and Risk Assessment

LEE R. PAULSON, Program Director for Information Systems and Statistics

RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Program Director for Environmental Sciences and Engineering

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5739.
×

COMMISSION ON LIFE SCIENCES

THOMAS D. POLLARD (Chair),

The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California

FREDERICK R. ANDERSON,

Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft, Washington, D.C.

JOHN C. BAILAR III,

University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois

PAUL BERG,

Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California

JOHN E. BURRIS,

Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts

SHARON L. DUNWOODY,

University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

URSULA W. GOODENOUGH,

Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri

HENRY W. HEIKKINEN,

University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado

HANS J. KENDE,

Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan

SUSAN E. LEEMAN,

Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts

THOMAS E. LOVEJOY,

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

DONALD R. MATTISON,

University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

JOSEPH E. MURRAY,

Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts

EDWARD E. PENHOET,

Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California

EMIL A. PFITZER,

Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Hackensack, New Jersey

MALCOLM C. PIKE,

University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California

HENRY C. PITOT III,

University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

JONATHAN M. SAMET,

The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland

CHARLES F. STEVENS,

The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California

JOHN L. VANDEBERG,

Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas

PAUL GILMAN, Executive Director

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5739.
×

OTHER RECENT REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY

Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet: A Comparison of Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Substances (1996)

Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest (1996)

Science and the Endangered Species Act (1995)

Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries (1995)

Biologic Markers (Urinary Toxicology (1995), Immunotoxicology (1992), Environmental Neurotoxicology (1992), Pulmonary Toxicology (1989), Reproductive Toxicology (1989))

Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (three reports, 1994-1995)

Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994)

Ranking Hazardous Waste Sites for Remedial Action (1994)

Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993)

Issues in Risk Assessment (1993)

Setting Priorities for Land Conservation (1993)

Protecting Visibility in National Parks and Wilderness Areas (1993)

Dolphins and the Tuna Industry (1992)

Hazardous Materials on the Public Lands (1992)

Science and the National Parks (1992)

Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards (1991)

Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program, Volumes I-IV (1991-1993)

Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants (1991)

Monitoring Human Tissues for Toxic Substances (1991)

Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution (1991)

Decline of the Sea Turtles (1990)

Tracking Toxic Substances at Industrial Facilities (1990)

Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academy Press

(800) 624-6242

(202) 334-3313

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5739.
×

OTHER RECENT REPORTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY

Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants, Volume 1 (1997)

Toxicity of Alternatives to Chlorofluorocarbons: HFC-134a and HCFC-123 (1996)

Permissible Exposure Levels for Selected Military Fuel Vapors (1996)

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Volume 1 (1994), Volume 2 (1996), and Volume 3 (1996)

Nitrate and Nitrite in Drinking Water (1995)

Guidelines for Chemical Warfare Agents in Military Field Drinking Water (1995)

Review of the U.S. Naval Medical Research Institute's Toxicology Program (1994)

Health Effects of Permethrin-Impregnated Army Battle-Dress Uniforms (1994)

Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride (1993)

Guidelines for Developing Community Emergency Exposure Levels for Hazardous Substances (1993)

Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants (1992)

Review of the U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency Toxicology Division (1991)

Permissible Exposure Levels and Emergency Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Airborne Contaminants (1991)

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5739.
×

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5739.
×
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×

PREFACE

DURING THE 1950s and 1960s, the U.S. Army conducted dispersion tests using particles of zinc cadmium sulfide (ZnCdS) as a nonbiologic simulant of biologic-warfare agents in a number of urban and rural locations in the United States and Canada. This report, by the Subcommittee on Zinc Cadmium Sulfide of the National Research Council's Committee on Toxicology, is intended to assist the Army and the U.S. Congress in their efforts to determine whether exposure to ZnCdS particles adversely affected the health of persons living in the areas where the dispersion tests were conducted. The report independently reviews the available toxicity data on ZnCdS and its components cadmium and zinc, assesses human exposures to ZnCdS, and characterizes the risk to people exposed to it through the Army's dispersion tests.

The subcommittee was greatly assisted by several persons who provided information on the Army's ZnCdS dispersion tests and toxicity data on ZnCdS and its components. The subcommittee gratefully wishes to acknowledge William Barnett, Amy Birks, Leslie Burger, John Doesberg, Dennis Druck, Frederick Erdtman, Robert M. Gum, Bernard Ingold, Jeffrey Kirkpatrick, Francis O'Donnell, Forrest Oliverson, John Riggs, and Carmen J. Spencer—all of the U.S. Army—for their interest in and support of the project, as well as Amy S. Adair, Kenneth R. Boley, Monica Chavez, Cathy M. Collier, Marjorie A. Duske, Michael Erlandson, Christine Hawk, Thomas C. Keller, John L. Less, Derek D. Lick, Dobie O. McArthur, and Jennifer M. Tisdale—of the staff of the U.S. Congress. We are grateful to Edmund Crouch of Cambridge Environmental, Inc.,

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5739.
×

for reviewing the Army's data on the ZnCdS dispersion tests and for estimating the doses and concentrations of ZnCdS particles. We are also grateful to Sheila Fabiano (USR Optronix), Terry Gordon (New York University Medical Center), Gunter Oberdörster (University of Rochester), and Bruce Parkinson (University of Colorado), for making presentations or providing material to the subcommittee. The subcommittee also wishes to thank the several hundred persons who took the time and made the effort to meet with or present material to the subcommittee at the public meetings.

As chair of the subcommittee, I am grateful for the assistance of the National Research Council staff in the preparation of the report. Staff members who contributed to this effort are Paul Gilman, executive director of the Commission on Life Sciences; James J. Reisa, director of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology; Carol A. Maczka, program director for toxicology and risk assessment; Diane J. Mundt and Erin M. Bell of the Medical Follow-up Agency, Institute of Medicine; Jamie E. Young, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology; Norman Grossblatt, editor; Susan N.J. Pang, research associate; Ruth E. Crossgrove, staff associate; and Lucy V. Fusco, project assistant. I especially wish to recognize the major contributions of the project director, Kulbir S. Bakshi, who exhaustively studied the literature and drafted several sections of the report. He worked tirelessly to obtain information, and he organized the study plan, the subcommittee and public meetings, the special presentations, and this final report.

Finally, I would like to thank all the members of the subcommittee (who worked without compensation in public service) for their expertise and dedicated effort throughout the development of this report. The members of the subcommittee represented an unusually diverse set of disciplines, from laboratory scientists to epidemiologists to risk-communication experts. Despite this diversity, which was essential for consideration of the many issues involved in the problem we were addressing, the members worked together in a highly effective manner. Discussions were open, honest, and vigorous. For the untiring efforts of these dedicated people, I am sincerely grateful!

Rogene F. Henderson, PhD

Chair, Subcommittee on Zinc Cadmium Sulfide and Chair, Committee on Toxicology

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5739.
×
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TOXICOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE ARMY'S ZINC CADMIUM SULFIDE DISPERSION TESTS

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5739.
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During the 1950s and 1960s, the U.S. Army conducted atmospheric dispersion tests in many American cities using fluorescent particles of zinc cadmium sulfide (ZnCdS) to develop and verify meteorological models to estimate the dispersal of aerosols. Upon learning of the tests, many citizens and some public health officials in the affected cities raised concerns about the health consequences of the tests. This book assesses the public health effects of the Army's tests, including the toxicity of ZnCdS, the toxicity of surrogate cadmium compounds, the environmental fate of ZnCdS, the extent of public exposures from the dispersion tests, and the risks of such exposures.

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