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ALFRED SHERWOOD ROMER
December 2S, 1894-November 5, 1973
BY EDWIN H. COLBERT
AEFRED SHERWOOD ROMER was a man of many aspects: a
profound scholar whose studies of vertebrate evolution
based upon the comparative anatomy of fossils established
him throughout the worIc} as an outstanding figure in his
fielcI; a gifted teacher who trained several generations of
paleontologists and anatomists; an effective administrator
who never allowed the burden of office to diminish his re-
search activities; a lucid writer whose books and scientific
papers were and are of inestimable value; and a warm per-
son, loved and admired by family, friends, and colleagues. Al,
as he was universally known to his friends, livect a full and
rewarding life, during which he led and influenced paleon-
tologists, anatomists, and evolutionists in many lancts. His
absence is keenly felt.
Al Romer was born in White Plains, New York on
December 2S, IS94, the son of a newspaper man who was
editor, and sometimes owner, of several small-town news-
papers in Connecticut and New York, ant! who later worked
for the Associated Press. On the paternal side he was de-
scended from Jacob Romer, an emigrant from Zurich who
settled among the Dutch residents of the Hudson River Val-
ley about 1725. The Sherwood from whom he clerived his
mic36le name, the son of a British soldier, was brought to
265
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266
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Burlington, Vermont by his widowed mother about ~ ~ ~ 5. As
for other forebears, Al has written that he hacI "a gooc! dash
of Scotch-Irish- bloocI.... All the rest that ~ know of were part
of the Puritan migration to New England between 1628 and
1640, whose clescenciants moved on westward to New York
State."* Thus Al was a Hudson Valley New Yorker by inheri-
tance and birth, but through his adult life he was a confirmed!
and enthusiastic New Englancler.
At about the time he was ten years oicl, his parents, who
then lived in New York City, were divorced, and he remained
with his father. There was a second, unhappy marriage for
Al's father, during which young Alfred was, as he says, "in a
somewhat miserable situation" for a time.t He was rescued by
his paternal grandmother, who lived in White Plains, and
there he went to high school. After high school he was en-
tirely on his own; because there was no tradition of a college
education in his family, he was not encourage<] to apply for
entrance to any college or university. During the year after
high school he worked as a railroad clerk. Perhaps this ex-
perience lecl to one of his hobbies, that of a railroad! buff. In
his later years he had an encyclopedic knowledge of Ameri-
can railroads and couict rattle on by the hour about various
railroad lines their routes, their histories, and their prime
· -
persona ltles.
After a year of railroading he decided on college, anti he
obtained a scholarship at Amherst. There he spent four very
active and rewarding years, studying hard, while at the same
time supporting himself with a variety of jobs. He ciecicled
that since he hac! to work he wouict not get involves] in too
many extra-curricular activities, but he die! join the college
newspaper staff where he became the editor-in-chief. That
* Alfred Romer to Hugh L. Dryden, 5 June 1961, Archives, National Academy of
S.
Fences.
tIbid.
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ALFRED SHERWOOD ROMER
267
was all to the good; he got some practical writing experience
that was to be most useful to him in later years.
At Amherst Al hac! a double major in history and German
literature, yet in spite of the hours clevotec! to these subjects
there was one course, initially taken to fulfill a requirement,
that was to determine the direction of his life. He needled to
have a science course, so he opted for evolution, recom-
mencled to him by fellow students as "interesting ant! not too
tough."* Part of the course was taught by Frederick Brewster
Loomis, a vertebrate paleontologist, and soon after becoming
involved in this course Al knew exactly what he wantec! to do
in life.
Here it may be enlightening to backtrack a bit. When Al
was in gracI-e school in Connecticut, he was bitten by his fox
terrier, which had become rabid. Al was taken to New York
for treatments at a branch of the Pasteur Institute. It was a
protracted ordeal, and when Al was not at the Institute re-
ceiving injections he stayed with some aunts in Brooklyn.
When he was not at either the Institute or at his aunts' house,
he spent many hours at the American Museum of Natural
History, where he lost his heart to the fossils on display there.
When he later heard about fossil vertebrates from Professor
Loomis, he understood the significance of his old museum
friends. That made his decision.
One of Al's delightful traits was his pixie sense of humor.
To hear him tell it, everything he accomplished during his
life was the result of some sort of an acciclent. One would
think that he blundered through his worIct in an aimless way,
every now and then bumping into good fortune. If Al could
be persuaded to tell about his life history, he would generally
begin by recounting how he became a vertebrate paleontolo-
gist because he was bitten by a macI clog.
*Ibid.
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
His training in his now-chosen field was necessarily
delayer! for a couple of years, because during his senior year
at Amherst the United States became involvecl in the First
World War. Al felt the call of duty anc! joined the American
Field Service. Immediately after commencement he went to
France, expecting to cirive an ambulance; instead, because no
ambulances were available, he strove an ammunition truck.
In November of that year he joined the U.S. Air Service,
where through the months he acivanced from the status of a
private to the rank of second lieutenant. His service in France
culminated with his appointment to a post in command of
about five huncired French laclies at a special camp where
they were sewing covers on the wings of airplanes. Al's
hilarious account of this assignment was just one of the
famous Romer stories.
In 1919 he was back in New York, a graduate student at
Columbia University with a teaching fellowship, all on the
basis of a recommendation from Professor Loomis. There he
stu(liecl under Professor William King Gregory, who taught
on the graduate faculty at Columbia and who at the same
time was a curator at the American Museum of Natural
History. It should be explained that Professor Gregory hac3 a
dual appointment in the two institutions, the result of a long-
stancling arrangement that had been instituted by
Henry Fairfielcl Osborn in ~ 89 ~ . Graduate students in
paleontology at Columbia spent much of their time at the
Museum. It was an advantageous arrangement for all con-
cernecl; the students hack the use of unparalleled collections
and instruction, in the case of Gregory, from a man who had
a superb knowledge of all of the vertebrates, from fish to
man. It was a golden opportunity to study uncler a man of
Gregory's attainments, and Romer made the most of it. Pro-
fessor Gregory's influence on Romer was inestimable. T have
heard Al remark that in his opinion nobody ever had so
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ALFRED SHERWOOD ROMER
269
complete an unclerstancling of the vertebrate skull as ctid
Gregory, and certainly the young Romer benefited from
that; he too hac! a marvelous understanding of the skull.
At Columbia Al enjoyed the advantages not only of stucly-
ing under some famous teachers W. K. Gregory, J. H.
McGregor, T. H. Morgan, and E. B. Wilson but also the
stimulating companionship of a talented group of fellow
students and associates Charles Camp, G. K. Noble, Tames
Chapin, H. H. Johnson, Franz and Sally Schracler, and A. H.
Sturtevant.
The following is another typical Romerian story, taken
from a biographical sketch that he prepared for the Academy
Archives:
How I happened to take up a thesis topic is mildly amusing. As soon
as I arrived at Columbia, I went to see Gregory, and discovered that I could
not take his regular course because of conflict with laboratory teaching.
"But," said Gregory, "a few of us are interested in comparative myology,
and we're planning to have a special course in that subject. Would you care
to join?" I said that I would love to take this, and then went down the hall
in search of a dictionary. I thought that myology had something to do with
clams, and was pleased to discover that it had to do with muscles. Within
a few weeks after I took up the course, I proposed a new theory as to the
classification and evolution of limb muscles (which I found held up very
nicely after later work on embryology) and was embarked on a thesis which
consisted of a consideration of muscle evolution and the probable muscu-
lature of primitive fossil amphibians and reptiles.*
This anecdote nicely illustrates one of Romer's endearing
qualities; he was serious about his work, but he never took
himself too seriously. It also illustrates his remarkable ability
to cut through the puzzling aspect of a problem and to re-
solve its difficulties with an elegant solution. His thesis
emerged as a classic paper entitled "The Locomotor Ap-
*Ibid.
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
paratus of Certain Primitive and Mammal-Like Reptiles" (see
bibliography, 1922~.
After the completion of his graduate course work and his
thesis, all within the increclibly short span of two years,
Romer was appointed an instructor in the Anatomy Depart-
ment of the Bellevue Medical School at New York University.
He spent two years at Bellevue, teaching histology, embry-
ology, and gross anatomy~ourses to which he had never
been exposed" all the while working feverishly to keep ahead
of his students. During such intervals as he could find within
this frenetic schedule, he was continuing his research. One
result of such concentrated activity was a spastic colon, for
which a regimen of chIoreton was prescribed.
Next came an offer from the University of Chicago. The
manner in which he obtained his appointment at Chicago is
perhaps one of the most amusing of the Romerian stories,
and it is here set clown in Al's words as recorded in a taped
interview made on February 9, 1973.
They started feeding me some sort of capsules. They probably told me
what they were, but I didn't pay any attention.... Well, along came the
anatomists' meetings that spring, in April. They were out at the University
of Chicago, and I went out. God, I was getting sleepy. I tend to go to sleep
when people read papers at me, but here, even during ones I was really
interested in, I just couldn't stay awake. I was just dopey. Well, they were
looking for a vertebrate paleontologist and heard I was in town. So I was
invited over to lunch by the chairman of the appropriate department. I was
very sleepy, and he started the proposition—could I come up for a quarter,
give a course or two—(yawn) I wasn't sure he went on, could I come out
and give a few lectures (yawn) I wasn't too sure about that either. If I had
been awake, I would have jumped at this, but dopey as I was, I didn't jump.
Well this blase attitude apparently was pretty good, because I no sooner got
back to New York than I got a letter offering me an assistant professorship,
which is one up from instructor.... Well, I was sleepier than ever, so I
wrote back, "Well, I don't know, this time of the year is pretty late for my
boss to get a successor for me, and so forth. Hoping you are the same." And
sent it off. Well, a few days later I came to. I had gone to sleep in the middle
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ALFRED SHERWOOD ROMER
27
of the morning with my eye on a microscope barrel. I went down and saw
the medicine man and said, "Look here, either I've got sleeping sickness,
or else it's whatever dope I'm taking." He said, "You damn fool, don't you
know what you're taking?" "No." "Chloretone." And the idea was, as you
know, it's a nice anesthetic. They thought it might put my large intestine
to sleep. Instead, it was putting me to sleep, and so they took me off it and
I woke up, at which point arrived a telegram offering me an associate
professorship. I thought, gee, this has worked out pretty well. I've made
twojumps now. Could I play it still further and jump from instructor to full
professor? I finally decided not, and signed on the dotted line. So chlore-
tone did it. I don't know if it would work for other people or not.*
While Al was a graduate student at Columbia he spent
summers at the Woocls Hole Biological Laboratory, and there
he met Ruth Hibbard, the younger sister of Dr. Hope Hib-
barcI, a zoologist studying at Woocis Hole. When he went to
Chicago in 1923 he again encountered Ruth, working as a
labor statistician and living in the vicinity of the University.
They became friends, they fell in love, and the next fall were
married in Columbia, Missouri, where Ruth's father was a
professor at the University of Missouri. It was a fortunate and
a happy marriage.
One cannot contemplate the career of Al Romer without
giving full attention to the contribution Ruth made to that
career. She was Al's devoted partner through the years,
working closely with him at home and away from home. It
must not be thought that Ruth was a self-sacrif~cing non-
entity, subjecting herself in every way to the advancement of
Al's career. She was not. Ruth was always a forceful person
with her own clef~nite views about the world in which she
lived. But she complemented Al in a marvelous fashion; to-
gether the two of them cooperated in a mutually advan-
tageous manner. Al fully appreciated Ruth's role in their
* G. E. Erikson, "Alfred Sherwood Romer" (Proceedings of the Ninetieth Meeting
of the American Association of Anatomists), Anatomical Record, 189 ( 1977): 3 14-24.
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
partnership; he wrote that their marriage was "the best thing
that ever click happen, or could have happened to me."*
There are three children: Sally (Mrs. Paul Evans), a librarian
at Amherst College; Robert, professor of physics at Amherst
College; and James, who lives and works in Providence,
Rhode Island. There are seven grandchildren.
Circumstances do affect the directions that our lives fol-
low, a point that Al liked to emphasize in lively tales according
to which he just happened, more or less by accidents to
develop his career. Of course the favorable circumstances
were there; but Al saw his opportunities and clevelopect them
with unparalleled acumen ant! ability. One wonders what
direction his life would have taken if he hacT not gone to
Chicago, if he hacI stayed at Bellevue, or if he hac! gone to
some institution lacking a program in vertebrate paleontol-
ogy or a collection of fossil vertebrates. He certainly wouIcl
have become a leacling anatomist (as indeed he was) but per-
haps an anatomist working more on modern than on extinct
animals.
As things turned out, he went to a university that had on
hand a fine collection of ancient backboned animals, par-
ticularly Permian amphibians and reptiles. These fossils tract
been amassed by Romer's distinguished predecessor, Samuel
Wenclell Williston, with the able cooperation of his field and
laboratory assistant, Paul Miller, who was still at Chicago
when Romer arrived. Al Romer soon became involved with
Permian tetrapocis, and this field of research remained the
dominant center of his scientific effort for the remainder of
his life. It is interesting to note that from 1922 through 1924
he was the author of eight anatomically oriented publications.
From 1925 through 1935 (which may be taken as the years
during which his contributions originated in Chicago) there
* Romer to Dryden.
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ALFRED SHERWOOD ROMER
273
were thirty-seven publications, most of which might be
characterized as primarily paleontological. This remained
true of his subsequent publications. Although Al enterer!
upon a program of research based to a large clegree on the
Permian collections at Chicago, at the same time he began a
vigorous campaign to augment those collections by field work
in the Permian sediments of Texas and New Mexico. In 1929
he extended his paleontological horizons by going to South
Africa with Paul Miller and making an important collection
from the famous Permo-Triassic Karroo beds.
He spent eleven productive years at Chicago, studying,
publishing, and teaching. Among other things, he was in-
volved, together with several colleagues, in the presentation
of a general education course in science for nonscience
students. A text was needled, so the participating professors
collaborated on a book, eclited by H. H. Newman, entitled The
Nature of the World and of Man, published in ~ 926. Al's chapter
in this book, "The Evolution of the Vertebrates," was ex-
panclec! by him into a book, Man and the Vertebrates, published
in 1933. During the same year the first edition of his invalu-
able textbook, Vertebrate Paleontology, was publishecl. Both of
these books have enjoyed well-deserved success in this
country and abroad and have appeared during subsequent
years as revised editions.
Although Al enjoyed his work and his colleagues at
Chicago, he declared that he "had no particular love for
midwestern country."* As has been mentioned, he was an
enthusiastic New Englancler, so in the summer of 1932 the
Romers went to Massachusetts and began to look around in
the vicinity of Amherst for a country retreat. The search
continued during the following summer, when they were
fortunate to find a place completely to their liking in the town
*IBM.
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274 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
of Pelham, near Amherst. It was a two-hundred-acre tract of
abandoned farmIancl, mostly grown up into woods, occupied
by a dilapidates! old house, the earliest section of which had
been built in 1740. They bought the property, and through
the years it was their much-belovecT second home, where they
usually spent several months of each year. The house became
one of AT's hobbies. Single-handecIly he began a long-term
project of restoration, eventually resulting in a choice ex-
ample of a New England colonial farmhouse. Al was a cledi-
catec! purist and insisted that everything about the house
shouIcl be as nearly authentic as possible. For example, he
bought an old house that had been condemned because it was
on a reservoir site, and he used the woodwork from that
house in the restoration of his Pelham home.
The Romers hacI contemplated a long trek each summer
from Chicago to Pelham and back, but the year after they had
purchased their New England place Al was offered a position
at Harvard. He was to be professor of zoology and at the same
time curator of vertebrate paleontology at the famous
Museum of Comparative Zoology (the MCZ as it is known to
museum people around the worId). It was exactly the type of
situation that he hacl wanted and had never been quite able
to achieve at Chicago. The Romers moved to Cambridge,
where they bought a picturesque old home near the MCZ;
through the years they graciously entertained hosts of visiting
paleontologists and other guests visiting the MCZ. Al clivide(1
his time between an office in the Biological Laboratories and
another office in the Museum. Al would be busily ant] hap-
pily occupied in Cambridge and in Pelham for just short of
forty years.
When Al arrived at Harvarc! the program in vertebrate
paleontology at the MCZ was in a state of clesuetu(le; collec-
tions were available but were not being used to any great
extent, nor were they being augmented. Romer changed that
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ALFRED SHERWOOD ROMER
285
The late Carboniferous vertebrate fauna of Kounova (Bohemia)
compared with that of the Texas red beds. Am. I. Sci.,
243:417-42.
1946
The primitive reptile Limnoscelis restudied. Am. I. Sci., 244: 149-88.
The early evolution of fishes. Q. Rev. Biol., 21:33-69.
Thomas Barbour, 1884-1946. Soc. Vert. Paleontol. News Bull.
17:2~25.
Thomas Barbour. Anat. Rec., 95:473-75.
1947
Review of the Labyrinthodontia. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv.
Univ., 99: 1-368.
The relationships of the Permian reptile Protorosaurus. Am. I. Sci.,
245: 19-30.
The University. The Agassiz Museum. Harv. Alum. Bull., 49:
619-21.
Louis Agassiz; a hundred years after his com
felt. Harv. Alum. Bull., 49:628-31.
1948
ing his influence is still
Relative growth in pelycosaurian reptiles. R. Soc. S. Afr. Spec.
Publ., Robert Broom Commemorative vol., pp. 45-55.
Ichthyosaur ancestors. Am. }. Sci., 246:109-21.
Zoology at Harvard. Bios, 19: 7-20.
Advances in the study of organic evolution. Bull. Am. Acad. Arts
Sci., 1:2-3.
With H. B. Bigelow and F. M. Carpenter. Hubert Lyman Clark.
Harv. Univ. Gaz., 43: 100-101.
The fossil mammals of Thomas Farm, Gilchrist County, Florida. Q.
F1. Acad. Sci., 10: 1-11.
Harvard portraits A. S. Romer. Harv. Alum. Bull., 9~501:390.
1949
Louis Agassiz. Sci. Am., 181:48-51.
The color line in fraternities. Atl. Mon., May, pp. 27-31.
Time series and trends in animal evolution. In: Genetics, Paleontology
and Evolution, ed. G. L. Jepsen, E. Mayr, and G. G. Simpson,
pp. 103-20. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press.
The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. vii + 643 pp.
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1950
The nature and relationships of the Paleozoic microsaurs. Am. I.
Sci., 248:628-54.
The Upper Paleozoic Abo Formation and its vertebrate fauna. In:
Guidebook for the Fourth Field Conference of the Society of Vertebrate
Paleontology in Northwestern New Mexico, ed. E. H. Colbert, S. A.
Northrop, A. S. Romer, and G. G. Simpson, pp.48-55. Mimeo-
graphed.
1951
Bison crassicornis in the late Pleistocene of New England. I. Mam-
mal., 32:230-31.
1952
Late Pennsylvanian and early Permian vertebrates of the Pitts-
burgh-West Virginia region. Ann. Carnegie Mus., 33:47-110.
Discussion of "The Mesozoic tetrapods of South America," by E. H.
Colbert. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 99:250-54.
1954
Aestivation in a Permian lungfish. Breviora, Mus. Comp. Zool.,
30:1-8.
1955
Fish origins—fresh or salt water? Deep-Sea Res.,3(Suppl.):261-80.
Herpetichthyes, Amphibioidei, Choanichthyes or Sarcopterygii?
Nature, 176: 126.
I he Vertebrate Body. 2d ea., rev. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. viii +
644 pp.
1956
With D. M. S. Watson. A classification of therapsid reptiles. Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Univ., 114:37-89.
The early evolution of land vertebrates. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc.,
100: 157-67.
Les rapports entre la paleontologie des vertebres et l'anatomie
compare e. In: Colloques internationaux du Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique 60: Problemes actuels de paleontologie (Paris,
18-23 April 1955), pp. 149-59. Paris: Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique.
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ALFRED SHERWOOD ROMER
287
A Shorter Version of the Second Edition of the Vertebrate Body. 2d ea.,
abridged. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. viii + 486 pp.
Osteology of the Reptiles. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. xxi +
772 pp.
1957
The appendicular skeleton of the Permian embolomerous amphib-
ianArcheria. Contrib. Mus. Paleontol. Univ. Mich., 13:103-59.
Origin of the amniote egg. Sci. Mon., 85:57-63.
Amphibians. In: Treatise on Marine Ecology~and Paleoecology, vol. 2,
ed. H. S. Ladd. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem., 67:1011.
1958
An embolomere jaw from the mid-Carboniferous of Nova Scotia.
Breviora, Mus. Comp. Zool., 87:1-8.
Darwin and the fossil record. In: A Century of Darwin, ed. S. A.
Barnett, pp. 130-52. London: William Heinemann Ltd.
The Texas Permian red beds and their vertebrate fauna. In: Studies
on Fossil Vertebrates, ed. T. S. Westoll, pp.157-79. London: Univ.
of London, The Athlone Press.
The vertebrate as a dual animal visceral and somatic. Anat. Rec.,
132 :496(A).
Tetrapod limbs and early tetrapod life. Evolution, 12:365-69.
Phylogeny and behavior with special reference to vertebrate evolu-
tion. In: Behavior and Evolution, ed. A. Roe and G. G. Simpson,
pp. 48-75. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
1959
Vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbeltiere [The Vertebrate Body], trans.
H. Frick and D. Starck. Hamburg and Berlin: Paul Parey. xii +
499 pp.
Louis Agassiz in America. Harv. Alum. Bull., 5~62~:209, 224-25.
Ihe Vertebrate Story. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. vii + 437 pp.
Vertebrate paleontology, 1908-1958. l. Paleontol., 33:915-25.
Darwin and the fossil record. Nat. Hist., 68:457-69.
A mounted skeleton of the giant plesiosaur Kronosaurus. Breviora,
Mus. Comp. Zool., 112:1-14.
Fossil skeleton reconstructed after 100-million-year delay. Dis-
covery, Nov., p. 464.
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Centennial of the Agassiz Museum. Newsl. Harv. Found. Adv.
Stud., 30 Sept., p. 3.
1960
Vertebrate-bearing continental Triassic strata in Mendoza region,
Argentina. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 71:1279-94.
lilcGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, vols. 1-4, 6-14,
articles on: Aistopoda, Amphibia fossils, Animal evolution, An-
thracosauria, Batoidea fossils, Bradyodonti, Chimaerae, Clado-
selachii, Elasmobranchii fossils, Embolomeri, Hybodontoidea,
Ichthyostegalia, Labyrinthodontia, Lepospondyli, Microsauria,
Nectridia, Pleuracanthodii, Rachitomi, Selachii fossils, Sey-
mouriamorpha, Stereospondyli, Temnospondyli, and Tremato-
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Explosive evolution. Zool. Tahrb. Abt. Syst. Oekol. Geogr. Tiere,
88:79-90.
The vertebrate fauna of the New Mexico Permian. In: Guidebook of
Rio Chama Country, ed. E. C. Beaumont and C. B. Read, pp.
48-54. New Mexico Geol. Soc., Eleventh Field Conference.
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Resources.
1961
Palaeozoological evidence of climate. (l) Vertebrates. In: Descriptive
Palaeoclimatology, ed. A. E. M. Nairn, pp. 183-206. London and
New York: Interscience Publishers.
A large ophiacodont pelycosaur from the Pennsylvanian of the
Pittsburgh region. Breviora, Mus. Comp. Zool., 144: 1-7.
1962
A Cambridge triumvirate. New Engl. Q., 35: 10~9.
The fossiliferous Triassic deposits of Ischigualasto, Argentina.
Breviora, Mus. Comp. Zool., 156:1-7.
Vertebrate evolution. Copeia, 1962:223-27.
Ihe Vertebrate Body. 3d ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co. viii +
627 pp.
7he Verteb~rate Body. 3d ea., abridged. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders
Co. vii + 475 pp.
Synapsid evolution and dentition. Kon. Vlaamse Acad. Wetensch.
Lett. Sch. Kunsten Belgie, Brussels, 1961 :9-56.
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ALFRED SHERWOOD ROMER
289
Darwin and paleontology. Univ. Kans. Sci. Bu11.,62(Suppl.~:53-61.
With N. E. Wright, T. Edinger, and R. Van Frank. Bibliography of
Fossil Vertebrates Exclusive of North America, 1509-1927. 2 vols.
Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 87. 1544 pp.
La evolucion explosive de los rhynchosaurios del Triasico. Rev.
Mus. Argent. Cienc. Nat. Bernardino Rivadavia Inst. Nac. In-
vest. Cien. Nat. Cienc. Zool., 8:1-14.
1963
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