|
Items in cart [0] |
Questions? Call 888-624-8373 |
HARDBACK PDF BOOK Free Resources |
||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Copyright © 2009. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Terms of Use and Privacy Statement |
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 296
OCR for page 297
JOHN CLARKE SLATER
December 22, 1 900-July 25, 1 976
BY PHILIP M. MORSE
T'
OHN C. SLATER merits commemoration for several reasons.
. . _ _ .
J He contributed significantly to the start of the quantum
revolution in physics; he was one of the very few Americar~-
trained physicists to do so. He was exceptional in that he
persisted in exploring atomic, molecular, and solid state
theory, while many of his peers were coerced by war, or
tempted by novelty, to divert to nuclear mysteries. Not least,
his texts and his lectures contributed materially to the rise of
the illustrious American generation of physicists of the 1 940's
and 1950's.*
Slater's background was academic. His father, born in
Virginia, was an undergraduate at Harvard, a doctoral
student at the University of Chicago, and heart of the English
Department at the University of Rochester. John enjoyed
literature, history, and music throughout his life, but his
youthful preoccupations were with things mechanical, chemi-
cal. and electrical. His goal was set when a family helper, a
~ cat
college girl, put a name to his interests physics.
He took a course in high school physics the next year,
which he found pedestrian except for the laboratory. Never-
* See J. C. Slater, Solid-State and Molecular Theory: A Scientific Biography (New York:
Wiley-Interscience, 1975) for a more detailed account of Slater's life than is possible
in this short memoir.
297
OCR for page 298
298
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
theless, when he entered the University of Rochester in 1917
he took physics courses as well as a curriculum of chemistry
and mathematics. As a senior he assisted in the physics
laboratory and clid his first indepenclent research for a
special honors thesis, a measurement of the clependence on
pressure of the intensities of the Balmer lines of hydrogen.
The curriculum in those days did not extent] to moclern
physics, but he was referred to Bohr's ~ 9 ~ 3 paper. From it he
was able to clevise a bit of theory that partially explainecI his
.
O ~servatlons.
His thesis must have had some merit, for it helped to get
him into Harvard graduate school, with the choice of a fel-
lowship or assistantship. He chose the assistantship, during
which he worked for P. W. Bricigeman, collecting data from
equipment designed by Bridgeman. He was happy at
Harvard, where he found great intellectual stimulation from
his teachers and fellow students. He followed Bridgeman's
courses in fundamental physics and launched into the new
quantum physics with the courses of E. C. Kemble. He com-
pletecl the work for the Ph.D. in three years by publishing his
(19241* paper "Compressibility of the Alkali Halides," which
embodies! the thesis work he had done uncler Bridgeman.
His longtime friend I. H. Van VIeck remembers those
days:
Neither Slater nor I have ever written any papers concerning the
relation of philosophy and physics, but I have the feeling that both of us
were influenced by Bridgeman. The essence of his philosophy, which is
basically pragmatic, is that research physicists should not be distracted to
the realm of metaphysics or politics, but should concentrate on explaining
observable facts. In practically all of Slater's papers, except for the experi-
mental ones, the emphasis is on making calculations or developing theories
that explain observed phenomena.
We both had the benefit of what I call "operation head start," inasmuch
*The dates in parentheses or brackets refer to the bibliography appended.
OCR for page 299
JOHN CLARKE SLATER
299
as in 1920-1921 Kemble gave the most mature and sophisticated course in
quantum theory given in the United States. Slater has said that the training
at that time at Harvard was fully the equal of that in English and European
universities. By the summer of 1922 he was thoroughly indoctrinated in
the successes and failures of the then quantum theory. One historian of
science has referred to that period as the crisis in quantum theory. Slater
and I lived in the same dormitory and he and I had many talks about the
crisis. Like most American theoretical physicists of his generation, Slater
wrote an experimental thesis. However his real heart was in theory and his
first publication was not his doctor's thesis, but a note [19241 to Nature on
"Radiation and Atoms."
Life for a graduate student at that time was in some ways harder, in
some ways easier than now. Hardly any graduate student had a car or a
wife. There was practically no secretarial help for anyone except senior
faculty. Most of the books and journals were in the central [Widener]
library rather than the physics building. To work in the laboratory at night
required special permission and I remember Slater telling how he had to
use a flashlight to get to the fuse box to make his apparatus functional. The
respects in which life was better were that there were maids who cleaned
the rooms and made up the beds, and especially that there was a dining hall
in Memorial Hall with full waiter service three meals a day. The days that
Bridgeman had classes were grim, as he insisted on beginning his lectures
at 8:40 so he could lecture twice a week for eighty minutes instead of the
customary three fifty-minute sessions. Little did Slater or I realize that the
particular table of the group to which we belonged would have so many
distinguished alumni among others the mathematicians Franklin (at MIT),
Walsh and Widder (at Harvard), the economists Ellis and Chamberlain,
Woodward of the Harvard Music Department, and Paul Buck, Pulitzer
Prize winner and longtime provost of Harvard.
After receiving his Ph.D., Slater held a Harvard Sheldon Fellowship for
study in Europe. He spent a period in Cambridge, England, before going
to Copenhagen. In spite of these influences Slater's ideas were very much
his own, what formal training he had was in America. His concept of virtual
oscillators germinated while he was still here. When Slater reached Copen-
hagen he explained to Bohr and Kramers his idea that classical radiation
fields guided the light quanta, a sort of forerunner of the duality principle.
The result of Slater's conversations was the celebrated paper [19241 on
"The Quantum Theory of Radiation" in the Philosophical Magazine, listed
as by Prof. Bohr, Dr. Kramers, and Mr. Slater (actually John already had
his Ph.D.~. With the prestige of the senior author and the interesting
OCR for page 300
300
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
character of the subject matter, this paper produced quite a splash; Slater
suddenly became an internationally known name. Interest in the paper
subsided with the arrival of quantum mechanics but in recent years it has
been recognized that the correct ideas in the article are those of Slater.
It was natural that the Harvard Physics Department annexed Slater to
its staff when he returned to America. Though all papers written by
theoretical physicists on the eve of the quantum mechanical breakthrough
were speculative in nature, two of Slater's speculations were essentially
correct. One [1925] was the correlation of the width of a spectral line with
the reciprocal lifetime of a stationary state, a sort of precursor of a 1930
paper of Weisskopf and Wigner that demonstrated this quantum mechani-
cally. The other [19251 was concerned with the interpretation of the
spectra of hydrogen and ionized helium. In the early days it was customary
to use four quantum numbers for the valence electron in the alkali and but
three for the hydrogen and ionized helium atoms. The additional quantum
number in the alkalis was ascribed to the interior electron shells, something
obviously lacking in hydrogenic atoms, where there is only one electron.
Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit, in a note to Naturw?ssenschaften, suggested that
there were really four quantum numbers in hydrogen but that a fortuitous
degeneracy made things look like there are only three. Independently and
practically simultaneously, Slater had the same idea. In a second paper
Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit suggested that the fourth quantum number be
attributed to electron spin, with a gyromagnetic ratio of twice the classical
value. Had Slater terminated his paper with a similar suggestion, which
could have been made in a sentence, Slater would have shared their honors
with them. Instead of talking about a spin doublet, however, he simply
spoke abstractly in terms of the duality of states found in the Pauli exclu-
sion principle perhaps a reflection of Slater's pragmatic approach. His
papers of the period, though theoretical, sometimes did not contain a
single equation, a reflection of the fact that quantum mechanics had not
then achieved analytic form.
The advent of the true quantum mechanics, with the miraculous near
simultaneity of the matrix and wave forms, brought a whole new world to
the theoretical physicist. Slater, despite being at somewhat of a geo-
graphical disadvantage on account of being in America, rapidly absorbed
the content of the new discoveries. His first quantum mechanical paper
[1927] was one on "Radiation and Absorption on Schroedinger's Theory."
Slater preferred to make most of his analyses by means of the Schroedinger
wave equation; for that reason he was able to use a variational procedure
OCR for page 301
TOH N CLARKE SLATER
301
[1928], essentially equivalent to that of Hyleraas, to show that quantum
mechanics gives the proper binding energy for the normal helium atom.
In 1929 Slater published what I regard as his greatest paper, "The
Theory of Complex Spectra," which he wrote just before going to Europe
on a Guggenheim Fellowship. In this he introduced the Slater deter-
minants, now universally named for him. Heisenberg and Dirac had in-
dependently shown that the complete wave function, inclusive of spin
factors, must be antisymmetric if both spin and orbit are permuted, and
Pauli had shown how to interpret spin in terms of a factor in the wave
function which had only two values. However no one had proposed con-
structing in explicit detail a determinant whose individual entries included
the Pauli spin factor. In retrospect it seems an obvious thing to do, as the
determinantal form automatically insures the proper antisymmetry. The
fact is that almost two years elapsed between the appearance of Pauli's
paper and Slater's. In this article Slater also introduced the so-called Slater
F and G parameters, integrals describing the energies of all the states
arising from a given configuration as long as interconfiguration interaction
is neglected.
In addition to other notable papers which Slater wrote in the late 1 920's,
on such subjects as Hartree's self-consistent field, the quantum mechanical
derivation of the Rydberg formula and the best values of atomic shielding
constants, he wrote a seminal paper on directing valence. It was published
in 1931 but he had been working and talking about the subject before 1930.
The idea of directed valence is that by using proper linear combinations of
s and p wave functions one can construct wave functions that project out
in particular directions like the horns of a cow. From Sp3 hybridization one
can, for example, construct the tetrahedral valence properties of the car-
bon atom so dear to the organic chemist. Linus Pauling had the same idea
about the same time; his paper and Slater's were practically simultaneous.
These were some of the achievements that resulted in his being elected
to the National Academy at the almost unprecedented age of thirty-one.
He played a key role in lifting American theoretical physics to high inter-
national standing for the first time since Willard Gibbs.*
The writer of the present memoir first met Slater in the
late spring of 1930. The occasion was the installation of Karl
* l. H. Van Vleck, remarks, Slater Memorial Session, American Physical Society,
Chicago, 7 February 1977.
OCR for page 302
302
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Compton as president of MIT. John had just been appointed
the new chairman of the Institute's Physics Department; ~
hac! just accepted an offer of an assistant professorship in that
department. Slater impressed me. Though there was a dif-
ference of only three years in our ages, and though at that
time he looker! more like a freshman than a department
head, there seemed to me a decacle's difference between us in
regarcl to knowlecIge and experience in physics. John had
twice spent time in Europe, taking significant part in ham-
mering out the implications of the new quantum mechanics,
whereas ~ was scheduled to make my first pilgrimage to
Europe in the next year.
It is hard for this generation to appreciate the feeling of
inferiority we then, in this country, felt for pure science in
Europe. Europe was where new physics was being made and
one's ambition was to finish one's education there. A few
active centers were being started in this country: Harvard,
Princeton, Caltech and Berkeley, as well as a few others. We
were just beginning to catch up. What impresser! me most, in
my first meeting with Slater, was his determination to recast
the physics curriculum at MIT SO the young physicist would
not need to go abroad to finish his education, though he
wouIcI be able to go abroad to work with equals. We did not
know then how important this goal was to be ten years later.
When ~ came back from my year abroad, things were
aireacly well uncler way. With Slater's active support, N. H.
Frank was busy recasting the freshman-sophomore course in
physics that every MIT undergraduate had to take. It was a
tough course for the time, using calculus from the start. But
it meant that, by the enc! of the senior year, the physics majors
would be at least the equals of most graduate students after
a year of graduate study. Slater himself concentrated on the
senior course in theoretical physics. His text, written with
OCR for page 303
JOH N CLARKE SLATER
303
Frank, Introduction to Theoretical Physics (1933), became a
classic. The whole inventory of graduate courses was also
reorganizer! and the system of general examinations was re-
structured to give the stuclent more freedom for research—
and Slater inseminated much of that research. Many out-
standing theoretical physicists of the 1940's and 1950's got
their start from him in the 1930's.
His most tangibly lasting contribution was his books. Be-
tween 1933 and 1968 he wrote fourteen books—on chemical
physics, on microwaves, and on the quantum theory of atoms,
molecules, and solids an average of one weighty tome every
two-ancI-a-half years. Even the oldest of these is still worth
reading. The style of all of them is businesslike and simple,
though the subject matter may be complex. Apparently, to
John, writing was as easy as breathing. While most of the rest
of us had to struggle through successive ctrafts, Slater types!
out his first ciraft himself; as far as i: know it needed little
revision. In his office, in the few pauses between aciministra-
tive cluties, he would turn to his typewriter to complete
another page or two that he had been mentally composing
earlier. Administration of the department took up a good
clear of time, more time than he would have preferred. John
was a good department heacI.
In spite of the administrative load, Slater continued to
write books, to teach and supervise student research, and to
clo his own research. During the 1930's his research interests
shifter! from atomic structure to molecular and solid state
structure, as is illustrated by a sampling of his publications.
In 1931 he wrote on directec! valence and on the quantum
theory of the equation of state, in 1934 there was a paper on
energy bands in metals, and in 1936 one on ferromagnetism
in nickel. In 1937 he was writing on the structure of alloys
and on the superconductive state, in 1938 on the structure of
OCR for page 304
304
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
insulating crystals. All this while he was building, from
scratch, one of the most prestigious physics departments in
the country.
Through most of this decade he looked more like an
undergracluate than a clepartment head. Many secretaries
made that mistake once; they clid not do so a second time. But
those of us who knew him in the 1930's remember him as
friendly, stimulating, never dictatorial but inspirational in his
own unique and quiet way. He was entertaining, too, if he was
so minded. Some of us still remember how he coup render
his guests weak with laughter simply by counting, slowly and
solemnly, up to forty in Danish.
In 1940 the beginning of World War IT disrupted all
research, but gave the newly trained American physicists a
chance to show that their education could be put to practical
use. Compton, with Vannevar Bush's National Defense Re-
search Committee's financing, set up the Radiation l~abora-
tory at MIT to develop microwave radar. At these high fre-
quencies the electromagnetic fields had more in common
with sound waves than with the usual wire-born currents, and
those familiar with theoretical physics were better acquainted
with their behavior than were the electrical engineers of that
era. Slater soon joined the staff of the Racliation Laboratory.
To quote from his 1975 autobiography:
I. I. Rabi, one of the moving spirits of the Radiation Laboratory, asked
my help in understanding the theory of the magnetron, the power oscilla-
tor whose development by the British had made microwave radar practical,
but whose workings were very poorly understood. I told Rabi I also didn't
know, but would try to find out.
The problem is analogous to that of the self-consistent field in an atom,
one in which we study the motion of an electron in the presence of the
space charge produced by all the other electrons and of the nuclei (which
take the place of the electrodes in the magnetron). This problem is too hard
to solve all in one step. One proceeds instead by iteration, assuming a form
for the space charge, solving for the motion of an electron in that field,
OCR for page 305
fOHN CLARKE SLATER
305
studying the space charge produced by all the electrons moving in the way
just described and demanding that the final space charge be identical with
that originally assumed. I resolved to try to carry through such an iterative
calculation for the magnetron and see if the result would include not only
a time independent space charge, but more interesting, an oscillating, or
rather rotating, space charge which would produce the oscillating or rotat-
ing electromagnetic field which corresponds to the radio-frequency output
of the magnetron. I set to work and after a few weeks I had a satisfactory
answer.
But it was necessary to go further. The behavior of a magnetron
depended very profoundly on the impedance of the output circuit, and yet
this was not an ordinary lumped circuit, but a set of wave guides. I had been
dealing with the microwave cavity as a real cavity, rather there as a circuit
element, and it was clear that the same thing had to be done for the rest
of the microwave circuit.*
Based on this work, Slater was able to write the book
Microwave Transmission, which was the bible of the radar de-
signers for a long time.
In the fall of 1941, John arranged to transfer his work to
the Bell Telephone Laboratories (at that time in Manhattan),
where an MIT graduate, Jim Fisk, was doing fundamental
work on magnetrons. Slater stayed with Fisk's team through-
out the war, cloing experimental as well as theoretical work on
magnetron design. Mervin Kelley, then head of Bell Labs,
has stated that John had done more than any other person to
provide the understancling requisite to progress in the micro-
wave field.
As the war came to an end, the problems of reconverting
laboratories ant! people to peacetime pursuits loomed! large.
Slater sharer] his time between finishing the tasks at Bell Labs
and planning the postwar Physics Department at MIT. As he
put it:
* I. C. Slater, Solid-State and Molecular Theory: A Scientific Biography (New York:
Wiley-Interscience, 1975), p. 212.
OCR for page 306
306
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
During the war practically every member of the MIT Physics Depart-
ment had been associated with war work one way or another. As the end
of the war approached many of them turned back to Cambridge, as I did,
full of new plans for the development of physics at the Institute. The war
had brought physics to the attention of the public, of industry and govern-
ment, as had never happened before. In particular, the fields of elec-
tronics, as exemplified in radar, and of nuclear structure, as applied in the
atomic bomb, were bound to lead to greatly accelerated research and
application and greatly increased numbers of students and opportunities
for their employment.
Important was the matter of having different fields of physics repre-
sented in the department. We had never believed in the extreme concen-
tration in one or two specialities which some departments have chosen. NVe
could afford to diversify, partly on account of the large size of the depart-
ment made necessary by the large teaching load, and partly because we felt
it a duty in a technical institution to carry on work in applications of physics
which do not attract interest in an arts college. Our work in electronics,
X-rays, optics and acoustics was in each case in a field pursued in only a few
institutions. Our department was often looked down on by those who felt
that no physicist of any imagination would be in any field except nuclear
and high-energy physics. And yet in each of these less popular fields our
department was looked up to by the industrial leaders as the best depart-
ment in the country, and we were constantly urged to turn out more
students in each of these fields. After the war I felt firmly that this diversity
was a good thing and that we should not alter it.*
As a result the Radiation Laboratory was transformed into
a peacetime Research Laboratory of Electronics; a Labora-
tory of Nuclear Science and Engineering was established and
the wartime work in acoustics was transferred to a smaller but
active Acoustics Laboratory.
Tohn's own research returned to molecular and solid state
theory. As the postwar department began to take form, he
was able to spend more time in this field. By 1951 he was
ready to take a number of important steps. A year earlier he
had organized a small research group, called the Solid State
*Ibid., p. 217.
OCR for page 311
JOH N CLARKE SLATER
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1924
311
Radiation and atoms. Nature, 113: 307-8.
Compressibility of the alkali halides. Phys. Rev., 23:488-500.
With N. Bohr and H. A. Kramers. The quantum theory of radia-
tion. Philos. Mag., 47: 785-802.
With N. Bohr and H. A. Kramers. Uber die Quantentheorie der
Strahlung. Z. Physik, 24:69-87.
1925
The nature of radiation. Nature, 116:278.
A quantum theory of optical phenomena. Phys. Rev., 25:395~28.
Methods for determining transition probabilities from line absorp-
tion. Phys. Rev., 25:783-90.
With G. R. Harrison. Line breadths and absorption probabilities in
sodium vapor. Phys. Rev., 26: 176-88.
Physically degenerate systems and quantum dynamics. Phys. Rev.,
26:419-30.
Interpretation of the hydrogen and helium spectra. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA, 11: 732-38.
1926
Alternating intensities in band lines. Nature, 117:278.
Spinning electrons and the structure of spectra. Nature, 117:587.
A dynamical model for complex atoms. Phys. Rev., 28:291-317.
Measurement of the compressibility of the alkali halides. Proc. Am.
Acad. Arts Sci., 61:135-50.
1927
Radiation and absorption on Schrodinger's theory. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA, 13:7-12.
Action of radiation and perturbations on atoms. Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA, 13: 104-11.
The structure of the He atom. I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 13:
423-30.
1928
Central fields and Rydberg formulas in wave mechanics. Phys.
Rev., 31:333-43.
OCR for page 312
312
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Light quanta and wave mechanics. Phys. Rev., 31: 895-99.
The self-consistent field and the structure of atoms. Phys. Rev.,
32:339-48.
The normal state of He. Phys. Rev., 32:349-60.
1929
Physical meaning of wave mechanics. I. Franklin Inst., 207:449-55.
The theory of complex spectra. Phys. Rev., 34: 1293-323.
1930
Note on Hartree's method. Phys. Rev., 35:210-11.
Cohesion in monovalent metals. Phys. Rev., 35:509-29.
Atomic shielding constants. Phys. Rev., 36: 57-64.
1931
Directed valence in polyatomic molecules. Phys. Rev., 37:481-89.
With }. G. Kirkwood. Van der Waals forces in gases. Phys. Rev.,
37:682-97.
The quantum theory of the equation of state. Phys. Rev., 38:
237-42.
Note on the structure of the group XO3. Phys. Rev., 38:325-29.
Molecular energy levels and valence bonds. Phys. Rev.,38:1109-44.
1932
Note on molecular structure. Phys. Rev., 41:255-57.
Analytic atomic wave functions. Phys. Rev., 42:33-43.
1933
The virial and molecular structure. }. Chem. Phys., 1:687-91.
The electron theory of metallic conduction. Science, 77:595-97.
With N. H. Frank. Introduction to Theoretical Physics. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
1934
Electronic energy bands in metals. Phys. Rev., 45:794-801.
The electronic structure of metals. Rev. Mod. Phys., 6:209-80.
1935
With H. M. Krutter. The Thomas-Fermi method for metals. Phys.
Rev., 47:559-68.
OCR for page 313
jOH N CLARKE SLATER
1936
313
The ferromagnetism of Ni. Phys. Rev., 49:537-45.
The ferromagnetism of Ni. II. Temperature effects. Phys. Rev.,
49:931-37.
With E. Rudberg. Theory of inelastic scattering of electrons from
solids. Phys. Rev., 50:150-58.
With W. Shockley. Optical absorption by the alkali halides. Phys.
Rev., 50: 705-19.
1937
Electronic structure of alloys. I. Appl. Phys., 8:385-90.
The nature of the superconducting state. Phys. Rev., 51:195-202.
Damped electron waves in crystals. Phys. Rev., 51:840-46.
Wave functions in a periodic potential. Phys. Rev., 51:846-51.
Theory of ferromagnetism: Lowest energy levels. Phys. Rev.,
52: 198-214.
The nature of the superconducting state. II. Phys. Rev.,52:21~22.
Charles Elwood Mendenhall. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 71:529.
1938
Electrodynamics of ponderable bodies. I. Franklin Inst., 225:
277-87.
Excited energy levels of insulating crystals. Trans. Faraday Soc.,
34:828-32.
1939
Introduction to Chemical Physics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1940
Note on Gruneisen's constant for the incompressible metals. Phys.
Rev., 57:744-46.
Note on the effect of pressure on the Curie point of iron-nickel
alloys. Phys. Rev., 58:54-56.
1941
Theory of the transition in KH2PO4. I. Chem. Phys., 9: 1~33.
1942
Microwave Transmission. New York: McGraw-Hill. (Reissued, New
York: Dover Publications, 1959.)
OCR for page 314
314
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1946
Physics and the wave equation. Bull. Am. Math. Soc., 52:392-400.
With F. Bitter, I. B. Garrison, I. Halpern, E. Maxwell, and C. F.
Squire. Superconductivity of lead at 3 cm wave length. Phys.
Rev., 70:97-98.
Microwave electronics. Rev. Mod. Phys., 18:441-512.
1947
With N. H. Frank. Mechanics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
With N. H. Frank. Electromagnetism. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1948
The design of linear accelerators. Rev. Mod. Phys., 20:473-518.
1949
With E. Maxwell and P. M. Marcus. Surface impedance of normal
and superconductors at 24,000 megacycles per second. Phys.
Rev., 76:1332-47.
Electrons in perturbed periodic lattices. Phys. Rev., 76: 1592-1601.
The physics of metals. Phys. Today, 2:~13.
The MIT International Conference on the Physics of Very Low
Temperatures, Sept. 6- 10, 1949. Science, 110:465-67.
1950
Structure and polarization of atoms and molecules. Electr. Eng.,
69:855-58.
The Lorentz correction in barium titanate. Phys. Rev., 78:748-61.
Microwave Electronics. Princeton, Ad.: D. Van Nostrand.
1951
The electron theory of solids. Am. I. Phys., 19:368-74.
The effects of radiation on materials. J. Appl. Phys., 22:237-56.
Note on orthogonal atomic orbitals. I. Chem. Phys., 19:220-23.
A simplification of the Hartree-Fock method. Phys. Rev., 81:
385-90.
Magnetic effects and the Hartree-Fock equation. Phys. Rev., 82:
538~41.
Note on superlattices and Brillouin zones. Phys. Rev., 84:179-81.
OCR for page 315
jOH N CLARKE SLATER
315
Effect of chemical combination on the internal conversion in tech-
netium. Phys. Rev., 84:1261-62.
Quantum Theory of Matter. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Determinantal wave functions and magnetic problems. In: Con-
ference on Quantum-Mechanical Methods in Valence Theory, pp.
121-26. Washington, D.C.: Office of Naval Research.
Remarks on self-consistent molecular orbitals. In: Conference on
Quantum-Mechanical Methods in Valence Theory, p. 185. Washing-
ton, D.C.: Office of Naval Research.
1952
With I. C. Simons. Electromagnetic resonant behavior of a confocal
spheroidal cavity system in the microwave region. J. Appl. Phys.,
23:29.
With P. T. Demos and A. F. Kip. The MIT Linear Electron Acceler-
ator. J. Appl. Phys., 23:53.
With I. R. Terrall. Particle dynamics in the linear accelerator. I.
Appl. Phys., 23:66.
With L. C. Maier, tr. Field strength measurements in resonant
cavities. J. Appl. Phys., 23:68.
With L. C. Maier, Tr. Determination of field strength in a linear
accelerator cavity. J. Appl. Phys., 23:78.
Presentation of gingham Medal to P. W. Bridgman. I. Colloid Sci.,
7: 199-202.
High energy accelerators (linear). Annul Rev. Nucl. Sci., 1:199-
206.
A soluble problem in energy bands. Phys. Rev., 87:807-35.
The solid state. Phys. Today, 5: 10-15.
1953
A generalized self-consistent field method. Phys. Rev., 91:528-30.
With H. Statz and G. F. Koster. A two-electron example of ferro-
magnetism. Phys. Rev., 91: 1323~ 1.
An augmented plane-wave method for the periodic potential prob-
lem. Phys. Rev., 92:603-8.
With M. M. Saffren. An augmented plane-wave method for the
periodic potential problem. II. Phys. Rev., 92:112~28.
Ferromagnetism and the band theory. Rev. Mod. Phys., 25:199-
210.
OCR for page 316
316
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Work on molecular theory in the Solid State and Molecular Theory
Group, MIT. Symposium on Molecular Physics, Nikko, pp. 1~.
Work on molecular theory in the Solid State and Molecular Theory
Group at MIT. Proc. Int. Conf. on Theoretical Physics, Kyoto and
Tokyo, pp. 611-21.
Problem of ferromagnetism. Proc. Int. Conf. on Theoretical Phy-
sics, Kyoto and Tokyo, pp. 679-93.
Electronic structure of atoms and molecules. Solid State Mol.
Theory Group Mass. Inst. Technol. Tech. Rep., 3 (February).
Electronic structure of solids. I. The energy band method. Solid
State Mol. Theory Group Mass. Inst. Technol. Tech. Rep., 4
July).
Electronic structure of solids. II. The perturbed periodic lattice.
Solid State Mol. Theory Group Mass. Inst. Technol. Tech. Rep.,
5 (December).
1954
With G. F. Koster. Wave functions for impurity levels. Phys. Rev.,
94:1392.
With G. F. Koster. Simplified LCAO method for the periodic poten-
tial problem. Phys. Rev., 94: 1498-524.
With G. F. Koster. Wave functions for impurity levels. Phys. Rev.,
95:1167-76.
With G. F. Koster. Simplified impurity calculation. Phys. Rev., 96:
1208-23.
Electronic structure of solids. III. Configuration interaction in
solids. Solid State Mol. Theory Group Mass. Inst. Technol.
Tech. Rep., 6 (April).
1955
One-electron energies of atoms, molecules, and solids. Phys. Rev.,
98: 1039~5.
Modern Physics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1956
Barrier theory of the photoconductivity of lead sulfide. Phys. Rev.,
103:1631-44.
The electronic structure of solids. In: Encyclopedia of Physics, vol. 19,
pp. 1-136. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
OCR for page 317
JOHN CLARKE SLATER
317
Band theory of bonding in metals. In: Theory of Alloy Phases, pp.
1-12. Cleveland, Ohio: Am. Soc. Metals.
With G. W. Mahlman and W. B. Nottingham. Photoconductivity of
PbS. In: Photoconductivity Conference, pp. 489-508. New York:
John Wiley & Sons.
1958
Interaction of waves in crystals. Rev. Mod. Phys., 30: 197-222.
1959
Note on the interatomic spacings in the ions Is-, FHF-. Acta
Crystallogr., 12:197-200.
Band theory. Phys. Chem. Solids, 8:21-25.
1960
Quantum Theory of Atomic Structure, vols. 1 and 2. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
1962
With G. F. Koster and J. H. Wood. Symmetry and free electron
properties of the gallium energy bands. Phys. Rev., 126:
1307-17.
1963
The electronic structure of atoms: The Hartree-Fock method and
correlations. Rev. Mod. Phys., 35:48~87.
Electronic-Structure of Molecules, Quantum Theory of Molecules and
Solids, vol. 1. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1964
Energy band calculations by the augmented plane wave method.
Adv. Quantum Chem., 1: 35-58.
Atomic radii in crystal. J. Chem. Phys., 41 :3199-204.
Robert Mulliken of Newburyport. In: Molecular Orbitals in Chemistry,
Physics, and Biology, pp. 17-20. New York: Academic Press.
1965
Molecular orbital and Heitler-London methods. }. Chem. Phys.,
43:Sl l-S17.
OCR for page 318
318
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Suggestions from solid state theory regarding molecular calcula-
tions. l. Chem. Phys., 43:S228.
Space groups and wave-function symmetry in crystals. Rev. Mod.
Phys., 37:68-83.
P. W. Bridgman and high pressure physics. Science, 148:805.
Symmetry and Energy Bands in Crystals, Quantum Theory of Molecules
and Solids, vol. 2. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1966
Green's function method in the energy-band problem. Phys. Rev.,
145:599-602.
1967
The current state of solid state and molecular theory. Int. {. Quan-
tum Chem., lS:37-102.
Quantum physics in America between the wars. Int. I. Quantum
Chem., lS:1-23.
Energy bands and Fermi surfaces. Int. I. Quantum Chem.,
1S:523-31.
Correlation problems in solids. Int. I. Quantum Chem., lS:783-89.
Insulators, Semiconductors, and Metals, Quantum l heory of Molecules and
Solids, vol. 3. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Introduction to the theory of ferroelectricity. In: Ferroelectricity, pp.
1-8. Amsterdam, London, and New York: Elsevier.
1968
Energy-band theory of magnetism. J. Appl. Phys., 39:761-67.
Average energy of states of given multiplicities in atoms. Phys. Rev.,
165:655-58.
Exchange in spin-polarized energy bands. Phys. Rev., 165: 658-69.
Quantum physics in America between the wars. Phys. Today,
21:43-51.
Energy bands in solids. Phys. Today, 21:61-71.
Quantum Theory of Matter, 2d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Review of the energy band problem with recent results. In: Energy
Bands in Metals and Alloys, ed. L. H. Bennett and J. T. Waber,
pp. 1-17. New York: Gordon and Breach.
Energy bands and the theory of solids. In: Energy Bands of Solids,
Methods in Computational Physics, vol.8, ed. B. Alder, S. Fernbach,
and M. Rotenberg, pp. 1-20. New York: Academic Press.
OCR for page 319
JOHN CLARKE SLATER
1969
319
The graduate student: Why has he changed? Phys. Today, 22(3):
35-37.
With T. M. Wilson and l. H. Wood. A comparison of several ex-
change potentials for electrons in the Cu+ ion. Phys. Rev.,
179:28-38.
With }. B. Mann, T. M. Wilson, and I. H. Wood. Non-integral
occupation numbers in transition atoms. Phys. Rev., 184:672-
94.
1970
The self-consistent field for crystals. Int. l. Quantum Chem., 3S:
727~6.
Note on the space part of antisymmetric wave functions in the
many-electron problem. Int. I. Quantum Chem., 4:561.
Studies of the statistical exchange approximation in the first transi-
tion row atoms and ions: the Mn+2 ion. Los Alamos Scientific
Lab Univ. of California, LA-DC-11025. Also: Univ. of Florida
Quantum Theory Project Tech. Rep. no. 184.
Present status of the XcY statistical exchange. Solid State Mol.
Theorv Groun Mass. Inst. Technol. Prog. Rep., 71 July).
1971
l
With J. H. Wood. Statistical exchange and the total energy of a
crystal. Int. I. Quantum Chem., 4S:3-34.
The self-consistent field method for crystals. In: Computational
Methods in Band Theory, ed. P. M. Marcus, T. F. Tanak, and
A. R. Williams, pp. 447-57. New York: Plenum.
Treatment of exchange in atomic, molecular and solid state theory.
Int. l. Quantum Chem., 5S:403.
Transition probabilities and fractional occupation numbers in
atoms. In: Topics in Modern Physics, ed. W. E. Brittin and
H. Odabasi, pp. 297-303. Boulder: Colorado Associated Univ.
Press.
1972
With K. H. Johnson. Self-consistent-field Xcz cluster method for
polyatomic molecules and solids. Phys. Rev., B5:844.
OCR for page 320
320
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
New methods in the theory of molecules and solids. I. Phys. (Paris),
33(C3~: 1-6.
Statistical exchange and the Heisenberg exchange integral. l. Phys.
(Paris), 33(C31:7-11.
The Hellman-Feynman and virial theorems in the Xc method. i.
Chem. Phys., 57:2389.
Statistical exchange-correlation in the self-consistent field. Adv.
Quantum Chem., 6:1-91.
1973
With T. M. Hattox, I. B. Conklin, Jr., and S. B. Trickey. Calculation
of the magnetization and total energy of vanadium as a function
of lattice parameter. J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 34:1627-38.
The development of quantum mechanics in the period 1924-1926.
In: Wave Mechanics, the First Fifty Years, ed. W. C. Price, S. S.
Chissick, and T. Ravensdale, pp. 19-25. London: Butterworths.
Future prospects for the Xc method. Int. I. Quantum Chem.,
7S:533.
1974
The Self-Consistent Field for Molecules and Solids, Quantum Theory of
Molecules and Solids, vol. 4. New York: McGraw-Hill.
The history of the Xa method. In: The World of Quantum Chemistry,
Proceedings of the 1st International Congress of Quantum
Chemistry, Dordrecht, Netherlands: Reidel.
With Keith H. Johnson. Quantum chemistry and catalysis. Phys.
Today, 27~10~:34.
Recent improvements in the muffin-tin method. Int. I. Quantum
Chem., 8S:81.
1975
Solid-State and Molecular Theory: A Scientific Biography. New York:
Wiley-Interscience.
Comparison of TED and Xa methods for molecules and solids. Int.
I. Quantum Chem., 9S:7-21.
1976
With J. W. D. Connolly. Remarks on the overlapping-sphere
method for molecular orbitals. Int. I. Quantum Chem., IDS:
141-46.
OCR for page 321
JOH N CLARKE SLATER 321
Power series methods for cellular calculations on atoms, molecules
and solids. In: Quantum Science, ed. I. L. Calais, O. Goscinski,
J. Linderberg, and Y. Ohrn, pp. 57-93. New York: Plenum
Publishing.
