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Biographical Memoirs: Volume 54 (1983)

Chapter: Wilmot Hyde Bradley

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Suggested Citation:"Wilmot Hyde Bradley." National Academy of Sciences. 1983. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 54. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/577.
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Suggested Citation:"Wilmot Hyde Bradley." National Academy of Sciences. 1983. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 54. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/577.
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Suggested Citation:"Wilmot Hyde Bradley." National Academy of Sciences. 1983. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 54. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/577.
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Suggested Citation:"Wilmot Hyde Bradley." National Academy of Sciences. 1983. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 54. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/577.
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Suggested Citation:"Wilmot Hyde Bradley." National Academy of Sciences. 1983. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 54. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/577.
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Suggested Citation:"Wilmot Hyde Bradley." National Academy of Sciences. 1983. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 54. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/577.
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Suggested Citation:"Wilmot Hyde Bradley." National Academy of Sciences. 1983. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 54. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/577.
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Suggested Citation:"Wilmot Hyde Bradley." National Academy of Sciences. 1983. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 54. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/577.
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Suggested Citation:"Wilmot Hyde Bradley." National Academy of Sciences. 1983. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 54. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/577.
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Suggested Citation:"Wilmot Hyde Bradley." National Academy of Sciences. 1983. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 54. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/577.
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Suggested Citation:"Wilmot Hyde Bradley." National Academy of Sciences. 1983. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 54. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/577.
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Suggested Citation:"Wilmot Hyde Bradley." National Academy of Sciences. 1983. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 54. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/577.
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Suggested Citation:"Wilmot Hyde Bradley." National Academy of Sciences. 1983. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 54. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/577.
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Suggested Citation:"Wilmot Hyde Bradley." National Academy of Sciences. 1983. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 54. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/577.
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Suggested Citation:"Wilmot Hyde Bradley." National Academy of Sciences. 1983. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 54. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/577.
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Suggested Citation:"Wilmot Hyde Bradley." National Academy of Sciences. 1983. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 54. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/577.
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WILMOT HYDE BRADLEY April 4, 1899-~pril 12, 1979 BY V. E. McKELVEY WILMOT HYDE B~DLEY was both an ordinary and an extraordinary man. He was ordinary in the sense that he was of average builcI, had plain tastes, was unpretentious, and considered himself to be no better than anyone else. He was, in fact, a superb geologist with extraordinarily broad interests. He was a generalist, not in the sense of one who hasn't specialized in anything or who knows a little bit about a lot of things, but in the sense of one who has demonstrated the ability to probe deeply into diverse subjects and to con- tribute new and illuminating knowledge about them. He was extraordinary also in his leadership capabilities, exercised first as chief of the Branch of Military Geology, which he helped to found in 1943, and then as chief geologist of the U.S. Geological Survey from 1944 to 1959. In the eyes of his associates he was extraordinary because of his exceptional warmth and selfless attitude toward! others, the personal in- terest he showed in their work and problems, his good humor and wit, and his ability to make almost any conversation an interesting, stimulating exchange among all the participants. Bill, the son of Anna Miner Hyde and John Lucius Bradley, was born April 4, 1899 in Westville, Connecticut, a suburb of New Haven. He attended grammar school in West- ville, high school in New Haven, and college at the SheffielcI 75

76 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS Scientific School of Yale University. He enlisted in the U.S. Naval Reserves in 191S, ancT his junior year at Yale was chiefly given to naval-officer training on a two-masted schooner, supplemented with courses in navigation, spherical trigonometry, and related subjects. Although he had majored in engineering in his first years at Yale, he switcher! to chemistry in his senior year. He soon hacT doubts about his choice, however, and his friend and later USGS colleague, Arthur A. Baker, then a first-year graduate student, sug- gestec! that geology might be more to his liking. After nine weeks of exposure to an introductory course taught by Alan Bateman, he changed his major to geology and graduated from Yale in 1920 with a Ph.B. That summer he served as field assistant to Frank C. Calkins of the U.S. Geological Survey in the Cottonwood District in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah. The following two years were spent in graduate studies at Yale, with summers as a geologic aide to Julian D. Sears of the Survey on the north flank of the Uinta Mountains. During the second of these field seasons with "ED.," in which lames G. Gilluly also served as an assistant, Bill first saw and became fascinated with the Eocene Green River Formation. He learned that David White, then chief geologist, was looking for someone to work full time on the Green River because of its of] shale potential; he volunteered for the assignment and was taken on full time by the Survey in the fall of 1922 to work on the Green River. The fall of 1922 thus began Bill's union with two of his lifelong loves the Green River Formation and the Survey. A third was joined during the same period when, on No- vember 4, he married Catrina van Benschoten, also of New Haven anct a friend since childhood. Their marriage blessed with two slaughters, Anne and Penny was a devoted one, lasting until Bill's death.

WILMOT HYDE BRADLEY 77 Bill's Geological Survey Professional Paper 140, "Shore Phases of the Green River Formation in Northern Sweet- water County, Wyoming," served also as his doctoral disserta- tion, and he received his Ph.D. from Yale in 1927. His sound academic training laid a solid foundation for the career that followed. He was appreciative of his teachers' stimulus particularly Adolph Knopf at Yale who inspired him to search for causes and dependent relationships among nat- ural phenomena and processes. Bill's broad interests had been stimulated before he reached the college level by his father, a dentist, who was interested in all things mechanical and electrical, anct who taught Bill how to wire motors and to make anc! experiment with various kincis of wet batteries, Leyden jars, and other electrical devices. His mother and her maiden sister, Carolyn, also played strong parts in arousing Bill's curiosities, for they were intensely interested in bircis, flowers, butterflies, and moths and took him on numerous trips to nearby woods and meadows, anc} to Yale University's Peabody Museum as well. With this background, it is easy to unclerstancl how Bill's interest in the Green River Formation encompassed almost every aspect of its composition and geologic origin. His first scientific paper described "Foss)! Caciclice Fly Cases from the Green River Formation of Wyoming," and subsequent papers clealt with its mineralogy, plant and animal fossils, physical structures such as varves and mud cracks, stratigra- phy and areal geology, and geochemistry, as well as the climate of the Green River Epoch and the paleolimnology of the Green River lakes. In his later years, Bill broadened his study of of! shale to its formation in the modern environment. Motoaki Sato, Bill's colleague in some of these studies, says of them: One of Bradley's main scientific concerns was to find a modern lake that was producing rich organic ooze with very little elastic material. He was

78 BIOGRAPH I CAL MEMOIRS excited when he heard R. S. A. Beauchamp, an English limnologist, de- scribe a remarkable organic ooze that was forming in the northern part of Lake Victoria. The organic ooze consisted almost wholly of algal matter which would not decay in a warm, wet, and oxidizing environment. Bradley immediately began his search for such lakes and found that only one more lake in equatorial East Africa and two lakes in Florida, one of which is Mud Lake, are known to be accumulating this kind of pure algal ooze. His tireless and all-out effort in understanding the limnology, microbiology, and geochemistry of Mud Lake, Marion County, Florida, began soon after- wards. Bradley's approach was characteristically multidisciplinary. Not only did he examine the algal ooze microscopically to identify micro- organisms and the evidence for their activities, he mobilized experts in the nation to identify various organic compounds and microbes existing in the organic sediment, and to develop tools for sampling the ooze and conduct- ing an situ measurements of geochemical parameters. His main effort was directed to unravelling the secret of how the algal matter resisted decay in a subtropical to tropical environment and how relatively oxygen-rich algal matter changed with time to the hydrocarbon-rich organic matter of oil shale in an ordinary diagenetic environment. His pioneering efforts in this realm of science have given impetus to many students of organic sedimen- tation. One of the most thorough documentations of geochemical param- eters existing in organic sediments, which Bradley worked on even after his retirement from the U.S. Geological Survey, is expected to be published shortly. With respect to the significance of Bill's overall work on the Green River, Erie Kauffman of the U.S. National Mu- seum writes: Bill Bradley was the true "father" of non-marine aquatic paleoecology and paleolimnology. He pioneered modern technique by crossing the line between recent and ancient ecosystems to become a respected limnologist and aquatic biologist, and then to apply that knowledge with great preci- sion to the interpretation of ancient ecosystems. His early work was twenty to thirty years ahead of its time, and stands today as one of the best examples of fresh water paleoecology on record. A measure of Bradley's perception as a student of paleoecology and paleoenvironments has come to light in the recent "Green River controversy," which seemed to pit IMotoaki Sato 1979: personal communication.

WILMOT HYDE BRADLEY 79 Bradley's older stratified fresh water lake model against a newer playa lake model for the origin of Green River oil shale. Bradley reasoned that varved oil shales with their high organic residues and beautifully preserved biota could only have formed in a permanently stratified lake, characterized by a thick, poorly circulated, O2 depleted and H2S enriched hypolimnion and a metalimnion and epilimnion with a diverse fresh water biota, high pro- ductivity, and seasonal fluctuation producing well defined varves. From the outset, Bill recognized a significant stratigraphic interrup- tion in the middle of the Green River formation in which the stratified lake model broke down. He termed this the "middle saline facies," or the Wilkins Peak Member of the Green River Formation. He noted paleogeo- graphic restriction of the Wilkins Peak and determined that the lake had shrunk considerably and was without outlet at this time. He reviewed the geochemistry of the unit, and especially the unique suite of authigenic saline minerals. From this he concluded that evaporation greatly exceeded fresh water input, and that a shallow, clear saline lake persisted, with broad episodically exposed brine flats. Bradley was describing a playa; he simply never called it this. Subsequent filling of the Green River lake basins re- sulted in the redevelopment of a large stratified freshwater lake system, possibly with a saline hypolimnion. Subsequent detailed stratigraphic anal- yses of the Wilkins Peak Member by others have revealed extensive new evidence in support of the playa lake model for the Wilkins Peak phase of the Green River. Whereas this started out as a sober analysis of a specific unit, it mushroomed into a quiet controversy in which some workers in- sisted on a playa origin for most of the Green River System. From the outset, Bradley agreed that the Wilkins Peak evidence fit the playa model, and even presented new evidence in support of it. But at the same time he quietly warned of extrapolating to make one depositional system (the playa model) fit the whole Green River. His prediction was correct, the contro- versy has run its course, and now in the aftermath Bradley's perception and the breadth of his observations have re-emerged. His original stratified lake model, from the standpoint of integrated geochemical, sedimentolog- ical, paleogeographic, and paleoecological evidence, is still supported for most of Green River time, and most of the varved oil shale.2 Although the Green River Formation was the stimulus for much of Bill's work, his fielct studies inclucled geologic map- 2 Erle Kauffman 1979: personal communication.

80 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS ping and evaluation of oil and gas possibilities in south- western Wyoming and adjacent parts of Utah and Colorado, as well as in southcentral New York. One of the most reward- ing of his other assignments was his pioneering work on the C. S. Piggott cores from the creep ocean floor of the North Atlantic between the Grand Banks off NewfounctIand ant! the continental shelf of Irelanct. Eleven in all, and averaging nearly ~ feet in length, they were the first obtained from the abyssal depths. Bill's careful studies of these cores, made in collaboration with several others, shower! for the first time the possibilities of unravelling geologic, oceanographic, and climatic history from analysis of the sedimentary record on and beneath the creep ocean floor. Another series of investigations demonstrating Bill's multidisciplinary interests had to do with the dynamics and history of tidal flats in Maine. It is noteworthy that his prin- cipal report on these studies was publisher! by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service because of their bearing on commercial clamming. Although the Geologic Division of the Geological Survey hacT been blessed with fine leadership beginning with its first chief geologist, Grove Karl Gilbert, none gave it better or more decticatec! service than Bill Bradley. Wise in the ways in which a scientific organization can be guiclecT to do its best work, Bill lecl not by command or clirective; through inspira- tion, the contagiousness of his own enthusiasm, and the stim- ulating effect of his interest in other people ant! their work ant! problems, he brought forth their best efforts. Bill's sixteen-year period of service as a branch chief and chief geologist spanner! a neriod of great chance in the (~.~olo~ir ~ <A 1 1 ~ ~ ~ Division, including a several-fold expansion in professional personnel and the beginning or expansion of important new programs, such as military geology, airborne geophysics, the geology of radioactive minerals, and engineering geology.

WILMOT HYDE BRADLEY 81 Not only was he able to finch solutions to the many difficult problems that he had to face during this expansion, but he found them without affronting or offending those con- cernecI. He won and held the deep respect and affection of . . his associates. Through his membership, Bill contributed to the activi- ties of a diverse array of organizations: National Academy of Sciences, American Philosophical Society, American Acacl- emy of Arts and Sciences, Geological Society of America, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inter- national Limnological Association, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Petro- leum Geologists, Botanical Society of America, Sigma Xi, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Geo- logical Society of Washington, and the Cosmos Club of Washington. Several of these organizations honoree! him with awards and high office: the National Academy with its Award of Merit in 1940, the Philaclelphia Academy of Sci- ence with the F. V. Hayden Medal and Award in 1971, the Geological Society of America with its presift ency in ~ 965 and its Penrose Meclal in ~ 972, the Geological Society of Washing- ton with its presidency in 1946, and the Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists with honorary member- ship. Bill also received the Department of the Interior's Dis- tinguishec3 Service Aware! in 1958 and an honorary Doctor of Science degree from Yale in 1947. His colleagues honored him with the Bradley Volume Festschrift, publisher! by theAmer- ican journal of Science in ~960. At the conclusion of his forty-eight-year career with the Geological Survey in 1970, Bill and Catrina moved to the west shore of Pigeon Hill Bay, Maine. There he continued writing up his results on the Green River ant! Mud Lake while enjoy- ing the physical stimulation of outdoor work on their farm. During a visit with him in the fall of 1978, when illness had

82 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS already begun to overtake him, he was rhapsodic about the enjoyment ant! satisfaction his life had given him the love of his family, the excitement of his research, his stimulating and rewarding friendships, and his life with the Geological Survey. His life was a joyous and satisfying one to him and an enriching one for his family, his friends, his scientific organi- zations, his country and its Geological Survey, and his science. He cried of a stroke on April I2, 1979, eight days after his eightieth birthday.

WILMOT HYDE BRADLEY BIBLIOGRAPHY 1924 83 Fossil caddice fly cases from the Green River Formation of Wyo- ming. Am. l. Sci., 5th ser. 7:310-12. An oil shale and its microorganisms from the Fuson Formation of Wyoming. Am. }. Sci., 5th ser. 8:228-34. 1925 A contribution to the origin of the Green River Formation and its oil shale. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 9~2~:247-62. 1926 Shore phases of the Green River Formation in northern Sweet- water County, Wyoming. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 140: 121-31. 1928 Zeolite beds in the Green River Formation. Science, n.s. 67:73-74. 1929 The occurrence and origin of analcite and meerschaum beds in the Green River Formation of Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 158:1-7. The varves and climate of the Green River epoch. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 158:87-110. Algae reefs and oolites of the Green River Formation. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 154:203-23. Cultures of algal oolites. Am. I. Sci., 5th ser. 18:145-48. Fresh-water algae from the Green River Formation of Colorado. Torrey Bot. Club Bull., 56~8~:421-28. Neue Beobachtungen uber Algen als Urmaterialen der Boghead- kohlen undschiefer. Centralbl. Min., Jahrg., Abt. B. Nr. 5.S: 182-90. 1930 The behavior of certain mud-crack casts during compaction. Am. J. Sci., 5th ser. 20:136-44.

84 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS 1931 Origin and microfossils of the oil shale of the Green River Forma- tion of Colorado and Utah. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 168. 58 pp. Nonglacial marine varves. Am. l. Sci., 5th ser. 22:318-30. 1933 Factors that determine the curvature of mud-cracked layers. Am. }. Sci., 5th ser. 26~1511:55-71. 1935 Geology of the Alcova Dam and reservoir sites, North Platte River, Natrona County, Wyoming. Econ. Geol., 30~2~:147-65. Anticlines between Hiawatha gas field and Baggs, Wyoming. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 19~4~:537-43. Structure and gas possibilities of the Watkins quadrangle, New York. U.S. Dept. Interior Press Memo 101944. 14 pp. 1936 Geomorphology of the north flank of the Uinta Mountains (Utah). U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 185-1:163-99. 1937 The biography of an ancient American lake. Sci. Mon., 42~5~: 421-30. (Reprinted, Smithson. Inst. Annul Rep., 1937.) Nonglacial varves, with selected bibliography. Natl. Res. Counc. Annul Rep. Appendix A:32-42. With M. N. Bramlette, I. A. Cushman, L. G. Henbest, K. E. Loh- man, and P. D. Trask. Preliminary report on the North Atlantic deep-sea cores taken by the Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution. Am. Geophys. Union Trans., 18th Annul Mtg., part 1 :22~26. 1938 With I. F. Pepper. Structure and gas possibilities of the Oriskany sandstone in Steuben, Yates, and parts of the adjacent counties, New York. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 889-A. 68 pp.

WILMOT HYDE BRADLEY 85 With M. N. Bramlette, }. A. Cushman, L. G. Henbest, K. E. Loh- man, and P. D. Trask. The Geological Survey's work on the Piggott North Atlantic deep sea cores. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 79~11:41-46. A brief annotated bibliography on cyclic variations in climate as indicated by pre-Pleistocene nonglacial varves. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 19~51: 162-63. Mediterranean sediments and Pleistocene sea levels. Science, 88(22861:37~79. 1940 Geology and climatology from the ocean abyss. Sci. Mon., 50~21: 97-109. Pediments and pedestals in miniature. l. Geomorphol., 3~3~: 244-54. 1942 With M. N. Bramlette. Geology and biology of North Atlantic deep- sea cores between Newfoundland and Ireland. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 196. 157 pp. 1945 Geology of the Washakie Basin, Sweetwater and Carbon Counties, Wyoming, and Moffat County, Colorado. U.S. Geol. Surv. Oil Gas Invest. Prelim. Map 32. 1946 Coprolites from the Bridger Formation of Wyoming, their compo- sitionandmicroorganisms.Am.T.Sci.,244~3~:215-39. 1947 A suggested geological curriculum. Geol. Soc. Am. Interim Proc., part 2:8-13. 1948 Limnology and the Eocene lakes of the Rocky Mountain region. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 59~71:635-48.

86 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS 1953 Age of intertidal tree stumps at Robinhood, Maine. Am. l. Sci.. 251 :543-46. 1957 Radiocarbon age of Damariscotta shell heaps. Am. Antiq., 23:3. Physical and ecologic features of the Sagadahoc Bay tidal flat Georgetown, Maine. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 67:641-82. 1959 With Peter Cooke. Living and ancient populations of the clam Gemma gemma in a Maine coast tidal flat. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull., 58~1371:305-55. Revision of the stratigraphic nomenclature of the Green River For- mation of Wyoming. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bu11.,43~5~: 1072-75. 1961 Geologic map of a part of southwestern Wyoming and adjacent states. U.S. Geol. Surv. Misc. Geol. Invest. Map I-332. 1962 With l. I. Fahey. Occurrence of stevensite in the Green River For- mation of Wyoming. Am. Mineral., 47:99~98. Chloroplast in Spirogyra from the Green River Formation of Wyo- ming. Am. J. Sci., 260:455-59. Memorial to Esper Signius Larsen, 3d. Geol. Soc. Am. Proc.:35-37. 1963 Continental Divide split. Geotimes, 8~3~:26. Unmineralized fossil bacteria. Science, 141: 919-21. Geologic laws. In: The Fabric of Geology, ed. Claude C. Albritton, pp. 12-23. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. Paleolimnology. In: Limnology in North America, ed. David G. Frey, pp. 621-52. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 1964 Aquatic fungi from the Green River Formation of Wyoming. Am. J. Sci., 262:413-16.

WILMOT HYDE BRADLEY 87 Lazurite, talc, and chlorite in the Green River Formation of Wyo- ming. Am. Mineral., 49~5-6~:778-81. Geology of Green River Formation and associated Eocene rocks in southwestern Wyoming and adjacent parts of Colorado and Utah. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 496-A. 86 pp. 1965 Vertical density currents. Science, 150:1423-28. 1966 Paleolimnology of the bona beds in the Green River Formation of Wyoming. In: Second Symposium on Salt, pp. 160-64. Cleveland: Northern Ohio Geological Society. Memorial to Levi Fatzinger Noble. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 77 P49-P52. Tropical lakes, copropel, and oil shale. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 77: 1333-38. 1967 . Two aquatic fungi (Chytridiales) of Eocene age from the Green River Formation of Wyoming. Am. i. Bot., 54~5) part 1 :577-82. Precursors of oil shale. Proceedings of Seventh World Petroleum Con- gress, Mexico City, April 1967, pp. 695-97. Great Yarmouth, England: Galliard. 1968 Unmineralized fossil bacteria: a retraction. Science, 160:437. 1969 Vertical density currents—II. Limnol. Oceanog., 14( 1 ): 1-3. Walter Herman Bucher. In: Biographical Memoirs, 40: 19-34. New York: Columbia University Press for the National Academy of Aces. With H. P. Eugster. Geochemistry and paleolimnology of the bona deposits and associated authigenic minerals of the Green River Formation of Wyoming. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 496-B. 69 pp.

88 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS With K. B. Hoag, A. I. Tousimis, and D. L. Price. A bacterium capable of using phytol as its sole carbon source, isolated from algal sediment of Mud Lake, Florida. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 63~3~:748-52. Memorial to Carte Hamilton Dane. Geol. Soc. Am. Proc. 1968: 1-7. 1970 With M. E. Beard. Mud Lake, Florida; its algae and alkaline brown water. Limnol. Oceanog., 14:889-97. With A. }. Iovino. The role of larval Chironomidae in the produc- tion of lacustrine copropel in Mud Lake, Marion County, Florida. Limnol. Oceanog., 14:898-904. Green River oil shale concept of origin extended. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 81(4):985-1000. Eocene algae and plant hairs from the Green River Formation of Wyoming. Am. J. Bot., 57~7):782-85. 1973 Oil shale formed in desert environment: Green River Formation, Wyoming. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 84:1121-24. 1974 Oocardium tufa from the Eocene Green River Formation of Wyo- ming. I. Paleontol., 48:1289-90. In Press With M. Sato. Electrochemical probing in sulfide-rich environ- ments having steep temperature gradients. Am. I. Sci. With M. Sato. Vertical variation of geochemical environment of algal sediment in Mud Lake, Florida. Am. I. Sci.

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Biographic Memoirs: Volume 54 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again.

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