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DRI DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride
fluoride, 289 , 300-301 , 304
infants, 161 , 208-209
lactating women, 17 , 240-241
magnesium, 17 , 40-41 , 192 , 204-205 , 208-209 , 211-212 , 214-215 , 218 , 219-221 , 223-227 , 228 , 229 , 231 , 234 , 240-241 , 245 , 249
methodological considerations, 40-41 , 42 , 50 , 88
older adults (+70), 231
phosphorus, 9 , 40 , 154 , 158 , 161 , 164 , 166-167 , 168 , 169 , 171 , 176-177
young adults, 219-221
Bioavailability of nutrients
calcium, 47-48 , 59 , 61 , 73-74 , 80 , 94-95
cross-cultural differences in, 47-48
defined, 60 , 69
factors affecting, 59 , 60-62 , 73-74 , 151-154
fluoride, 291
from infant formula, 94-95
magnesium, 193 , 205 , 210 , 238
phosphorus, 151-152 , 153
and risk assessment, 59 , 60-62 , 66
from supplements, 62 , 74
vegetarian diets and, 80
Bisphosphonate, 278
Blood pressure, 199-200.
See also Hypertension
Body mass.
See Lean body mass
Body Mass Index, 36
Bone
biologically significant nutrients, 38-39 , 288-289
collagen by-products, 258
malignancy, 278
matrix proteins, 38-39
metabolism, 41 , 38-39 , 71 , 99-100 , 120 , 144 , 201 , 254 , 257-258 , 284-285
pain, 157
remodeling, 41 , 71 , 86-87 , 88 , 102 , 114 , 289
Bone fracture
calcium and, 6 , 9 , 13 , 76 , 83 , 84-85 , 90 , 112-113 , 115-116 , 121 , 123 , 126-127 , 144 , 314-315
fluoride and, 300
gender differences, 90
hip, 47-48 , 76 , 83 , 85 , 121 , 127
lactation and, 123 , 126-127
older adults, 115-116
osteoporotic, 9 , 47-48 , 83 , 84-85
predictors of risk, 85
race/ethnicity and, 73 , 83 , 84-85 , 90
vitamin D and, 260 , 273 , 274
Bone loss
caffeine and, 76
calcium intakes and, 75 , 76 , 77-80 , 82-83 , 87-88 , 112
lactation and, 122
menopausal status and, 77-80
sodium and, 75
vitamin D and, 271-272
Bone mass
adults, 86 , 105 , 106-107
calcium intake and, 13 , 15 , 74 , 85-87
children, 85 , 89
fluoride and, 307
and fractures, 13
gender and, 106-107
measurements, 9 , 85-86 , 89 , 102 , 104
peak, 34 , 86 , 87 , 102 , 106-107 , 259
physical activity and, 74-75
race/ethnicity and, 73
vitamin D and, 259 , 263-264 , 271-272 , 278
Bone mineral content (BMC)
and body weight, 97
calcium, 6 , 7 , 9 , 15 , 38 , 78-79 , 97-98 , 100 , 101-102 , 103 , 106-107 , 144
children, 97-98
defined, 85
fluoride, 38 , 288 , 300 , 307
infants, 95
magnesium, 38 , 200
phosphorus, 38 , 68 , 146 , 151 , 153 , 161 , 163 , 164 , 170 , 189
race/ethnicity and, 97
vitamin D and, 38 , 260 , 266
young adults, 106-107
Bone mineral density (BMD)
in adults, 110 , 112 , 113-114
caffeine and, 76
calcium and, 6 , 9 , 71 , 74 76 , 78-79 , 80-81 , 102 , 103 , 104-105 , 110 , 112 , 113-114 , 116 , 120-121 , 123 , 126-129 , 132 , 144
defined, 85
lactation and, 123 , 126-129 , 132
magnesium and, 200 , 201
pregnancy and, 127 , 132
research recommendations, 189
