aries appear to be much more local in scope, and many of them work with and for other immigrants.

If immigrants are highly concentrated in certain jobs, they are almost invisible in others. Table 5.19 lists the 20 medium-education occupations in which immigrants have the lowest representation. Medium-education occupations are those in which the native-born with either low or high education levels are underrepresented compared with their overall representation among all native-born workers. For men, these are primarily public-sector occupations, such as firefighters and law enforcement officers. The list for women also includes public-sector occupations, but a number of others appear to be occupations that are traditionally male, such as mining engineers, helpers in extractive occupations, and captains of fishing vessels.

All in all, the data suggest that the jobs of immigrant and native workers are different. One can find jobs that are dominated by immigrants at both the high and the low end of the educational distribution: teachers and scientists at the high end, service workers and what are sometimes referred as crafts people at the low end. Immigrants are less prominent in jobs that require intermediate levels of education.

Some of the heterogeneity in the skills of recent immigrants is an artifact of the preference categories in which they were admitted. Employment-preference immigrants are heavily concentrated in two highly skilled kinds of occupation: executive, administrative, and managerial posts and professional specialties. A sizable proportion of refugees and of those admitted to reunite with their families are concentrated in the low-skilled occupations; they are employed as service workers and as operators, fabricators, and laborers.³³

To sum up: mirroring the situation in education, although foreign-born men are somewhat more likely to be in the high-education, high-paying jobs, they are far more commonly found to be working in the low-education, low-paying jobs. Compared with natives, immigrant men are found in some occupations requiring high levels of education, such as college teachers of foreign-languages and medical scientists, as well as in some occupations requiring little schooling, such as tailors, waiters' and waitresses' assistants, and housekeepers and butlers. The picture for immigrant women is similar to that for immigrant men. They are disproportionately employed in some high-education occupations, such as foreign language teachers and physicians, but they also make up a large share of employment in many more

Front Matter (R1-R14)

Summary (1-13)

1 The Immigration Debate (14-19)

2 Background to Contemporary U.S. Immigration (20-75)

3 The Face of the U.S. Population in 2050 (76-134)

4 Immigration's Effects on Jobs and Wages: First Principles (135-172)

5 Immigration's Effects on Jobs and Wages: Empirical Evidence (173-253)

6 Do Immigrants Impose a Net Fiscal Burden? Annual Estimates (254-296)

7 The Future Fiscal Impacts of Current Immigrants (297-362)

8 The Social Dimensions of Immigration (363-406)

Biographical Sketches (407-412)

Index (413-434)