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The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. Page ii
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS · 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. · Washington, DC 20418 The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering. This volume has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a National Academy of Engineering report review process. The interpretations and conclusions expressed in the papers are those of the authors and are not presented as the views of the council, officers, or staff of the National Academy of Engineering. Funding for the activity that led to this publication was provided by the Ralph M. Parsons Foundation, the AT&T Foundation, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, and the National Academy of Engineering Technology Agenda Program. Library of Congress Cataloging Card Number: 98-84941 Cover art: Distorted Eye. courtesy of the artist, Grace Selvanayagam, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Copyright 1998 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America
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