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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C." National Research Council. 1998. Double-Hull Tanker Legislation: An Assessment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5798.
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APPENDIX C Questionnaires

Questionnaire for Owners and Operators of Double-Hull Tank Vessels

  1. Operation of double-hull tankers
    1. What is your experience with operational safety of double-hull tankers in regard to:
  • stability during loading and discharging
  • safe access to ballast spaces
  • ventilation of ballast spaces
  • any other safety issues that need to be addressed
  • Are there significant differences in cargo operations between double-hull and single-hull tankers?
  • Have you established operational procedures specifically for double-hull tankers'?
  • Inspection and maintenance of double-hull tankers
    1. Please provide information on structural and tank coating inspection frequencies and practices on double-hull tankers.
    2. What is your experience with different types of coating in ballast spaces? Have you encountered significant corrosion problems? If so, please describe.
    3. What are your current practices with regard to ballast tank coatings (include type, number of coats, thicknesses)? From your experience, what is the expected life of the coatings?
    4. Do any of your maintenance and inspection practices for single-hull tankers differ from those used on double-hull tankers'?
    Suggested Citation:"Appendix C." National Research Council. 1998. Double-Hull Tanker Legislation: An Assessment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5798.
    ×
    1. Design of double-hull tankers
      1. Have you had any structural problems on double-hull tankers? Please provide information on the type of problems.
      2. What is your experience with high-strength steel construction?
      3. What design changes would you suggest in future double-hull tankers?
    2. Fleet information
      1. Please provide the number and size characteristics of double-hull tankers in your fleet.
      2. Please note if any of your operation experiences are specific to certain sizes of double-hull tankers.
    3. General
      1. Based on your experience, what are the advantages and disadvantages of double-hull tankers as compared to single-hull tankers?

    Questionnaire for Shipyard Operators, Classification Societies, and Marine Architects

    1. Design characteristics
      1. See the attached ship characteristics form for double-hull tankers. Kindly complete the form for double-hull tankers that have been built, or are under construction, or on order in your yard. An example of a completed form is provided for your guidance in completing the form.
      2. Additionally, what is the percentage of high-strength steel used in each design'?
      3. What design changes do you foresee in future double-hull tankers?
    2. Producibility
      1. In comparing the producibility of single-hull and double-hull designs of 90,000, 150,000, and 280,000 DWT sizes, please provide an estimate of the differences (in absolute terms or on a percentage basis) of labor hours or cost between single-hull and double-hull construction for:
      2. a)  

        steel fabrication

        b)  

        machinery/outfitting

        c)  

        coatings (include type and extent)

        d)  

        total construction time (keel laying to delivery)

        e)  

        any other comparative data related to construction or producibility

      3. Please describe any particular problems in double-hull construction versus single-hull construction.
    3. Maintenance
      1. Accessibility of spaces: what has been your experience relative to ease of access of spaces in double-hull tankers versus single-hull tankers?
      2. Ability to gas-free spaces: what has been your experience in the ability to gas-free spaces in double-hull designs for the safe entry of personnel?
      3. Maintenance-related problems: please describe any maintenance-related problems experienced with double-hull tankers.
    Suggested Citation:"Appendix C." National Research Council. 1998. Double-Hull Tanker Legislation: An Assessment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5798.
    ×

    Owners and Operators of Double-Hull Vessels who Received Questionnaires

    Name

    Location

    Acomarit (UK), Ltd.

    Glasgow, United Kingdom

    Acomarit Service S.A.

    Geneva, Switzerland

    A.P. Moller Company

    Copenhagen, Denmark

    Bergesen D.Y. A/S

    Oslo, Norway

    Bona Shipping A/S

    Oslo, Norway

    Ceres Hellenic Shipping Enterprises, Ltd.

    Piraeus, Greece

    Chevron Shipping Co.

    San Francisco, California

    Conoco Shipping Co.

    Houston, Texas

    Eletson Corporation

    Piraeus, Greece

    Essar Shipping, Ltd.

    Madras, India

    Frontline AB

    Stockholm, Sweden

    Gotass-Larsen, Ltd.

    London, United Kingdom

    Knutsen O.A.S. Shipping A.S.

    Haugesund, Norway

    Mitsui O.S.K. Lines

    Tokyo, Japan

    Mobil Shipping and Transportation Co.

    Fairfax, Virginia

    Mowinckels Rederi A/S

    Bergen, Norway

    Naess Shipping

    Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Neptune Orient Lines, Ltd.

    Singapore

    Neste Oy

    Esbo, Finland

    Ocean Technologies, Ltd.

    Ft. Lee, New Jersey

    Teekay Shipping (Canada), Ltd.

    Vancouver, Canada

    Torre Britanica

    Caracas, Venezuela

    Tschundi & Eitzen

    Lysaker, Norway

    Ugland Tanker A/S

    Grimstad, Norway

    Shipyards and Vessel Designers who Received Questionnaires

    Name

    Location

    Astilleros Espanoles (Puerto Real)

    Cadiz, Spain

    Avondale Industries

    New Orleans, Louisiana

    Bremer Vulkan Werft

    Bremen, Germany

    Chantier de l'Atlantique

    Paris, France

    China Shipbuilding Corporation

    Taipei, Taiwan

    Daewoo Heavy Industries, Ltd.

    Kyungnam, South Korea

    Daewoo Heavy Industries, Ltd.

    Seoul, South Korea

    Fincantieri

    Trieste, Italy

    Halla Engineering and Heavy Industries, Ltd

    Seoul, South Korea

    Hanjin Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.

    Pusan, South Korea

    Suggested Citation:"Appendix C." National Research Council. 1998. Double-Hull Tanker Legislation: An Assessment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5798.
    ×

    Name

    Location

    Hitachi Zosen Corporation

    Osaka City, Japan

    Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.

    Ulsan, Korea

    Imabari Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.

    Kagawa, Japan

    Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries, Ltd

    Tokyo, Japan

    Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.

    Hyogo, Japan

    Kvaerner Warnow Werft

    Warnermunde, Germany

    Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.

    Yokohama, Japan

    Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Co., Ltd

    Chiba, Japan

    Namua Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.

    Imari City, Japan

    Newport News Shipbuilding

    Newport News, Virginia

    NKK Corporation

    Yokohama, Japan

    Odense Steel Shipyard

    Odense, Denmark

    Onomichi Dockyard Co., Ltd.

    Hiroshima, Japan

    Oshima Shipbuilding Company, Ltd.

    Nagasaki, Japan

    Samsung Heavy Industries

    Kyungnam, South Korea

    Sanoyas Hishino Meisho Corporation

    Okayama, Japan

    Sasebo Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.

    Nagasaki, Japan

    Shin Kurushima Dockyard Co., Ltd.

    Ochi-gin, Japan

    Sumitomo Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.

    Kanagawa, Japan

    Tsuneishi Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.

    Hiroshima, Japan

    Classification Societies That Received Questionnaires

    Name

    Location

    American Bureau of Shipping

    New York, New York

    Bureau Veritas

    Paris, France

    Det Norske Veritas

    Hovik, Norway

    Germanischer Lloyd

    Hamburg, Germany

    Korean Register of Shipping

    Taejon, South Korea

    Lloyd's Register of Shipping

    London, United Kingdom

    Nippon Kaiji Kyokai

    Tokyo, Japan

    Polish Register of Shipping

    Gdansk, Poland

    Registro Italiano Navale

    Genoa, Italy

    Maritime Register of Shipping (formerly Russian Register)

    St. Petersburg, Russia

    Suggested Citation:"Appendix C." National Research Council. 1998. Double-Hull Tanker Legislation: An Assessment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5798.
    ×

    Marine Architects who Received Questionnaires

    Name

    Location

    Beresford House, Town Quay

    Southampton, United Kingdom

    George G. Sharp, Inc.

    New York, New York

    John J. McMullen Associates, Inc.

    New York, New York

    M. Rosenblatt & Son, Inc.

    New York, New York

    Three Quays Marine Services

    London, United Kingdom

    Suggested Citation:"Appendix C." National Research Council. 1998. Double-Hull Tanker Legislation: An Assessment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5798.
    ×
    Page 165
    Suggested Citation:"Appendix C." National Research Council. 1998. Double-Hull Tanker Legislation: An Assessment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5798.
    ×
    Page 166
    Suggested Citation:"Appendix C." National Research Council. 1998. Double-Hull Tanker Legislation: An Assessment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5798.
    ×
    Page 167
    Suggested Citation:"Appendix C." National Research Council. 1998. Double-Hull Tanker Legislation: An Assessment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5798.
    ×
    Page 168
    Suggested Citation:"Appendix C." National Research Council. 1998. Double-Hull Tanker Legislation: An Assessment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5798.
    ×
    Page 169
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    Double-Hull Tanker Legislation: An Assessment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 Get This Book
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    The passage of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) by Congress and subsequent modifications of international maritime regulations resulted in a far-reaching change in the design of tank vessels. Double-hull rather than single-hull tankers are now the industry standard, and nearly all ships in the world maritime oil transportation fleet are expected to have double hulls by about 2020.

    This book assesses the impact of the double hull and related provisions of OPA 90 on ship safety, protection of the marine environment, and the economic viability and operational makeup of the maritime oil transportation industry. The influence of international conventions on tank vessel design and operation is addressed. Owners and operators of domestic and international tank vessel fleets, shipyard operators, marine architects, classification societies, environmentalists, and state and federal regulators will find this book useful.

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