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Advanced Technology for Human Support in Space (1997)

Chapter: FRONT MATTER

Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1997. Advanced Technology for Human Support in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5826.
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Advanced Technology for Human Support in Space

Committee on Advanced Technology for Human Support in Space

Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board

Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1997

Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1997. Advanced Technology for Human Support in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5826.
×

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20418

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

This study was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under contract number NASW-4938 Task Order 112. Any opinions, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 97-68305

International Standard Book Number 0-309-05744-2

Available in limited supply from: Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418. 202-334-2855

Additional copies are available for sale from
National Academy Press ,
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Box 285, Washington, D.C. 20055. 1-800-624-6242 or 202-334-3313. http://www.nap.edu

Copyright 1997 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1997. Advanced Technology for Human Support in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5826.
×

COMMITTEE ON ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY FOR HUMAN SUPPORT IN SPACE

JAMES BAGIAN (committee chair),

Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Michigan

NORMAN BADLER (chair, Space Human Factors Subcommittee),

University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

BRUCE BUGBEE,

Utah State University, Logan

HARRIET BURGE,

Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

ELIZABETH CANTWELL (chair, Environmental Monitoring and Control Subcommittee),

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California

SUSAN DOLL (chair, Advanced Life Support Subcommittee),

Boeing Defense and Space, Huntsville, Alabama

DONALD GARDNER,

Inhalation Toxicology Associates, Raleigh, North Carolina

ANDREW HOFFMAN,

East Windsor Associates, Broad Brook, Connecticut

JOSEPH KERWIN (chair, Extravehicular Activities Subcommittee),

Krug Life Sciences, Inc., Houston, Texas

ROBERT MOSER,

Canyon Consulting Corporation, Chama, New Mexico

MARY MUSGRAVE,

Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge

DAVA NEWMAN,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

FREDERICK G. POHLAND,

University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

GAVRIEL SALVENDY,

Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

ROBERT E. SMYLIE,

Smylie Associates, Reston, Virginia

Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board Staff

JOANN CLAYTON-TOWNSEND, Director

NOEL ELDRIDGE, Study Director (November 1995–December 1996)

TED MORRISON, Senior Project Assistant and Report Manager

Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1997. Advanced Technology for Human Support in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5826.
×

AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ENGINEERING BOARD

JOHN D. WARNER (chair),

The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington

STEVEN AFTERGOOD,

Federation of American Scientists, Washington, D.C.

GEORGE A. BEKEY,

University of Southern California, Los Angeles

GUION S. BLUFORD, JR.,

NYMA Incorporated, Brook Park, Ohio

RAYMOND S. COLLADAY,

Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Denver, Colorado

BARBARA C. CORN,

B C Consulting Incorporated, Searcy, Arkansas

STEVEN D. DORFMAN,

Hughes Telecommunications and Space, Los Angeles, California

DONALD C. FRASER,

Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts

DANIEL HASTINGS,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

FREDERICK HAUCK,

International Technology Underwriters, Bethesda, Maryland

WILLIAM H. HEISER,

United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado

WILLIAM HOOVER,

U.S. Air Force (retired), Williamsburg, Virginia

BENJAMIN HUBERMAN,

Huberman Consulting Group, Washington, D.C.

FRANK E. MARBLE,

California Institute of Technology, Pasadena

C. JULIAN MAY,

Tech/Ops International Incorporated, Kennesaw, Georgia

GRACE M. ROBERTSON,

Douglas Aircraft Company, Long Beach, California

GEORGE SPRINGER,

Stanford University, Stanford, California

Staff

JOANN CLAYTON-TOWNSEND, Director

Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1997. Advanced Technology for Human Support in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5826.
×

Preface

This report was prepared in response to a NASA request for an evaluation of programs of the Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications that will apply to NASA's long-term goals and the eventual human exploration of space. The study committee first met on March 27 and 28, 1996, in Washington, D.C. For the next five months, the committee met at all relevant NASA centers to gather information. The last meeting was held in September 1996, but subsequent substantive organizational changes in NASA that became known to the committee during the final drafting and editing process are noted herein.

The committee would have been unable to produce this report without the cooperation and assistance of those individuals at NASA who are the heart of these programs. Their dedication and responsiveness were invaluable. I would also like to recognize the dedication of the committee members, who made time in their already busy schedules to carry out this study and to arrive at consensus on the contents of the report. They did this in the best tradition of voluntarism and tirelessly looked for ways to enhance the content and value of the report. Lastly, I would like to recognize Noel Eldridge and Ted Morrison of the National Research Council (NRC) for their outstanding work during all aspects of the study and report preparation. Without the tireless and superb efforts of the committee and the NRC staff this report could never have been completed. For me, it has been an extreme pleasure to have had the opportunity to work with these individuals during the preparation of this report.

Above all, it is my hope that the information contained herein will be of use to NASA and the nation as it contemplates the future human exploration of the solar system.

JAMES BAGIAN, M.D., P.E.

CHAIR, COMMITTEE ON ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY FOR HUMAN SUPPORT IN SPACE

Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1997. Advanced Technology for Human Support in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5826.
×
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Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1997. Advanced Technology for Human Support in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5826.
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3

 

Environmental Monitoring and Control

 

61

   

Introduction

 

61

   

Technical and Scientific Topics Related to Environmental Monitoring and Control

 

62

   

Current Status of the Environmental Monitoring and Control Program

 

68

   

High Priority Areas for Environmental Monitoring and Control Technology Research and Development

 

71

   

Relationship between the Environmental Monitoring and Control Program and the Success of Future NASA Missions

 

73

   

Program Objectives and Milestones

 

73

   

Overall Scientific and Technical Quality

 

75

   

Program Requirements

 

76

   

Program Direction and Organization

 

77

   

Synergism with Other Programs

 

79

   

Dual-Use Technologies

 

80

   

References

 

81

4

 

Extravehicular Activity Systems

 

82

   

Introduction

 

82

   

Technical and Scientific Topics Related to Extravehicular Activity Systems

 

84

   

Programmatic Topics Related to Extravehicular Activity

 

87

   

High Priority Areas for Extravehicular Activity Technology Research and Development

 

90

   

Relationship between the Extravehicular Activity Program and the Success of Future NASA Missions

 

92

   

Program Objectives and Milestones

 

92

   

Overall Scientific and Technical Quality

 

93

   

Program Requirements

 

93

   

Program Direction and Organization

 

94

   

Synergism with Other Programs

 

95

   

Dual-Use Technologies

 

96

   

References

 

96

5

 

Space Human Factors

 

97

   

Introduction

 

97

   

Technical and Scientific Topics Related to Space Human Factors

 

98

   

Programmatic Topics Related to Space Human Factors

 

101

   

High Priority Areas for Space Human Factors Technology Research and Development

 

102

   

Relationship between the Space Human Factors Program and the Success of Future NASA Missions

 

103

Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1997. Advanced Technology for Human Support in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5826.
×
This page in the original is blank.
Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1997. Advanced Technology for Human Support in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5826.
×

Figures and Tables

Figures

1-1

 

Budgets for the advanced human support programs

 

13

1-2

 

Long-term goals for the human exploration of space

 

19

2-1

 

Principal relationships in a bioregenerative life support system

 

31

2-2

 

Fully closed food loop

 

33

2-3

 

Partially closed food loop

 

34

2-4

 

FY96 NASA funding for advanced life support

 

41

2-5

 

NASA headquarters technology development road map, 1995 to 2015

 

43

2-6a

 

JSC technology development and validation road map, 1995 to 2010

 

44

2-6b

 

JSC ALS road map, post-2010

 

45

4-1

 

NASA EVA Project Office organization chart

 

87

4-2

 

NASA funding for advanced EVA systems, 1985 to 1996

 

89

Tables

1-1

 

OLMSA-Sponsored Research in Human Support at NASA Centers

 

16

2-1

 

Metabolic Values for Normal Spacecraft Operation of One Astronaut

 

23

2-2

 

Summary of Advanced Life Support System Functions

 

26

2-3

 

Comparison of Design Factors for the Development of Life Support Systems

 

38

3-1

 

Major Categories of Contaminants

 

62

3-2

 

Potential Sources for Some Major Contaminants

 

63

3-3

 

Microbiological Monitoring and Control Prioritization

 

65

3-4

 

Goals and Objectives of the EMC Program

 

69

3-5

 

EMC Schedule and Program Deliverables

 

70

3-6

 

Funded Technical Development Projects (1995–1996)

 

70

Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1997. Advanced Technology for Human Support in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5826.
×

4-1

 

Current Evolutionary (or Zero-G EMU) Technology Projects

 

90

4-2

 

Current Revolutionary (or Lunar/Mars) Technology Projects

 

91

5-1

 

Topics of Interest to the SHF Program

 

99

E-1

 

Compilation of the Advanced Life Support Technology Development Projects

 

132

Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1997. Advanced Technology for Human Support in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5826.
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Advanced Technology for Human Support in Space was written in response to a request from NASA's Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications (OLMSA) to evaluate its Advanced Human Support Technology Program. This report reviews the four major areas of the program: advanced life support (ALS), environmental monitoring and control (EMC), extravehicular activities (EVA), and space human factors (SHF). The focus of this program is on long-term technology development applicable to future human long-duration space missions, such as for a hypothetical new mission to the Moon or Mars.

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