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Advanced Technology for Human Support in Space
Committee on Advanced Technology for Human Support in Space
Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board
Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1997
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NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This study was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under contract number NASW-4938 Task Order 112. Any opinions, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 97-68305
International Standard Book Number 0-309-05744-2
Available in limited supply from: Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418. 202-334-2855
Additional copies are available for sale from
National Academy Press ,
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Box 285, Washington, D.C. 20055. 1-800-624-6242 or 202-334-3313. http://www.nap.edu
Copyright 1997 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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COMMITTEE ON ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY FOR HUMAN SUPPORT IN SPACE
JAMES BAGIAN (committee chair),
Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Michigan
NORMAN BADLER (chair, Space Human Factors Subcommittee),
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
BRUCE BUGBEE,
Utah State University, Logan
HARRIET BURGE,
Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
ELIZABETH CANTWELL (chair, Environmental Monitoring and Control Subcommittee),
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
SUSAN DOLL (chair, Advanced Life Support Subcommittee),
Boeing Defense and Space, Huntsville, Alabama
DONALD GARDNER,
Inhalation Toxicology Associates, Raleigh, North Carolina
ANDREW HOFFMAN,
East Windsor Associates, Broad Brook, Connecticut
JOSEPH KERWIN (chair, Extravehicular Activities Subcommittee),
Krug Life Sciences, Inc., Houston, Texas
ROBERT MOSER,
Canyon Consulting Corporation, Chama, New Mexico
MARY MUSGRAVE,
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
DAVA NEWMAN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
FREDERICK G. POHLAND,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
GAVRIEL SALVENDY,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
ROBERT E. SMYLIE,
Smylie Associates, Reston, Virginia
Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board Staff
JOANN CLAYTON-TOWNSEND, Director
NOEL ELDRIDGE, Study Director (November 1995–December 1996)
TED MORRISON, Senior Project Assistant and Report Manager
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AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ENGINEERING BOARD
JOHN D. WARNER (chair),
The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington
STEVEN AFTERGOOD,
Federation of American Scientists, Washington, D.C.
GEORGE A. BEKEY,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles
GUION S. BLUFORD, JR.,
NYMA Incorporated, Brook Park, Ohio
RAYMOND S. COLLADAY,
Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Denver, Colorado
BARBARA C. CORN,
B C Consulting Incorporated, Searcy, Arkansas
STEVEN D. DORFMAN,
Hughes Telecommunications and Space, Los Angeles, California
DONALD C. FRASER,
Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
DANIEL HASTINGS,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
FREDERICK HAUCK,
International Technology Underwriters, Bethesda, Maryland
WILLIAM H. HEISER,
United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado
WILLIAM HOOVER,
U.S. Air Force (retired), Williamsburg, Virginia
BENJAMIN HUBERMAN,
Huberman Consulting Group, Washington, D.C.
FRANK E. MARBLE,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
C. JULIAN MAY,
Tech/Ops International Incorporated, Kennesaw, Georgia
GRACE M. ROBERTSON,
Douglas Aircraft Company, Long Beach, California
GEORGE SPRINGER,
Stanford University, Stanford, California
Staff
JOANN CLAYTON-TOWNSEND, Director
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Preface
This report was prepared in response to a NASA request for an evaluation of programs of the Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications that will apply to NASA's long-term goals and the eventual human exploration of space. The study committee first met on March 27 and 28, 1996, in Washington, D.C. For the next five months, the committee met at all relevant NASA centers to gather information. The last meeting was held in September 1996, but subsequent substantive organizational changes in NASA that became known to the committee during the final drafting and editing process are noted herein.
The committee would have been unable to produce this report without the cooperation and assistance of those individuals at NASA who are the heart of these programs. Their dedication and responsiveness were invaluable. I would also like to recognize the dedication of the committee members, who made time in their already busy schedules to carry out this study and to arrive at consensus on the contents of the report. They did this in the best tradition of voluntarism and tirelessly looked for ways to enhance the content and value of the report. Lastly, I would like to recognize Noel Eldridge and Ted Morrison of the National Research Council (NRC) for their outstanding work during all aspects of the study and report preparation. Without the tireless and superb efforts of the committee and the NRC staff this report could never have been completed. For me, it has been an extreme pleasure to have had the opportunity to work with these individuals during the preparation of this report.
Above all, it is my hope that the information contained herein will be of use to NASA and the nation as it contemplates the future human exploration of the solar system.
JAMES BAGIAN, M.D., P.E.
CHAIR, COMMITTEE ON ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY FOR HUMAN SUPPORT IN SPACE
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary
1
1
Introduction
10
Background
11
Approach
12
Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications Advanced Human Support Technology Program
14
Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications Work at NASA Centers
15
Long-Term Plans for Human Exploration
17
References
21
2
Advanced Life Support Systems
22
Introduction
22
Technical and Scientific Topics Related to Advanced Life Support
24
Programmatic Topics Related to Advanced Life Support Systems
40
High Priority Areas for Advanced Life Support Technology Research and Development
47
Relationship between the Advanced Life Support Program and the Success of Future NASA Missions
49
Program Objectives and Milestones
49
Overall Scientific and Technical Quality
51
Program Requirements
52
Program Direction and Organization
53
Synergism with Other Programs
56
Dual-Use Technologies
58
References
60
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3
Environmental Monitoring and Control
61
Introduction
61
Technical and Scientific Topics Related to Environmental Monitoring and Control
62
Current Status of the Environmental Monitoring and Control Program
68
High Priority Areas for Environmental Monitoring and Control Technology Research and Development
71
Relationship between the Environmental Monitoring and Control Program and the Success of Future NASA Missions
73
Program Objectives and Milestones
73
Overall Scientific and Technical Quality
75
Program Requirements
76
Program Direction and Organization
77
Synergism with Other Programs
79
Dual-Use Technologies
80
References
81
4
Extravehicular Activity Systems
82
Introduction
82
Technical and Scientific Topics Related to Extravehicular Activity Systems
84
Programmatic Topics Related to Extravehicular Activity
87
High Priority Areas for Extravehicular Activity Technology Research and Development
90
Relationship between the Extravehicular Activity Program and the Success of Future NASA Missions
92
Program Objectives and Milestones
92
Overall Scientific and Technical Quality
93
Program Requirements
93
Program Direction and Organization
94
Synergism with Other Programs
95
Dual-Use Technologies
96
References
96
5
Space Human Factors
97
Introduction
97
Technical and Scientific Topics Related to Space Human Factors
98
Programmatic Topics Related to Space Human Factors
101
High Priority Areas for Space Human Factors Technology Research and Development
102
Relationship between the Space Human Factors Program and the Success of Future NASA Missions
103
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Program Objectives and Milestones
104
Overall Scientific and Technical Quality
105
Program Requirements
106
Program Direction and Organization
108
Synergism with Other Programs
110
Dual-Use Technologies
111
References
112
6
General Findings and Recommendations
113
Acronyms and Abbreviations
116
Appendices
A Statement of Task
121
B Memorandum of Understanding Consolidating Human Support Research in the Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications
123
C Subcommittee Members and Meetings
127
D Letter Requesting Comments from Industry
129
E Analysis of Advanced Life Support Technology Development Projects
131
F Biographical Sketches of Committee Members
133
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Figures and Tables
Figures
1-1
Budgets for the advanced human support programs
13
1-2
Long-term goals for the human exploration of space
19
2-1
Principal relationships in a bioregenerative life support system
31
2-2
Fully closed food loop
33
2-3
Partially closed food loop
34
2-4
FY96 NASA funding for advanced life support
41
2-5
NASA headquarters technology development road map, 1995 to 2015
43
2-6a
JSC technology development and validation road map, 1995 to 2010
44
2-6b
JSC ALS road map, post-2010
45
4-1
NASA EVA Project Office organization chart
87
4-2
NASA funding for advanced EVA systems, 1985 to 1996
89
Tables
1-1
OLMSA-Sponsored Research in Human Support at NASA Centers
16
2-1
Metabolic Values for Normal Spacecraft Operation of One Astronaut
23
2-2
Summary of Advanced Life Support System Functions
26
2-3
Comparison of Design Factors for the Development of Life Support Systems
38
3-1
Major Categories of Contaminants
62
3-2
Potential Sources for Some Major Contaminants
63
3-3
Microbiological Monitoring and Control Prioritization
65
3-4
Goals and Objectives of the EMC Program
69
3-5
EMC Schedule and Program Deliverables
70
3-6
Funded Technical Development Projects (1995–1996)
70
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4-1
Current Evolutionary (or Zero-G EMU) Technology Projects
90
4-2
Current Revolutionary (or Lunar/Mars) Technology Projects
91
5-1
Topics of Interest to the SHF Program
99
E-1
Compilation of the Advanced Life Support Technology Development Projects
132
