National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: Appendix: Further Reading
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×

Index

A

Accountability, model, 412, 420-427

Africa, 388, 392(n.6), 394, 468

Age factors

health status, 251, 324, 326

labor market, 188, 189, 233, 234, 252

pensions, 289, 307, 308-309

research priorities, 484

retirement age, 371-372, 373, 375, 376, 378, 379-383

wage income, 364, 365

see also Children;

Elderly persons

Agricultural sector

China, 141, 440

Poland versus Russia, 86

Russia, 86, 126, 242, 461, 482

Soviet Union, 204

subsistence, 304-305

Transylvania, 103-116

Albania, 376, 395, 462

Arbitration, Russia, 167

Argentina, 266, 267, 392(n.6)

Asia, 290

Central, health care reform, 322, 324, 326, 327-348

East Asia, 392(n.5), 393, 465

see also specific countries

Azerbaijan, 456, 457

B

Baltic countries, see specific countries

Bankruptcy, 93

Czech Republic, 249

Russia, 147, 171, 460-461

Banks and banking, 126

central banks, 3, 460-461, 463

Russia, 144, 147, 149-151, 170, 464

see also Credit;

Savings

Barter trade, 45, 126, 156

Russia, 85

Belarus, 455, 456, 457, 463, 464

Big-bang policies, see Shock policies

Black market, see Underground economies

Bolivia, 266, 389-390, 391, 392(n.6), 393

Brazil, 391

Brezhnev, Leonid, 120

Bribery, 26, 31

price controls and, 208-209, 210

Russia, 128, 464

Soviet Union, 27, 137-138

Budgets, see National budgets

Bulgaria, 252, 456, 457, 458, 463

inflation, 455

pensions, 372, 376

Bureaucracy, 135, 140, 218, 434, 439

accountability, model, 412, 420-427

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×

corruption to circumvent, 26, 137-138, 142-143

evaluation criteria, 421, 422-423

health care services, 338

privatization, impacts on, 46-47, 217-218

research priorities, 482-483

rule of law, 420-421

Russia, 91, 135, 136, 140, 153, 218, 219, 229, 236

social welfare, 278, 282, 285, 338, 390

Soviet Union, 135-136, 139, 142-143, 217-218

C

Capital markets, see Investment

Central Asia

health care reform, 322, 324, 326, 327-348

immigration, Russia, 324-325

see also specific countries

Central banks, 3, 460-461, 463

Central Europe, 3, 21, 467

income differentiation, 458, 467

pensions, 370

poverty, 351-366

price controls, 205, 462

privatization, 217-219, 220, 467

rent seeking, 462

social policy, 266, 305, 307, 309, 310, 465

unemployment, 458

see also specific countries

Central planning, general, 135, 432

China, 437

Czech Republic, 86-87

formal versus informal institutions, 22, 161, 165

health care services, 327-330, 334

Hungary, 86-87, 436, 437

industrial sector, 86-87, 225, 437

labor market and, 223-226

models, 433-436

pensions, 371-375, 377

Poland, 86-87

Russia, 82, 86, 226, 228

social policy, 254, 272-273, 285

Soviet Union, 120, 121, 134, 136, 137, 138-139, 142, 161-165, 225, 226, 228, 436-437

variation across regimes, 436-437

see also Decentralization

Charity, 279, 280, 286

Children

health care, 323, 346

poverty, 374, 394

research priorities, 484

social policy, 249, 250, 252, 254, 307-309, 311-312, 361, 365

Chile, 260, 263, 386, 389-393, 397, 427

China

agricultural sector, 141, 440

incentives, 438, 440, 443-444, 448

industrial sector, 437-438

investment, 437, 443-444, 446-447

local factors, 16-17, 208, 437-438, 440-442, 445-446

managers and management, 443, 444-445

market reforms without democratic reforms, 436-448

price controls, 208

privatization, 446-447, 448

property rights and civil rights, 141

regional factors, 437-438, 440-442

small businesses, 437, 440-442

Colombia, 392(n.6)

Comecon, 86-87, 249

Commonwealth of Independent States, see specific countries

Constitutional law

property rights, 39, 40, 44

Soviet Union, 142

Construction sector

Russia, 152, 482

Soviet Union, 161-162, 163

Consumer goods, 87, 267, 303, 364

Russia, 226, 229-239

Contracts, 9, 142, 419, 433

bureaucracy, evaluation, 422

employment, 225, 229

enforcement credibility, 45-46, 50, 89, 91, 152, 156, 167, 173

health care, 344

group cohesion, impact on costs, 40-41

labor, 225, 229

private enforcement, 43-44, 153

Russia, 89, 91, 147, 148, 152, 153, 166-167, 170, 173, 229

social, 254, 259, 307, 308

Soviet Union, 135, 138

see also Transaction costs

Corruption, 7, 267, 463, 464, 478

bureaucracy, corruption to circumvent, 26, 137-138, 142-143

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×

individual versus organizational, 125(n. 16)

pretransition economies, 31

research priorities, 480-481, 487

Russia, 91, 123, 207, 462, 482

social welfare systems, 253

Soviet Union, 27, 137-138, 142

see also Bribery;

Rent seeking

Cost-benefit analysis

health care, 346

property rights and, 141

Russia, 83, 91, 122

social safety nets, 389

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, see Comecon

Courts, 156, 418, 420(n.8), 486

Russia, 142, 143

Credit, 218, 219

Hungary, 217

Russia, 147, 150, 153, 203, 204, 460-461

safety net programs, 390

Ukraine, 181

see also Interest rates

Criminal law, 25, 119

Russia, 123, 125

Soviet Union, 25, 42, 162, 205

Crime

Russia, 124, 127, 482

sentences and penalties, 25, 27, 28, 31, 119, 123, 125, 142, 162, 205

violent, 119, 124, 127, 267

see also Bribery;

Corruption;

Organized crime;

Underground economies

Croatia

inflation, 455

pensions, 377-378

Cultural values, see Sociocultural values

Currency and currency exchange, 256, 261, 386, 387, 454

Bulgaria, 463-464

household income estimates, 250-251

inflation and, 30, 121, 226, 455-456

NIS, common currency, 226

pretransition economies, 31, 136

quasi-currencies, 8, 9, 121

research priorities, 481

Russia, 84, 85, 121, 147-148, 226, 460

internal versus external ruble, 29

Soviet Union, 136

Ukraine, 181

voucher trading, 148, 300, 461

Czechoslovakia, 355, 358, 395, 396, 455

Czech Republic, 17, 205, 216, 456, 457

bankruptcy, 249

pensions, 373, 376, 377, 378

social welfare policy, 255, 352-366 (passim), 396

D

Debt, see Bankruptcy;

Public debt

Decentralization, general

bureaucracy, evaluation, 422-423

China, 437-444

Hungary, 436, 437, 439

Russia, 158

social services, 254, 255, 259, 285, 287, 311

Soviet Union, 136-137, 437

see also Liberalization of markets;

Local factors;

Regional factors

Decollectivization, see Land reform

Defense sector, Russia, 136, 157, 166-167, 174

Demographic factors, 14, 273, 276

Central Asia/Russia, 323-326

disadvantaged persons, 278, 280, 286, 483

epidemiological factors, 323, 326-327, 328, 372

health care, 323-326

social policy, 300

see also Age factors;

Immigration and emigration;

Poverty;

Women

Denationalization, see Privatization

Deregulation, see Government regulation/deregulation;

Liberalization of markets

Disability pensions, 372, 373, 380

E

East Asia, 392(n.5), 393, 465

Eastern Europe, 3, 17, 21, 133, 135, 467

elections. 264-265, 266

inflation, 251

labor market, 177, 179, 180

labor unions, 262

pensions, 370, 376, 394

price controls, 205

privatization, 217-219, 220

property rights, 109

rent seeking, 462

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×

social policy, 252, 262, 264, 267, 291, 305, 307, 309, 310

unemployment, 252

see also specific countries

Education and training, 3, 253, 254, 257-258, 259-260, 269, 291, 310-313

employment and, 252, 364

ethical considerations, 280, 285-286

health care personnel, 328, 347

pension credits, 380

research priorities, 484

safety nets versus, 387, 388, 391, 392, 393

skilled workers, 141, 224, 238, 262, 311, 312, 361, 483

women, 322

Efficiency incentives, 9, 47, 283-284

health care, 337, 341, 347-348

Russia, 89, 126

social welfare policy, 283-285

Elderly persons, 249, 254, 266, 361, 365

see also Pensions

Elections, 209, 419-420, 424-426, 464, 485

Eastern Europe, 264-265, 266

social policy and, 287-288, 395(n.8), 396

Emigration, see Immigration and emigration

Employment issues, 7, 177

central planning, 223-226

contracts, 225, 229

deindustralization, 394

Eastern Europe, 177, 179, 180

employee ownership, 143-144, 149

full/overemployment, 87, 89, 97-98, 145, 146, 225, 226, 228, 229, 231, 273

labor costs, 228

privatization and, 177, 235

property rights, 103, 106-107, 141

regression analysis of labor market, 184, 187-189, 187-189, 193-197

research priorities, 483-485, 487

retirement age, 371-372, 373, 375, 376, 378, 379-383

Russia, 224-242

age factors, 233, 234

globalized markets, 224, 225, 242

indices of conditions, 233

managerial hegemony, 96-97, 231

overemployment, 87, 89, 97-98, 145, 146

privatization, employee ownership, 143-144, 149

productive versus unproductive sectors, 91

sectoral composition of workforce, 235, 236

supply/demand, 224, 225, 228, 233, 237

unemployment, incl. benefits/services, 229, 232, 233-237, 242

women, 233, 234

skilled workers, 141, 224, 238, 262, 311, 312, 361, 483

social services, 223-242, 253, 259-260, 380, 390

Ukraine, 179, 180, 181, 184-201

under/unemployment, 248, 251, 252, 261, 273, 301, 304, 361, 457-459

globalization of markets and, 300

pensions and, 373

Russia, 229, 232, 233-237, 242

safety nets, 389, 390, 394, 396

survival strategies of, 178, 179-180, 182-184, 185-198, 304-305, 441-442

training to address, 311

unemployment insurance, 229, 380, 388, 390

women, 363

women, 311, 363

Russia, 233, 234

Ukraine, 179, 186-187, 189, 196, 199

England, 45-46, 406

Entrepreneurship, 6, 14-15, 134, 156-157, 457

Chinese officials, 444

innovation, 225, 377

Russia, 89, 240

Soviet Union, 120-121, 156, 160-166, 205

Transylvanian property rights, 108-109

uncertainty, 160, 419

see also Managers and management;

Underground economies

Environmental protection, 346

Russia, 90-91

Epidemiological factors, 323, 326-327, 328, 372

Estonia, 376-377, 395, 455, 456, 462, 465, 468

Ethnicity and ethnic groups, 2, 7, 9, 458, 474, 477

research priorities, 481, 484, 485, 486

social policy, 264, 268, 306, 484

transaction costs and cohesion, 41-42

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , 456, 457

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×

Exchange rates, see Currency and currency exchange

Exports and imports, see International trade

F

Financial institutions and services, 3, 135, 147-151, 261

see also Banks and banking; Credit; Insurance

Food products and production, 249, 329, 364

Russia, 91, 207, 230, 329

Soviet Union, 204

see also Nutrition policies

Foreign exchange, see Currency and currency exchange

France, 406

G

Georgia, 376, 458, 463, 465, 468

Globalized markets, 103, 153, 481

prices, 300, 302, 303-304

Russia in, 224, 225, 242

social policy and, 300, 302

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 120-121, 122, 136

Gosplan, 225

Government officials

China, 444-447

price controls and rent seeking, 208

research priorities, 485

Russia, local, 123, 125

Soviet Union, wages, 27

Transylvania, decollectivization, 105

see also Corruption

Government regulation/deregulation, general

corruption and increased regulation, 138

model, 411-412, 416-420, 456, 458

onerous regulation and noncompliance, 26

pensions, 375

Russia, 125

see also Bureaucracy;

Liberalization of markets;

Prices and price controls

Government role, 407-490

accountability, 412, 420-427

agency versus participant management, 41-42

agents interaction with, 412, 416-420

economic policy, 62-63, 68, 403-410, 411-428, 432-448, 453-468

principal/agent models, 415-428

see also Bureaucracy;

Central planning

Grey markets, see Underground economies

Gross Domestic Product

cash transfers as share of, 249

globalization and, 300

inflation and, 455

input markets and, 90

manufacturing labor force, 225

output and, 458

private sector share, 457

social welfare funding and, 249, 300, 304, 311, 330-332, 372-373, 395, 465

state revenues as percentage, 465

trends, 304

Bulgaria, 463-464

Central Europe, 351, 352, 359

Commonwealth of Independent States, 133

Russia, 80, 90-91, 460, 461

Ukraine, 181

Gross National Product

Poland, 217, 251, 255

social spending and, 251, 255

H

Health care professionals, 253, 260, 327-328, 333, 335, 343-345, 347, 348

Health care services, 226, 253, 254, 256, 258, 259, 263, 285-286, 291, 322-348

Central Asia, 322, 324, 326, 327-348

central planning, 327-330, 334

children, 323, 346

contracts, 344

demographic factors, 323-326

efficiency incentives, 337, 341, 347-348

epidemiological factors, 323, 326-327, 328, 372

Kazakhstan, 333, 335, 339, 340, 343, 344, 346

Kyrgyz Republic, 333, 335, 339, 340, 342, 343, 344, 346

local markets, 337, 340, 344, 346

OECD countries, 334, 336, 343

pharmaceuticals, 329, 337, 339, 345, 347, 348

poverty, 329, 333

privatization, 332-334, 339-340, 341, 346

regional factors, 337, 340, 344, 346

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×

research priorities, 484

safety nets versus, 387, 388, 391, 392

Tajikistan, 330, 334, 335, 340

Uzbekistan, 330, 332, 334, 335, 339

see also Hospitals and hospitalization

Health insurance, 280, 282, 285, 337, 338-341, 343, 345

Historical comparisons, 496-487

England, contract credibility, 45-46

epidemiological factors, 326

government role, models, 403-410

Russia, 36-38, 39-42, 47, 406

Sicilian land reform, 42-44

tax policies, 405-406

Historical factors

general importance of, 48

path dependence, 16-17, 21, 48, 75, 157, 173, 404, 408, 477

Russia, 84, 119-122, 135-136, 219

social welfare insecurity, 314

see also Soviet Union

Hospitals and hospitalization, 253, 263, 327, 329, 334, 335, 336, 337, 344, 345, 346

Household income, 250-251, 273, 361-363

pensions, 372, 374

see also Poverty

Household surveys, 7, 250, 332-333, 351-366, 483-484, 487

Housing, 186, 329, 354, 363, 364, 482

pensioners, 374

property rights, 137, 138, 483

rent control, 67, 123, 205, 249

Hungary, 205, 217, 456, 463

central planning, 86-87, 436, 437

decentralization, 436, 437, 439

pensions, 372, 377-378, 395

social welfare, 249, 250, 255, 256, 261, 291, 292, 315, 352-366 (passim), 465, 468

I

Ideology, see Politics and political parties

Immigration and emigration

Central Asia/Russia, 324-325

individuals' rights, 408

property rights, 112-113

Imports and exports, see International trade

Incentives, general, 13, 22, 23-24, 48, 68, 139

bureaucracy, 421

China, 438, 440, 443-444, 448

economists' research preferences, 50(n.25), 54

health care reform, 337

investment, 3, 417

labor market, 225

pensions, 370, 382

principal/agent relations, 415

profit, 438

property rights and, 47, 141, 476

regulations, 417

research priorities, 479, 483

Russia, 82, 89, 95, 126, 140, 146, 153, 169, 211, 220

social policy change, 249, 261, 283-285, 334

Soviet Union, 27, 33, 136, 137, 138, 142

telecommunications industry, 46(n. 16)

see also Efficiency incentives

Income, see Household income;

Personal income;

Poverty;

Redistributive systems;

Wages and salaries

India, 464

Individualism, 68, 113, 114

leadership, 266

pensions, 371

social welfare policy, 278, 281, 282, 284, 294(n.11), 299, 300, 306 -310, 314-315, 371, 485

Industrial sector

central planning and, 86-87, 225, 437

labor market, 225

China, 437-438

deindustralization, 394

Romania, 87

Russia, 242

Soviet Union, 138-139

Inflation, 251, 261, 455-456, 463-464, 466-467

barter and, 45

currency exchange and, 30, 121, 226, 455-456

GDP and, 455

output declines, 454-455

pensions, 361, 373, 374

poverty and, 387, 395

privatization and, 32

public debt and, 30, 455

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×

Russia, 84-85, 89, 92, 95, 455

labor/social policy and, 226-227, 231

social policy, general, 249, 251

Ukraine, 181, 455

Information scarcity, 62, 66-69, 404, 414, 427-428

mass media, 427, 485

Russia, 89, 136, 145

Soviet Union, 136

Innovation, 14, 225, 377

Input markets, general, 218, 219

health care services, 334

Hungary, 217

Russia, 87-91, 93, 97, 99, 145, 203, 204, 334

Transylvanian land reforms, 107

see also Employment issues;

Investment

Insolvency, see Bankruptcy

Institutions and institutional approach, 7-9, 133, 139-140, 475-479

bureaucracy, evaluation, 422

defined, 5-6, 156, 476

economic policy, 61-75

incentive structures and, 13, 14

informal versus formal, 5, 21, 22, 24, 29, 156, 159, 160, 161, 165 , 476, 478, 479, 485

path dependence, 16-17, 21, 48, 75, 157, 173, 404, 408, 477

poverty and, 386-387

radical reform and noncompliance, 25

research,

historical preferences, 50-53, 62, 67-68

priorities, 479-490

Russia, 81-86, 93-95, 98, 157

social welfare policy, 288-289, 389, 390, 392-394

underground activity and change, 22, 23-26

see also specific institutions

Insurance, 147, 282

see also Health insurance;

Pensions;

Social welfare policy

Intellectual property, 14, 166, 305

Interest rates, 45, 256, 386, 390

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, see World Bank

International Monetary Fund, 264(n. 12), 466, 467

International trade, 3, 466, 467

Comecon, 86-87

price controls, 210, 460, 462, 466-467

globalization and, 300, 302, 303-304

Russia, 90-91, 145, 152, 168, 210, 230, 460, 462

globalized markets, 224, 225, 242

Ukraine, 181

see also Globalized markets

Investment, 7, 38, 126, 148, 157, 166, 435

China, 437, 443-444, 446-447

coercive power versus capital concentration, 405

Commonwealth of Independent States, 135

credibility and, 38, 46

Eastern Europe, 135

enterprise learning, 160

Hungary, 217

incentives, 3, 417

property rights and, 38, 148

research priorities, 482

Russia, 88-89, 124, 135, 146, 147-151, 153, 157, 167-168, 171-172

social spending and, 255, 290-293

Soviet Union, 163-164

post-dissolution, 133-154

Ukraine, 198

venture capital, 159

see also Pensions

Italy, 42-44, 75

K

Kazakhstan, 465, 467, 468, 482

health reform, 333, 335, 339, 340, 343, 344, 346

Khrushchev, Nikita, 136, 437

Know how, see Intellectual property

Kuchma, Leonid, 181

Kyrgyz Republic, 465, 468

health reform, 333, 335, 339, 340, 342, 343, 344, 346

L

Labor issues, see Employment issues

Labor unions, 268

Eastern Europe, 262

Latin America, social services, 260, 262

research priorities, 481-482

Russia, 232

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×

Land reform

industrial privatization versus, 109

political factors, 103, 107, 113

research priorities, 481

Romania, 105

Russia, 1800s, 36, 126, 482

Sicily, 1800s, 42-44

Transylvania, 103-116

Latin America, 464, 465, 468

grupos economicos, 159

pensions, 371, 376, 382

social sector reforms, 261-262, 266-267, 302

labor unions, 260, 262

safety nets, 387-394, 396-397

see also specific countries

Latvia, 261, 462, 468

pensions, 371, 373, 378-383

social safety nets, 395

Liberalization of markets

communist institutions dismantled, 5-6

economic policy, 3, 9, 22, 62-63, 68, 157, 403-428, 432-448, 453-468, 474

indices of, 456

Russia, 81, 84, 85, 121, 122-123, 143, 145-146, 157

perestroika,83

social policy, general, 248, 250, 262-263

stabilization and, 456

Ukraine, 456-457

underground economies, 29, 121

Yugoslavia, 264(n. 12)

see also Globalized markets;

Prices and price controls;

Privatization

Lithuania, 376-377, 463, 468

Living standard, see Standard of living

Loans, see Credit;

Interest rates

Local factors, 48, 103, 135

China, 16-17, 208, 437-438, 440-442, 445-446

cooperatives, 75

health care, 337, 340, 344, 346

poverty, 305-306

production/transaction costs, 41-42

research issues, 53, 484, 496

Russia, 140, 144, 170-171

banking, 150

health care, 337, 340

officials, 123, 125

price controls, 123, 136, 206-216, 220, 230

social welfare policy, 256, 259, 305-306, 337, 390, 484

M

Mafia

economies of scale, 30

Sicilian land reform, 43-44

Russia, 124, 206, 213, 216

Managers and management, 7, 178

China, 443, 444-445

employee interaction with, 96-97, 178-179, 182-185, 199, 231

health care services, 329, 346

managerial learning, 156, 166-173

network versus hierarchical, 159-172

Poland, 146

political power, 466-467

price controls, rent seeking, 208

research priorities, 481-482, 487

Russia

corporate governance, 89, 96-97, 138-139

employee ownership, 143-144, 149, 461

enterprise learning, 156, 166-174

managerial hegemony, 96-97, 231

privatization, 144, 145, 146, 149, 151, 219, 462

salaries, 238

Soviet Union, 136, 138-139, 161-166

Transylvanian land reform, 105

Ukraine, 182, 199

see also Bureaucracy;

Production infrastructure/organization

Mao Zedong, 437, 443

Mass media, 427, 485

Medical services, see Health care services

Military, see Defense sector, Russia

Models and modeling, 9, 453-468

central planning, 433-436

communist state, 433-436

economic policy, 62-63, 68, 403-428, 432-448, 453-468

incomplete/competing, 74-75

information scarcity, 66-67

labor market adjustment, 177-184

political factors, 65

polities, 17

price controls, 210-211

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×

principal/agent relations, 415-428

private versus public policy, 67, 70

social service reform, 257-258, 265, 277

welfare state, 71-72

Western, applicability, 4, 168

Moldova, 465, 468

Monetary policy, 3, 7, 135, 263, 414, 439, 466, 478

inflation and, 30

Russia, 85, 92-93, 460

Ukraine, 181

see also Currency and currency exchange;

Prices and price controls

Monopolies, 46, 126, 412

N

National budgets

health care services, 327, 329, 330-334, 336, 337, 340-342

inflation and, 455

pension financing, 380

price liberalization and, 30

research priorities, 486

Russia, 95, 227, 327, 329, 330-334, 341-342

defense, 136

public debt, 147, 227, 460

social welfare services, 259, 293-294

state ownership and, 39, 435-436

see also Public debt;

Taxation

Natural resources, Russian exports, 90-91

see also Environmental protection

New Independent States, 3, 21, 467

bribery, 31

common currency, 226

incentive systems, 27

income differentiation, 458

inflation, 455

pensions, 370-383 (passim), 394

privatization, 217-218

rent seeking, 462

social sector reforms, 264, 465

state revenues, 465

unemployment, 458

see also specific countries

Nomenklatura,28, 139, 461, 467, 478, 482

Nongovernmental organizations, social welfare, 301, 306, 424, 484

Nutrition policies, 386, 389

O

OECD countries

education, 311

health care, 334, 336, 343

pensions, 308, 372

social welfare, vulnerable populations, 352-366 (passim), 395-396, 397

Opportunity costs, 50, 53, 89

Optimization models, 178-179, 182-183, 419-420

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development pensions, 371

poverty, definition, 353-354

see also OECD countries

Organized crime, 126, 267

economies of scale, 30

property rights enforced by, 26, 30

research priorities, 481

Russia, 91, 119, 124, 152, 206, 213, 216, 239, 461

see also Mafia

P

Path dependence, 16-17, 21, 48, 75, 157, 173, 404, 408, 477

Pensions, 3, 179, 189, 253, 254, 255, 256, 258, 261, 280, 285, 292 , 307-309, 361, 370-383, 395, 465

age factors, 289, 307, 308-309;

see also retirement age infra

Baltics, 376

Bulgaria, 372, 376

Central Europe, 370

central planning, 371-375, 377

cost factors, general, 370, 372-378, 380-381, 382

Croatia, 377-378

disability, 372, 373, 380

East Asia, 392(n.5), 393

Eastern Europe, 370, 376, 394

Estonia, 376-377, 395

housing, 374

Hungary, 372, 377-378, 395

incentives, 370, 382

inflation and, 361, 373, 374

Latin America, 371, 376, 382

Latvia, 371, 373, 378-383

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×

Lithuania. 376-377

national budgets and, 380

GDP and funding, 372-373. 395

public debt, 372-374, 378, 395(n.9)

taxation, 370, 372, 373, 374-376, 381

NIS, 370-383 (passim), 394

OECD

countries, 308, 372

policy, 371

Poland, 372, 373, 376, 378, 395

political factors, 370, 371, 375, 394

poverty and, 374, 375

prices and, 308, 373, 379, 381

privatization, 282-283, 308, 371, 375, 376, 378

retirement age, 371-372, 373, 375, 376, 378, 379-383

Slovenia/Slovakia, 372, 376

social values, general. 371, 373, 374-375

taxation, funding, 370, 372, 373, 374-376, 381

wages related to, 308, 370, 371, 372, 378, 379, 381

women. 308, 310, 371, 378, 379, 380, 381-382

World Bank, 375-376

Perestroika, 83, 232

Personal income

differentiation, 458, 467

health care access, 323

regional factors, 363, 422-423

Russia, 239-240

Ukraine, under/unemployment, survival strategies, 178, 179-180, 182 -184 , 185-198

unemployment benefits, 229, 232, 233-237

see also Pensions;

Poverty;

Wages and salaries

Peru, 386, 392(n.6), 393

Pharmaceuticals, 329, 337, 339, 345, 347, 348

Planned economies, see Central planning

Poland, 198, 216, 217, 405-406, 454, 458, 462, 467

agricultural sector, 86

central planning, 86-87

GNP trends, 217, 251, 255

managerial approaches, 146

pensions, 372, 373, 376, 378, 395

political capitalism, 137, 219

poverty, 251-252

price controls, 205

production infrastructure/organization, 146, 198

small and medium-sized enterprises, 146, 217, 236

social welfare, 249, 250, 255, 261, 352-366 (passim), 395, 468

Politics and political parties, 9, 65, 74, 408, 411, 413, 433-434, 436, 454, 466-468

bureaucrats' interaction with, model, 412, 420-425

citizens' interaction with, model, 412, 424-427

economic agents' interaction with, model, 411-412, 416-420

media control, 427, 485

modeling, 65

pensions, 370, 371, 375, 394

Poland, 137, 219

poverty, 248, 260, 267-269

rent seeking, 47, 462-463

research priorities, 485-486

rule of law versus, 142-143, 268

Russia, 80, 89, 91, 92-93, 96, 122, 126, 147, 219, 230, 268, 462-463

social welfare policy, 248, 249, 256-270, 278, 287-288, 289, 295, 301, 302, 370, 371, 375, 388-389, 390, 392-396

Soviet Union, 142, 143

transaction costs, 47

Transylvania, decollectivization, 103, 107, 113

see also Elections

Pollution, see Environmental protection

Poverty, 250-252, 273, 274-275, 301, 303-304, 386-387

causes of, 386-387

Central Europe, 351-366

children, 374, 394

defined, 353-354, 385

health care services, 329, 333

incentives/information, 69

inflation and, 387, 395

Latin America, 267

local factors, 305-306

pensions, 374, 375

Poland, 251-252

political implications, 248, 260, 267-269

research priorities, 483-484

Russia, 80, 229, 230, 234, 294(n. 11)

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×

safety nets, 97-98, 126, 227, 329

underground economies, 304-305

see also Safety nets

Prices and price controls, 3, 65, 249, 256, 386, 414, 435, 439, 456 , 459, 466, 474, 478

bribery, 208-209, 210

Central Europe, 205, 462

China, 208

Eastern Europe, 205

education, 312

globalization, 300, 302, 303-304

housing, rent control, 67, 123, 205, 249

international trade, 210, 460, 462, 466-467

pensions related to, 308, 373, 379, 381

pharmaceuticals, 347

property rights and, 38, 203, 205-216

public debt, 30

rent seeking, arbitrage, 208, 209-210, 460, 462, 466-467

Russia, 84-85, 89, 122-123, 125, 136, 145, 148, 151, 203-216, 220, 229-230, 232, 237, 238, 460, 462, 464

Soviet Union, 27, 29, 121, 136, 226

state intervention model, general, 418

tax versus, 134

Ukraine, 181

underground economies and, 29

see also Inflation

Privatization, 22, 31, 83, 102, 134, 249, 413, 432, 454, 457, 458, 460, 463, 464, 466

banking, 144, 149-151

bureaucracy, impacts on, 46-47, 217-218

Central Europe, 217-219, 220, 467

China, 446-447, 448

Eastern Europe, 217-219, 220

EBRD indices, 457

education, 312

employee ownership, 143-144, 149

employment and, 177, 235

health care, 332-334, 339-340, 341, 346

historical comparisons, 38, 47

incomplete, 33, 103-116, 173

inflation and, 32

New Independent States, 217-218

nomenklatura,28, 139, 461, 467, 478, 482

pensions, 282-283, 308, 371, 375, 376, 378

property rights and, 38, 216-220

rent seeking, 8, 460, 462

research priorities, 480-482

rule of law and, 31-32

Russia, 36-38, 82, 83, 128, 133, 143-154, 158, 216-220, 235, 410, 457, 462, 482

banks, 144, 149-151

bureaucracy, impacts, 46-47, 96, 135, 136, 140

employee ownership, 143-144, 149

management and managers, 144, 145, 146, 149, 151, 219,462

nineteenth century, 36-38

rule evasion and, 126-128

small businesses, 143, 144, 151-152, 216

social security, 229, 396-397

wages and salaries, 229, 239

Transylvania, 103-116

social security/services, 254, 257, 269, 282-283, 286, 288, 304, 386, 393, 396-397, 484-485

Soviet Union, 29, 120-121, 133, 137, 204-205

see also Land reform;

Small and medium-sized enterprises;

Underground economies

Production costs, 23, 139-140

group cohesion, 41

labor, 228

Production infrastructure/organization, 7

Eastern Europe, 135

health care services, 329

Poland, 146, 198

regional factors, 86-87

research priorities, 481-482, 487

Russia, 87-89, 138-139, 144-146, 166-168

defense industry restructuring, 166-167

financial institutions, 147-149

foreign infrastructure imported, 153

Soviet Union, 27, 135, 137

see also Managers and management

Property rights, 6, 7, 14, 21-23, 35-57, 102, 139, 140, 409, 433, 476, 478

China, civil rights and, 141

collectivization, 103, 106-107

constitutional law, 39, 40, 44

cultural factors, 103, 107

defined, 29-30, 35(n. 1), 39, 103-105, 107, 112-116, 137

Eastern Europe, 109

employees' skills as, 141

entrepreneurship and, 108-109

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×

housing, 137, 138, 483

immigration and emigration, 112-113

incentives, 47, 141, 476

investment and, 38, 148

New Independent States, 31

organized crime, enforcement of, 26, 30

price controls and, 38, 203, 205-216

privatization and, 38, 216-220

public good versus, 111-113

religious influences, 40-42

rent seeking and ill-defined, 29-30, 39, 137

research priorities, 480-481, 485, 487

rule of law and, 22, 31-32, 108, 140

Russia, 39-42, 88-89, 95, 147, 203-220, 482

Soviet Union, 27, 137, 204

state intervention model, general, 418

transaction costs, 38-42, 44

Transylvania, entrepreneurship, 108-109

uncertainty, 29-30, 102-116, 138, 141

see also Intellectual property;

Land reform;

Privatization;

Real estate;

State ownership

Public debt, 466

Bulgaria, 463

decentralization and, 441

hidden, 455

individual lending, 45

inflation and, 30, 455

pensions, 372-374, 378, 395(n.9)

poverty, safety nets, 386

price controls and, 30

Russia, 147, 227, 460

Public enterprises, see Privatization;

Public services;

State ownership

Public good, 111-113, 412, 485

Public sector, see Defense sector, Russia;

Government role;

Social welfare policy

Public services, 135

media, 427, 485

tax base, 134

see also Social welfare policy

R

Racketeering, see Organized crime

Rationing, 136, 141, 206

Real estate, 464

Russia, 123, 461

see also Housing;

Land reform

Redistributive systems, general, 16, 23, 413, 439, 477

China, decentralized, 436-444

model of communist state, 433-435

pretransition systems, 30-31

research priorities, 479

Russia, 85, 89-92

structural policy, 66, 68

see also Rent seeking;

Social welfare policy

Regional factors, 43, 48, 75, 486

China, 437-438, 440-442

health care, 337, 340, 344, 346

income, 363, 422-423

production concentrations, 86-87

Russia, 140, 144, 150, 170, 337, 340, 464

social policy, 259, 268, 337, 340

Soviet Union, 164

Regression analysis, labor market, 184, 187-189, 193-197

Regulation, see Government regulation/deregulation;

Liberalization of markets

Religious factors, 7, 39-43, 267, 268, 279, 467

Rent seeking, 8, 9, 22, 414, 434, 467, 477

defined, 460-461

Eastern Europe, 462

inflation and, 387

neoliberal interpretation, 413, 459-463

political control and, 47, 462-463

price controls and, 208, 209-210, 460, 462, 466-467

privatization and, 8, 460, 462

property rights, ill-defined, 29-30, 39, 137

research priorities, 481

stabilization policies, 462-463

Russia, 81, 89, 91, 92-93, 95-97, 98, 170-172, 206-207, 208, 460-463

social safety nets, 390

Soviet Union, 27, 29, 33, 137

Research issues

age factors, 484

bureaucracy, 482-483

children, 484

corruption, 480-481, 487

currency, 481

economists' research preferences, 35-36, 48-55, 61-62

employment, 483-485, 487

ethnic factors, 481, 484, 485, 486

funding, 489

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×

health care, 484

incentives, 50(n.25), 54, 479, 483

information scarcity, 66-67

institutional approach, 50-53, 62, 67-68, 479-490

investment, 482

labor unions, 481-482

local factors, 53, 484, 496

longitudinal panel studies, 479

managerial role, 481-482, 487

national budgets, 486

quantitative versus qualitative approach, 64-68, 70-71

path dependence, 75

political factors, 485-486

polity models, 17

poverty, 483-484

priorities, 479-486

privatization, 480-482

property rights, 35-36, 50, 52-53, 480-481, 485, 487

production infrastructure/organization, 481-482, 487

program proposed, 486-490

rent seeking, 481

women, 484, 485

Restructuring of industry, see Production infrastructure/organization

Right to work, 87, 89, 97-98, 145, 146, 225, 226, 228, 229, 231, 273

Risk taking, 141, 377, 482

Romania, 87, 105, 457, 477

see also Transylvania

Rule of law, 14, 26, 28, 118-119, 463

bureaucrats, 420-421

gradations of, 153

New Independent States, 31

political sanctions versus, 142-143, 268

privatization, 31-32

property rights, 22, 31-32, 108, 140

reform constituency, 31-32

Russia, 95, 98, 119-128, 152-153

Soviet Union, 28, 119-122, 135, 142

Rural areas, 251, 266, 351, 363, 437, 440, 441-442, 444

see also Agricultural sector

Russia, 17, 456, 458

agricultural sector, 86, 126, 242, 461, 482

arbitration, 167

bankruptcy, 147, 171, 460-461

banking, 144, 147, 149-151, 170, 464

barter, 85

bribery, 128, 464

bureaucracy, 91, 135, 136, 140, 153, 218, 219, 229, 236

central planning, 82, 86, 226, 228

construction sector, 152, 482

consumer goods, 226, 229-239

contracts, 89, 91, 147, 148, 152, 153, 166- 167, 170, 173, 229

corruption, 91, 123, 207, 462, 482

courts, 142, 143

credit, 147, 150, 153, 203, 204, 460-461

criminal law, 123, 125

crime, 124, 127, 482;

see Organized crime infra

currency and exchange, 29, 84, 85, 121, 147-148, 226, 460

defense sector, 136, 157, 166-167, 174

employee ownership, 143-144, 149, 461

employment and labor market, 224-242;

see Wages and salaries infra

age factors, 233, 234

globalized markets, 224, 225, 242

indices, 233

labor unions, 232

managerial hegemony, 96-97, 231

overemployment, 87, 89, 97-98, 145, 146

privatization, employee ownership, 143-144, 149

productive versus unproductive sectors, 91

sectoral composition of workforce, 235, 236

supply/demand, 224, 225, 228, 233, 237

unemployment, incl. benefits/services, 229, 232, 233-237, 242

women, 233, 234

entrepreneurship, 89, 240

environmental protection, 90-91

financial institutions, 147-151;

see also banking and credit supra

food products, 91, 207, 230, 329

GDP trends, 80, 90-91, 460, 461

globalized markets, 224, 225, 242

health care reform, 322, 324, 327-348

historical influences, 84, 119-122, 135-136, 219;

see also Soviet Union

immigration, Central Asia, 324-325

incentives, 82, 89, 95, 126, 140, 146, 153, 169, 211, 220

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×

inflation, 84-85, 89, 92, 95, 455

labor/social policy and, 226-227, 231

information scarcity, 89, 136, 145

input markets, 87-91, 93, 97, 99, 145, 203, 204, 334

institutional approach, 81-86, 93-95, 98, 157

international trade, 90-91, 145, 152, 168, 210, 230, 460, 462

investment, 88-89, 124, 135, 146, 147-151, 153, 157, 167-168. 171-172

labor market/social policy, 224-242

liberalization of markets, 80-99, 121, 122-123, 143, 145-146, 156, 157, 166-173, 409

perestroika,83

local factors, 140, 144, 170-171

banking, 150

health care, 337, 340

officials, 123, 125

price controls, 123, 136, 206-216, 220, 230

managers and management,

corporate governance, 89, 96-97, 138-139

enterprise learning, 156, 166-174

managerial hegemony, 96-97, 231

privatization, 144, 145, 146, 149, 151, 219, 462

salaries, 238

monetary policy, 85, 92-93, 460;

see also currency and exchange supra

national budget, 95, 136, 147, 227, 327, 329, 330-334, 341-342, 460

organized crime, 91, 119, 124, 152, 206, 213, 216, 239, 461

path dependence, 75

personal income, 239-240

political factors, 80, 89, 91, 92-93, 96, 122, 126, 147, 219, 230, 268, 462-463

poverty, 80, 229, 230, 234, 294(n. 11)

safety nets, 97-98, 126, 227, 329

price controls. 84-85, 89, 122-123, 125, 136, 145, 148, 151, 203-216, 220, 229-230, 232, 237, 238, 460, 462, 464

privatization, 36-38, 82, 83, 128, 133, 143-154, 158, 216-220, 235 , 410, 457, 462, 482

banks, 144, 149-151

bureaucracy, impacts, 46-47, 96, 135, 136, 140

employee ownership, 143-144, 149

management and managers, 144, 145, 146, 149, 151, 219, 462

rule evasion and, 126-128

small businesses, 143, 144, 151-152, 216

social security, 229, 396-397

wages and salaries, 229, 239

production infrastructure/organization, 87-89, 138-139, 144-146, 166-168

defense industry restructuring, 166-167

financial institutions, 147-149

foreign infrastructure imported, 153

property rights, 39-42, 88-89, 95, 147, 203-220, 482

quasi-currencies, 8

real estate, 123, 461

redistributive systems, general, 85, 89-92

regional factors, 140, 144, 150, 170, 337, 340, 464

rent seeking, 81, 89, 91, 92-93, 95-97, 98, 170-172, 206-207, 208, 460-463

rule evasion, 119-128

rule of law, 95, 98, 119-128, 152-153

small and medium-size enterprises, 482

labor force, 228, 235-236

privatization, 143, 144, 151-152, 216

social welfare policy, 224, 226-232, 250

price controls and, 229-230

safety nets, 97-98, 126, 227, 329, 395(n.7)

taxes and, 227

stabilization policies, 84, 95, 462-463

labor market, 226

standard of living, 230, 239-240, 323, 324

taxation, 465, 482

accounting systems, 168

arrears, 464, 465

labor market, 227-228

organized crime, private, 216

payroll taxes, 227-228, 229, 337-338, 342

price controls and, 208, 216

small businesses, 228

underground economies, 236

tax evasion, 119, 123-124, 125, 127, 227, 239, 240

uncertainty, 123-125, 127, 326

underground economies, 119-121, 123, 124, 230, 234, 236, 237, 239-240

unemployment benefits, 229, 232, 233-237

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×

wages and salaries, 225, 226(n.3), 237, 242

arrears owed, as policy, 239, 464

entrepreneurial income, 240

health care providers, 343-345

managerial power, 96-97

payroll taxes, 227-228, 229, 337-338, 342

privatization, 229, 239

sectoral differences, 237-238

structure of, incl. minimum, 232, 237-239

S

Safety nets, 97-98, 126, 135, 227, 253, 261, 285-297, 304-305, 329 , 371, 385-397, 484

Africa, 388, 392(n.6), 394

Bolivia, 389-390, 391, 392(n.6), 393

cost-benefit analysis, 389

education/health care versus, 387, 388, 391, 392, 393

Latin America, 387-394, 396-397

Latvia, 395

political factors, 388-389, 390, 392-396

rent seeking, 390

Russia, 97-98, 126, 227, 329, 395(n.7)

unemployed, 389, 390, 394, 396

unemployment insurance, 229, 380, 388, 390

Salaries, see Wages and salaries

Savings, 32, 147, 226(n.3), 227, 465

social welfare policy and, 255, 279, 285, 289, 308, 371, 375, 376, 378, 379

see also Pensions

Second economies, see Underground economies

Senegal, 390

Service sector

Russia, 152, 236

see also Financial institutions and services;

Social welfare policy

Shock policies, 66, 157, 160, 207, 216, 233, 248-249

Slovak Republic, 205, 216, 255

pensions, 372

Slovenia, 255

inflation, 455

pensions, 372, 376

Small and medium-sized enterprises

China, 437, 440-442

Poland, 146, 217, 236

Russia, 482

labor force, 228, 235-236

privatization, 143, 144, 151-152, 216

social welfare policy and, 253, 268

Soviet Union, 205

Smith, Adam, 35-37

Social welfare policy, 7, 65(n.3), 71-72, 134, 223-224, 247-319, 409, 465

benefit defined, 227(n.5)

Bolivia, 266

bureaucracy, 278, 282, 285, 338, 390

Central Europe, 266, 305, 307, 309, 310, 465

poverty, 351-366

central planning, 254, 272-273, 285

charity, 279, 280, 286

children, 249, 250, 252, 254, 307-309, 311-312, 361, 365

Chile, 260, 263, 386, 389-393, 397

corruption, 253

Czechoslovakia, 355, 358, 395, 396

Czech Republic, 255, 352-366 (passim), 396

decentralization, 254, 255, 259, 285, 287, 311

East Asia, 392 (n.5), 393

Eastern Europe, 252, 262, 264, 267, 291, 305, 307, 309, 310

education, 280, 285-286

elections, 287-288, 395(n.8), 396

employment, 223-242, 253, 259-260

entitlement ethos, 258-259, 269, 272, 273, 279, 289, 307, 327, 341 , 370, 377, 463, 465, 468, 485

ethical considerations, 277-281, 287

ethnic groups, 264, 268, 306, 484

fraud, 305

full employment as, 225, 226, 228

GDP and funding, 249, 300, 304, 311, 330-332, 372-373, 395, 465

globalized markets, 300, 302

GNP and funding, 251, 255

Hungary, 249, 250, 255, 256, 261, 291, 292, 315, 352-366 (passim), 465, 468

incentives, 249, 261, 283-285, 334

individualism, 278, 281, 282, 284, 294(n.11), 299, 300, 306-310, 314-315, 371, 485

inflation, general, 249, 251

institutional approach, 288-289, 389, 390, 392-394

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×

investment and spending, 255, 290-293

Latin America, 260-262, 266-267, 302, 387-394, 396-397

liberalization of markets and, 248, 250, 262-263

local factors, 256, 259, 305-306, 337, 390, 484

national budgets, 259, 293-294

nutrition policies, 386, 389

OECD countries, vulnerable populations, 352-366 (passim), 395-396, 397

Poland, 249

political factors, 248, 249, 256-270, 278, 287-288, 289, 295, 301, 302, 370, 371, 375, 394, 395

privatization, 254, 257, 269, 282-283, 286, 288, 304, 386, 393, 396-397, 484-485

regional factors, 259, 268, 337, 340

religious influences, 267, 268, 279

research priorities, 483-485, 487

Russia, 97-98, 126, 224, 226-232, 250, 329, 395(n.7)

savings and, 255, 279, 285, 289, 308, 371, 375, 376, 378, 379

small businesses, 253, 268

stabilization policy and, 248, 250, 262-263

taxation to fund, 227-228, 252, 253, 279, 285, 286-287, 293-294, 304, 307, 315, 463

uncertainty, 279, 283, 313-318, 374

unemployment insurance, 229, 380, 390

wages and salaries, 259-260, 311, 327, 343-345

Sociocultural values, general, 2, 5, 16-17, 69, 85, 305, 314, 477, 486

contract theory, 254, 259, 307, 308

path dependence, 16-17, 21, 48, 75, 157, 173, 404, 408, 477

pensions, 371, 373, 374-375

property defined, 103, 107, 112-115

see also Ethnicity and ethnic groups;

Historical factors;

Individualism;

Religious factors

Soviet Union, 133

bribery, 27, 137-138

bureaucracy, 135-136, 139, 142-143, 217-218

central planning, 120, 121, 134, 136, 137, 138-139, 142, 161-165, 225, 226, 228, 436-437

construction sector, 161-162, 163

contracts, 135, 138

corruption, 27, 137-138, 142

criminal penalties, 27, 28, 31, 142, 162, 205

decentralization, 136-137, 437

entrepreneurship, 120-121, 156, 160-166, 205

food products, 204

incentives, 27, 33, 136, 137, 138, 142

industrial sector, 138-139

investment, 163-164

managers and management, 136, 138-139, 161-166

officials' wages, 27

political factors, 142, 143

post-dissolution, 133-154, 180, 252, 262, 264, 267

prices and price controls, 27, 29, 121, 136, 226

privatization, 29, 120-121, 133, 137, 204-205

property rights, 27, 137, 204

regional factors, 164

rent seeking, 27, 29, 33, 137

rule of law, 28, 119-122, 135, 142

small businesses, 205

wages, 27, 120, 225

see also New Independent States;

specific countries

Stabilization policies, general, 3, 13-14, 22, 454, 458, 464, 474

inflation, 456

liberalization and, 456

pensions and, 370

rent seeking, 462-463

research priorities, 481

Russia, 84, 95, 462-463

labor market, 226

social policy and, 248, 250, 262-263

Ukraine, 182

Yugoslavia, 264(n. 12)

see also Shock policies

Stalin era, 142, 291

Standard of living, 186-187, 265, 273, 307, 457-458

Central Asia, 323

input/credit market access, 204

pensions, 374

Poland, 137, 219

research priorities, 483-484

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×

Russia, 230, 239-240, 323, 324

underground economies, 120

see also Personal income;

Poverty

State ownership

China, decentralized, 440-444

employment and, 177

gradualism, 249

health care services, 327

national budgets and, 435-436

performance and reform, study, 47, 53

polity destabilization due to, 39

Russia, 216

socialist firm, institutional features, 137-138, 140

social welfare systems, 282-283

Ukraine, 181

see also Privatization

Supply/demand factors

communist state, model, 434

Russia, labor force, 224, 225, 228, 233, 237

T

Tajikistan, 456, 457, 463, 468

health reform, 330, 334, 335, 340

inflation, 455

Taxation, 33, 134, 143, 434-435, 465

arrears, 464, 465

decentralization, 423, 443, 447

historical models, 405-406

organized crime, private, 33, 44, 216

payroll taxes, 227-228, 229, 337-338, 342, 344, 370, 372, 373, 374-376, 405

pensions, funding, 370, 372, 373, 374-376, 381

price controls versus, 134

research priorities, 485, 486

Russia, 465, 482

accounting systems, 168

labor market, 227-228

organized crime, private, 216

payroll taxes, 227-228, 229, 337-338, 342

price controls and, 208, 216

small businesses, 228

underground economies, 236

state intervention model, general, 418

social welfare funding, 227-228, 252, 253, 279, 285, 286-287, 293-294, 304, 307, 315, 463

Soviet Union, 205

Tax evasion, 7, 9, 30, 119, 123-124, 125, 127, 227, 239, 240, 405

Telecommunications, 46(n. 16), 148

Trade, see Barter trade;

International trade;

Liberalization of markets;

Underground economies

Trade unions, see Labor unions

Transaction costs, 9, 14, 21-22, 23, 33, 44-45, 48, 61, 69, 74, 139-140, 412, 478

economists' research preferences, 50

entrepreneurship, 160

ethnic group cohesion and, 41-42

learning and, 173

political control, 47

price systems, 204

principal/agency model, 427-428

property rights, 38-42, 44

regulations, 26

Russia, 204

social engineering, 61

Transylvania, 103-116

Turkmenistan, 456, 457, 463, 464

health care reform, 332, 335, 339, 340

inflation, 455

U

Ukraine, 464, 482

credit, 181

inflation, 181, 455

investment, 198

labor market, 179, 180, 181, 184-201

liberalization, 456-457

managers and management, 182, 199

Uncertainty (decision-making), 33, 139, 326

competitors, about, 219

contracts, 44-47

entrepreneurship, 160, 419

health costs, 251

New Independent States, 31

noncompliance and, 26

pensions, 370

policy lags, 67

property rights, 29-30, 102-116, 138, 141

public debt financing and, 30

Russia, 123-125, 127, 326

social welfare policy, 279, 283, 313-318, 374

structural policy, 66

see also Information scarcity;

Risk taking

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×

Underground economies, 22, 23-26, 250, 478

Central/Eastern Europe, 29

globalized markets and, 300

health care, 253, 333

liberalization of markets and, 29, 121

New Independent States, 29

poverty, 304-305

price controls and, 29

research priorities, 481

Russia, 119-121, 123, 124, 230, 234, 236, 237, 239-240

social welfare policy and, 253, 304-305

Soviet Union, 27-28, 120, 134

Unions, see Labor unions

United States, 15

Uzbekistan

health care reform, 330, 332, 334, 335, 339

liberalization, 457

V

Venezuela, 391

Venture capital, 159

Voucher trading, 148, 300, 461

W

Wages and salaries, 178, 183, 193

age factors, 364, 365

estimation of, 251(n.5)

globalization of markets, 303

health professionals, 343-345

payroll taxes, 227-228, 229, 337-338, 342, 344, 370, 372, 373, 374-376, 405

pensions related to, 308, 370, 371, 372, 378, 379, 381

Russia, 225, 226(n.3), 237, 242

arrears owed, as policy, 239, 464

entrepreneurial income, 240

health care providers, 343-345

managerial power, 96-97

payroll taxes, 227-228, 229, 337-338, 342

privatization, 229, 239

sectoral differences, 237-238

structure of, incl. minimum, 232, 237-239

social services, 259-260, 311, 327, 343-345

Soviet Union, 27, 120, 225

structure of, incl. minimum, 232, 237-239, 304, 389

women, 363

Welfare, see Social welfare policy

Women, 40, 351, 361

education, 322

epidemiology, 325-327, 346

labor market, 363

child care, 311

Russia, 233, 234

Ukraine, 179, 186-187, 189, 196, 199

wages, 363

pensions, 308, 310, 371, 378, 379, 380, 381-382

research priorities, 484, 485

World Bank, 15, 149, 258, 466

liberalization indices, 456

pensions, 375-376

Y

Yugoslavia, 264(n.12)

Z

Zambia, 392(n.6), 393

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×
Page 497
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×
Page 498
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×
Page 499
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×
Page 500
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×
Page 501
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×
Page 502
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×
Page 503
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×
Page 504
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×
Page 505
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×
Page 506
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×
Page 507
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×
Page 508
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×
Page 509
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×
Page 510
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×
Page 511
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×
Page 512
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×
Page 513
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5852.
×
Page 514
Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $77.00
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

This ground-breaking new volume focuses on the interaction between political, social, and economic change in Central and Eastern Europe and the New Independent States. It includes a wide selection of analytic papers, thought-provoking essays by leading scholars in diverse fields, and an agenda for future research. It integrates work on the micro and macro levels of the economy and provides a broad overview of the transition process.

This volume broadens the current intellectual and policy debate concerning the historic transition now taking place from a narrow concern with purely economic factors to the dynamics of political and social change. It questions the assumption that the post-communist economies are all following the same path and that they will inevitably develop into replicas of economies in the advanced industrial West. It challenges accepted thinking and promotes the utilization of new methods and perspectives.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!