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Series on Technology
and Social Priorities
NATIONAL ACADEMY
OF ENGINEERING
Eclucation for the
Manufacturing
World of
the Future
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1985
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National Academy Press · 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW · Washington, DC 20418
The National Academy of Engineering is a private organization established
in 1964. It shares in the responsibility given the National Academy of Sciences
under a congressional charter granted in 1863 to advise the federal government
on questions of science and technology. This collaboration is implemented
through the National Research Council. The National Academy of Engineering
recognizes distinguished engineers, sponsors engineering programs aimed at
meeting national needs, and encourages education and research.
Funds for the National Academy of Engineering's Symposium Series on
Technology and Social Priorities are provided by the Andrew W. Mellon
Foundation, the Carnegie CoIporation of New York, and the Academy Industry
Program. The views expressed in this volume are those of the authors and are
not presented as the views of the Mellon Foundation, the Carnegie Corporation,
the Academy Industry Program, or the National Academy of Engineering.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 85-61450
Copyright ~ 1985 by the National Academy of Sciences
No part of this book may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic, or
electronic process, or in the form of a phonographic recording, nor may it be
stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise copied for public or
private use, without written permission from the publisher, except for the
purposes of official use by the U.S. government.
ISBN 0-309-03584-8
Printed in the United States of America
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Preface
The manufacturing world of the future is evolving piecemeal-on
the factory floor, in robotics research laboratories, in computer and
information systems development groups, and among manufacturing
systems task groups in industry. At stake is the future industrial
competitiveness of this nation. Our competitiveness will depend on
increasing the productivity of manufacturing systems in all industries
and on our ability to transform multifaceted manufacturing functions
into cohesive, flexible systems using the new technologies spawned
by the electronics and materials revolution. Competitiveness will also
depend on achieving product quality and lowering production costs.
Fortunately, the new technologies put these goals within grasp.
The changes taking place in industry as manufacturing adopts and
adapts to new processes aimed at increased productivity are paralleled
by new views of the educational system and of the training received
by engineers and other specialists who will plan, implement, and
operate the new automated manufacturing systems. The ferment
occurring in the world of manufacturing is matched by that found in
engineering schools as new curricula and new approaches to engineering
education are pioneered.
PURPOSE OF THE SYMPOSIUM
The Symposium on Education for the Manufacturing World of the
Future was convened by the National Academy of Engineering (NAE)
in cooperation with the Manufacturing Studies Board of the National
Research Council, and it was intended to bring together the two
communities essential to national success in manufacturing. These
communities include, on the one hand, industrial companies affected
. . .
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By
PREFACE
by the changing manufacturing scene and those responsible for devel-
oping the technologies that underpin automated manufacturing, and,
on the other hand, the university community responsible for the
education and training of students who will plan and operate these
manufacturing systems.
The symposium provided an opportunity for both industrial planners
and managers and educators to examine the issues whose resolution
will greatly affect the changing world of manufacturing. We wished to
hear industry's views of the requirements for educating and training
engineers by our universities and about cooperative endeavors with
academic groups and other mutually beneficial relations. We sought
from the academic community their plans for training and educating
engineers for manufacturing careers and their views of possible co-
operative arrangements with industry.
Symposium participants were organized into working groups that
covered five related topics:
1. Structuring the Manufacturing Education System
2. Industry-University Cooperation in Education for Manufacturing
3. Industry-University Cooperation in Research for Manufacturing
4. Keeping Current in a Manufacturing Career
5. National Priorities in Manufacturing Education
These working groups sought to identify issues and to recommend
actions for those in the public and private sectors responsible for
ensuring the match between educational institutions and those who
need their products.
This volume comprises the papers presented as basic documentation
for symposium participants (Part 1), presentations by participants in a
panel discussion on corporate attitudes toward introducing the new
manufacturing technology (Part 2), reports of the discussions held by
working groups (Part 3), and an excellent statement of the problem,
which in part stimulated the convening of the symposium, by the
Manufacturing Studies Board of the National Research Council (Ap-
pendix A). The selected bibliography appearing in Appendix B will
help readers locate the disparate literature that relates to issues
addressed in the symposium. Finally, a register of symposium partic-
ipants, who generously donated their time and energy, and a list of
the working groups are provided in Appendix C.
The symposium's novel form was devised by its cochairmen Dr.
Robert A. Frosch, vice-president for research of General Motors
Corporation, and Mr. Erich Bloch, who was at the time of planning
for the symposium vice-president for technical personnel development
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PREFACE
at the IBM Corporation. Mr. Bloch is currently director of the National
Science Foundation. The session was organized largely by Ms. Lissa
Martinez, a National Academy of Engineering fellow and engineering
graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on leave from
the U.S. Maritime Administration.
The assistance of a large number of staff members of the National
Academy of Engineering and the National Research Council was
essential to the success of the symposium. Our appreciation is extended
to Jesse H. Ausubel, Bruce Guile, Hugh H. Miller, and Penny Gibbs
of the NAE staff; to George H. Kuper, George D. Krumbhaar, Janice
E. Greene, and Donna L. Reifsnider of the Manufacturing Studies
Board; and to Sabra Bissette Ledent, the report's editor.
This symposium was the first in a series on technology and social
priorities convened by the National Academy of Engineering. The
series is supported by funding from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation,
the Carnegie Corporation of New York, and the Academy Industry
Program. The views expressed in this volume are those of the authors
and of the meeting participants. They are not presented as the views
of the Mellon Foundation, the Carnegie Corporation, the Academy
Industry Program, or the National Academy of Engineering.
ROBERT M. WHITE
President
National Academy of Engineering
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SYMPOSIUM ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Cochairmen
ERICH BLOCH, Vice-President, IBM Corporation*
ROBERT A. FROSCH, Vice-President, General Motors Corporation
Members
.
ROBERT AYRES, Professor, Department of Engineering and Public
Policy, Carnegie-Mellon University
DENNIS CHAMOT, Assistant Director, Department for Professional
Employees, AFL-CIO
JAMES F. LARDNER, Vice-President, Government Products and
Component Sales, Deere and Company
Louts D. SMULLIN, D. C. Jackson Professor of Electrical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Symposium Organizer
L~ssA A. MART~NEz, National Academy of Engineering Fellow
* Mr. Bloch served as cochairman of the advisory committee until September 1984
when he became director of the National Science Foundation.
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Contents
Preface
Symposium Advisory Committee
Manufacturing and Education: Reflections on a
C;vmnn~i,~m
· · .
111
V1
Robert A. Frosch
Part I. Papers
The Changing Face of U.S. Manufacturing
Joseph F. Shea
The U.S. Manufacturing Engineer: Practice, Profile, and
Needs ............................................
Forrest D. Brummett
21
Meshing Education and Industrial Needs: Two Views.... 48
A View From Industry 48
Edward A. Steigerwald
A Response From Academia 55
Robert H. Cannon, Jr.
Maintaining the Lifelong Effectiveness of Engineers in
Manufacturing 62
Robert M. Anderson, Jr.
. .
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. . .
Part 2. Pane! Discussion
Corporate Attitudes Toward Introducing the New
CONTENTS
Manufacturing Technology 75
Planning for Change in the Smokestack
Industries
James F. Lardner
Engineers and the Application and Transfer of New
Technologies Abroad
Jack N. Behrman
Manufacturing Issues in the Semiconductor Industry
Michael I. Callahan
Challenges to be Met. - -
Wickham Skinner
Part 3. Working Group Reports
The Issues and Some Answers:
76
78
84
87
Recommendations of the Working Groups 93
Structuring the Manufacturing Education System
Industry-University Cooperation in Education for
Manufacturing
.... 94
98
Industry-University Cooperation in Research for
Manufacturing 104
Keeping Current in a Manufacturing Career 107
National Priorities in Manufacturing Education
Appendixes
A. Statement of the Manufacturing Studies Board on the
Need for Industrial-Academic Cooperation for
Manufacturing Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 17
B. Selected Bibliography 120
C. Symposium Participants and Working Groups 128
