Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline

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Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998)
Institute of Medicine (IOM)

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. "8 Folate." Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1998.

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DRI Dietary Reference Intakes: For Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline

Study	Design	Subjects
Werler et al., 1993 Case/control in Boston, Philadelphia, and Toronto	NTD cases and controls with other major malformations	Mothers of cases and controls
Shaw et al., 1995c	Case/control in California	NTD cases and normal control infants
^a NTD = neural tube defect.

TABLE 8-8 Controlled Trials Relating Folate Supplementation and Risk of Neural Tube Defect in the Periconceptual Period

Study	Design	Subjects
Randomized controlled trials—previous NTD pregnancy
Laurence et al., 1981	Randomized controlled trial in Wales	Pregnant women with prior NTD^a-affected pregnancy; supplemented mothers took 4 mg of folic acid daily Unsupplemented mothers took a placebo
Wald et al., 1991	Randomized controlled multicenter trial in United Kingdom and Hungary	Pregnant women with prior NTD-affected pregnancy Supplemented mothers took 4 mg of folic acid daily Unsupplemented mothers took a placebo