Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline

ULs for Infants
0–12 months	Not possible to establish for supplemental folate
ULs for Children
1–3 years	300 µg/day of folate from fortified foods or supplements
4–8 years	400 µg/day of folate from fortified foods or supplements
9–13 years	600 µg/day of folate from fortified foods or supplements
14–18 years	800 µg/day of folate from fortified foods or supplements
ULs for Pregnancy
14–18 years	800 µg/day of folate from fortified foods or supplements
19 years and older	1,000 µg/day of folate from fortified foods or supplements
ULs for Lactation
14–18 years	800 µg/day of folate from fortified foods or supplements
19 years and older	1,000 µg/day of folate from fortified foods or supplements

Special Considerations

Individuals who are at risk of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency (e.g., those who eat no animal foods [vegans] and other individuals identified in Table 9-4) may be at increased risk of the precipitation of neurological disorders if they consume excess folate.

Intake Assessment

It is not possible to use data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) or the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals to determine the population’s exposure to folic acid. Currently, survey data do not distinguish between food folate and folic acid added as a fortificant or taken as a supplement. Based on data from NHANES III and excluding pregnant women (for whom folate supplements are often prescribed), the highest reported total folate intake from food and supplements

Table of Contents

Front Matter R1-R24

Summary 1-16

1 Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes 17-26

2 The B Vitamins and Choline: Overview and Methods 27-40

3 A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 41-57

4 Thiamin 58-86

5 Riboflavin 87-122

6 Niacin 123-149

7 Vitamin B6 150-195

8 Folate 196-305

9 Vitamin B12 306-356

10 Pantothenic Acid 357-373

11 Biotin 374-389

12 Choline 390-422

13 Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes 423-436

14 A Research Agenda 437-442

A Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes 443-447

B Acknowledgments 448-450

C Système International d'Unités 451-452

D Search Strategies 453-455

E Methodological Problems Associated with Laboratory Values and Food Composition Data for B Vitamins 456-459

F Dietary Intake Data from the Boston Nutritional Status Survey, 1981–1984 460-465

G Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1995 466-477

H Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988–1994 478-501

I Daily Intakes of B Vitamins by Canadian Men and Women, 1990, 1993 502-506

J Options for Dealing with Uncertainties in Developing Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 507-511

K Blood Concentrations of Folate and Vitamin B12 from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988–1994 512-519

L Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase 520-522

M Evidence from Animal Studies on the Etiology of Neural Tube Defects 523-526

N Estimation of the Period Covered by Vitamin B12 Stores 527-530

O Biographical Sketches 531-536

P Glossary and Abbreviations 537-540

Index 541-567

Special Considerations

Intake Assessment