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DRI Dietary Reference Intakes: For Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
B
Beriberi, 58 , 59–60 , 63 , 65
Betaine, 392 , 393 , 398 , 399 , 413
Bioavailability of nutrients
biotin, 375–376 , 378
choline, 400 , 402 , 413
correction factor, 328 , 338
defined, 49 , 537
factors affecting, 18 , 62 , 309 , 338 , 342 , 375
folate, 8–9 , 15 , 16 , 196 , 208–210 , 211 , 221 , 227 , 235 , 239 , 256 , 428
folic acid, 225 , 235
form of intake and, 15 , 16 , 88 , 208– 210 , 211 , 221 , 235 , 239 , 343 , 428
from infant formula, 30 , 402
methodological issues, 210 , 225
niacin, 123 , 128–129 , 133
nutrient-nutrient interactions and, 15
pantothenic acid, 361
riboflavin, 88 , 95
and risk assessment, 49 , 53
from supplements, 1 , 9 , 18 , 49 , 208 , 210 , 235 , 256 , 259 , 331 , 334
thiamin, 62
vitamin B6 , 150 , 160–161 , 165 , 177
vitamin B12 , 309 , 328 , 338 , 342 , 343
BioRad Quantaphase Radioassay, 206
Biotin, 374–389
absorption, 376
adolescents, 381 , 382–383
adults (19–50 years), 374 , 380 , 382–383 , 385
adverse effects, 384–385
AIs, 6 , 11 , 21 , 374 , 380–383 , 566–567
assay methods, 379
avidin and, 375–376 , 379 , 380
bioavailability, 375–376 , 378
children, 381
deficiency, 375 , 377–378
dose-response assessment for ULs, 385
elderly (>70 years). See Adults, >70 years
excretion, 377 , 378
exposure assessment, 385
factors affecting requirement, 380
fetal, 377 , 385
food composition data, 35 , 36 , 37 , 459
food sources, 384
function, 11 , 27 , 374–375
gender differences, 382
hazard identification, 384–385
and 3-hydroxyisovalerate, 375 , 378–379 , 382 , 383
indicators of adequacy, 11 , 378–379
infants, 6 , 56 , 374 , 377–378 , 380–381
intakes, 38–39 , 374 , 384
laboratory values, 452 , 457 , 459
lactation and, 383
life-stage group and, 38–39 , 380–383
metabolism, 377
methods used to set AIs, 380–383
neurological disorders, 377
and odd-chain fatty acid composition of plasma lipids, 379
older adults (51+ years), 382
plasma concentrations, 379
pregnancy and, 33 , 380 , 382–383 , 385
research recommendations, 385–386 , 440
risk characterization, 385
special considerations, 383
supplement use, 38–39 , 384
transport, 376–377
ULs, 13 , 56 , 374 , 384–385
unit conversions, 452
Biotin deficiency facies, 377–378
Biotinidase, 375 , 380 , 383
Blacks
glucose-6-dehydrogenase status, 108
homocysteine levels, 158
pernicious anemia, 317
riboflavin, 91 , 106
vitamin B6 , 174
Blood pressure. See Hypertension
Body Mass Index, 24 , 25 , 260
Body odor, 408 , 411
Body weight. See also Reference body weight ratio method
and nutrient deficiency development, 129 n.1
reference weights, 24–26
thiamin pyrophosphate and, 75
