Questions? Call 888-624-8373

PAPERBACK + PDF
your price: $76.00
add to cart

PAPERBACK
list:$64.75
Web:$58.27
add to cart

PDF BOOK
your price: $50.00
add to cart

PDF CHAPTERS
your price: $3.70
select

Rights & Permissions

topleft topright

The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation (1998)
Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education (CBASSE)

Page
63
bottomleft bottomright
  E-mail
 Facebook
 Digg
 Stumble
 Twitter
More

The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy.

The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation

Part II
Current and Envisioned Automation of Air Traffic Control Tasks

In this part we review automation features and associated human factors issues for a number of existing and proposed programs and products that apply automation to air traffic control tasks. In Chapter 3 we review fundamental surveillance (radar, global positioning system, and weather) and communication (bandwidth, voice switching and control system, and data link) systems. In Chapter 4 we review systems that process and present flight information to pilots (flight management system) and to air traffic controllers (ground-based flight data processing). In Chapter 5 we review systems that support immediate conflict avoidance: the traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS), the converging runway display aid (CRDA), the precision runway monitor (PRM), and airport surface collision avoidance systems. In Chapter 6 we review strategic long-term planning: the center TRACON automation system (CTAS), the conflict probe and interactive planning, four-dimensional contracts, and the surface movement advisor (SMA). In Chapter 7 we review training and maintenance systems.

The goal of our analysis for each system or component is to examine potential issues in human factors and automation, to identify strengths and weaknesses in the system, and to suggest future research directions. With regard to research, we believe that the need for data collection and comparison is indicated in a number of areas in which changes are projected and the implications for the human operator are uncertain. The framework used for analyzing human factors issues includes the categories of workload, training and selection, organizational factors, and cognitive task analysis, in which we perform our own breakdown of the cognitive components of the task. The framework used for identifying critical

 Page
63

Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.

OCR for page 63
The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation Part II Current and Envisioned Automation of Air Traffic Control Tasks In this part we review automation features and associated human factors issues for a number of existing and proposed programs and products that apply automation to air traffic control tasks. In Chapter 3 we review fundamental surveillance (radar, global positioning system, and weather) and communication (bandwidth, voice switching and control system, and data link) systems. In Chapter 4 we review systems that process and present flight information to pilots (flight management system) and to air traffic controllers (ground-based flight data processing). In Chapter 5 we review systems that support immediate conflict avoidance: the traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS), the converging runway display aid (CRDA), the precision runway monitor (PRM), and airport surface collision avoidance systems. In Chapter 6 we review strategic long-term planning: the center TRACON automation system (CTAS), the conflict probe and interactive planning, four-dimensional contracts, and the surface movement advisor (SMA). In Chapter 7 we review training and maintenance systems. The goal of our analysis for each system or component is to examine potential issues in human factors and automation, to identify strengths and weaknesses in the system, and to suggest future research directions. With regard to research, we believe that the need for data collection and comparison is indicated in a number of areas in which changes are projected and the implications for the human operator are uncertain. The framework used for analyzing human factors issues includes the categories of workload, training and selection, organizational factors, and cognitive task analysis, in which we perform our own breakdown of the cognitive components of the task. The framework used for identifying critical

OCR for page 64
The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation automation issues includes the categories of mode errors, trust, skill degradation, mental models, and communication and organization. Researchers and developers interested in the evaluation of current and future automated systems should find these frameworks useful. This introduction includes a set of tables that map automation programs and products to controller tasks performed in each type of facility. A glossary defining the acronyms noted in the tables and elsewhere in the report appears in Appendix A. Our purpose in presenting the tables is to offer a broad framework for the more detailed discussion of specific instances of automation and to present a general overview of trends. Tables II.1 through II.4 summarize current, developmental, and contemplated applications of automation to air traffic control tasks for the en route, TRACON, tower, and oceanic environments, respectively. The tables include traffic management and flight service tasks for each environment, as appropriate. In the Phase I report we acknowledged and discussed in some detail the importance of the flight service station facilities and the Air Traffic Control System Command Center facility. Our current treatment of these facilities is limited here to referencing the automated features of these facilities that support traffic management functions for the en route, TRACON, tower, and oceanic environments. In addition, we note the distinction between air traffic control and airway facilities specialists; however, the tables include and the text discusses in detail the automated features of airway facilities systems that support air traffic control tasks. The tasks identified in Tables II.1 through II.4 are grouped into the following cognitive functions and presented in descending order of cognitive complexity: Planning strategies and resolving conflicts, Predicting long-term events, Comparing criteria and predicting short-term events, Transmitting information, Remembering, and Identifying relevant items of information. For each environment and for each controller task, we identify automated features of the air traffic control system that are: (1) currently implemented, having been developed, tested, and fielded (although not necessarily implemented in all facilities for a given environment); (2) in development (although future upgrades or product improvements with additional automated features may remain tentative); and (3) under future consideration (development may be planned or concepts may be under consideration). Since the third category reflects concepts rather than detailed designs, the mapping of those items to functions that they may automate is especially tentative; our mapping is based on a broad interpretation of the automation concepts for items in that category. For example,

OCR for page 65
The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation Table II.3 identifies, for the tower environment, extensive future capabilities for the surface movement advisor (SMA); some of the capabilities (especially higher level capabilities) are based on conceptual developments rather than on firm program plans. Systems in development or under future consideration often include modernization of previously automated functions (i.e., improved computing speed, accuracy, capacity, memory) and may or may not add automated features beyond those already provided by the systems that they replace. The tables include such systems only when they add automated features, and only the added automation features (not those that are simply being replicated) are identified in the tables. For example, the display system replacement (DSR) will modernize the display channels and displays of the en route system. It will replicate current processing of flight and radar data and will preserve current automation features. Therefore, Table II.1 identifies only the additional conflict probe feature added by the DSR. Some air traffic control tasks are highly automated; others are performed primarily by the air traffic controller, who receives assistance from automation. For example, the tasks of sensing, computing, and displaying the position of aircraft are highly automated; they are performed by the elements of the radar processing system. However, the task of resolving traffic conflicts is performed largely by the controller, who may receive automated assistance from such systems as the CTAS or the user request evaluation tool (URET). In the tables, features that supply a high degree of automation for a given task are highlighted; features that provide automated assistance to controllers, who perform the task, are not. The dichotomy applied here between highly automated features and automation assistance features represents a forced choice judgment. We do not attempt here to apply the more complex treatment of levels and dimensions of automation, discussed in detail in Chapter 1. The primary sources for the automation programs identified in the tables and discussed in this section are the Federal Aviation Administration's National Airspace System Architecture description (1996a) and its Aviation System Capital Investment Plan (1996b). The primary source for the identification of controller tasks is the controller task listing developed and reported under the FAA's separation and control hiring assessment program. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF AUTOMATION FEATURES Key automation features and functionality are discussed in greater detail elsewhere in this report. Here we first briefly describe areas of automation not addressed in detail in other sections: flight services and oceanic control. In addition, we outline the modernization efforts that are prerequisite for planned product improvements for en route centers, TRACONs, and towers.

OCR for page 66
The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation Flight Services Many flight service functions are currently automated. Preflight briefings and instrument flight rules/visual flight rules flight plan filing services are available on a walk-in basis or via telephone. These services are also available via personal computer through the direct user access terminal system (DUATS). Preflight information is also available through dial-in lines for the automated weather observing system (AWOS) and the automated surface observing system (ASOS), whose data are also broadcast automatically. The FAA is considering virtually complete automation of flight services, with the goal of enabling pilots to self-brief and to file flight plans without contacting flight service specialists. A contemplated operational and supportability implementation system (OASIS) would address these goals. Oceanic Automation The current oceanic air traffic control system does not rely on radar coverage, and so direct surveillance is not used over most of the ocean. Navigation is performed primarily with on-board inertial navigation systems, and pilots report their positions to controllers via high frequency voice radio. The current oceanic display and planning system (ODAPS), deployed in Oakland and New York, provides a display of aircraft positions, based on extrapolation of periodic voice position reports from pilots and on filed flight plans. In addition, the dynamic ocean tracking system (DOTS) assists the controller to develop routes that take advantage of favorable wind and temperature conditions, and also projects aircraft movement to identify airspace competition and availability. The telecommunications processor (TP) has replaced the flight data input/output computer system (FDIO) for oceanic controllers; the processor includes a message scrolling capability. The FAA plans future development of data link capabilities and improved navigation and surveillance data, which are required to support desired automation features for the oceanic environment. Data link capabilities would include the oceanic data link (ODL) under development, as well as future controller-to-pilot data link (CPDL). The global positioning system and automatic dependent surveillance are also considered enabling technologies for automation in this environment. An improved air traffic control interfacility data communications (AIDC) is also posited. The umbrella programs for oceanic automation are the advanced oceanic automation system (AOAS) and the oceanic automation program (OAP). These long-term programs would build on the data provided by new surveillance, navigation, and communication systems to achieve levels of automation commensurate with those of the domestic en route environment. The oceanic environment is also the locus of one of the early precursors to free flight, embodied in the procedures of oceanic in-trail climb (discussed in Chapter 9).

OCR for page 67
The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation Data link, the global positioning system, and automatic dependent surveillance developments are discussed in greater detail in Chapter 3. Modernization Efforts The en route computer display channel processor, the display channel controller processor, and plan view displays are being modernized through the display system replacement (DSR). This modernization program will retain all the features of the existing system, will support an additional conflict probe capability, and is planned to accommodate future enhancements that may include automated features discussed elsewhere in this report. The standard terminal automation replacement system (STARS) is a modernization program that will replace ARTS processors and displays. STARS will replicate ARTS functions and will therefore include the automated features of ARTS. STARS is planned as an expandable system that will accommodate future automation enhancements for the TRACON. The FAA is planning a tower integration program whose main goals are the consolidation of the disparate displays and controls in the current tower and the addition of automation enhancements. Each of these modernization efforts includes the provision of new workstations for controllers. Voice Switching and Control System The voice switching and control system is a form of air traffic control automation that employs digital logic, controlled by a touch screen interface above the controller's display, to change and reconfigure radio frequencies and communication links, in order to directly route (or reroute) communications to desired parties (Perry, 1997). It is a highly flexible and adaptable system, enabling controllers and supervisors to easily reconfigure communications within a sector, or supervisors to do so within an entire facility. The system has been well received by controllers because it replaces time-consuming and inflexible operations and because of its greater reliability; however, a survey of air traffic controllers revealed that its implementation has produced certain problems (Sarter and Woods, 1997). For example, 28 of the 58 controllers responding to the survey indicated instances in which they had been ''surprised" by a reconfiguration of the system that had been carried out by a remote operator; at the time they were not aware of the reconfiguration, but only discovered it later, when they tried to perform operations that failed in the new reconfigured mode. The potential for such mode errors (see Chapter 1) is perhaps an inevitable downside of the flexible aspects of some automation functions. Their presence may have serious consequences, and their possible emergence in other systems should be anticipated,

OCR for page 68
The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation with attention given to design features that make mode changes clearly observable to all participants. KEY TRENDS A considerable amount of automation has already been applied to air traffic control tasks for the en route, TRACON, and tower environments, and future automation is likely to be significant for all environments. Current automation is applied to support controller tasks across all levels of cognitive complexity. However, the application of highly automated features, which often virtually replace controller actions, has to date been largely reserved for tasks of lower cognitive complexity. When automation is currently applied to tasks of higher cognitive complexity, the automation provides assistance to controllers, who perform and are responsible for the tasks. Given that tasks of lower cognitive complexity have to date received "fuller" automation, the trend toward a more highly automated system appears more revolutionary—and faces its greatest challenge—at higher levels of cognitive complexity (long-term prediction, planning, and conflict resolution).

OCR for page 69
The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation TABLE II.1 Automated Features: En Route Environment (highly automated features are in bold) Cognitive Function/Task Currently Implemented In Development Future Concepts PLAN/RESOLVE Plan/resolve traffic management constraints ETMS CTAS, CP CR Plan clearances ETMS CTAS, CP CR Resolve tactical conflicts TCAS (for pilots), ERM CTAS, ESP/ASP CR Resolve strategic conflicts ETMS, ERM CTAS, CP, ESP/ASP CR Resolve MSAW condition     CR Plan special-use airspace activities   CTAS, CP, SAMS/MAMS CR Resolve special-use airspace violations   CTAS, CP, SAMS/MAMS CR Resolve consequences of deviation   CTAS, CP CR Plan departure and arrival flows ERM, ETMS CTAS, CP, ESP/ASP CR Plan response to weather ETMS CTAS, CP WARP, ITWS, CR Plan emergency response ETMS, MCC, NMCC CTAS, CP CR, OCC, NOCC Plan search for lost or overdue aircraft       Respond to system failures ETMS, MCC, NMCC CTAS, CP OCC, NOCC, CR Plan resectorization   CP CR PREDICT LONGER TERM Predict violation of separation standards   DSR, CTAS, CP   Predict aircraft trajectory ETMS DSR, CTAS, CP   Predict aircraft heading and speed ETMS DSR, CTAS, CP   Predict aircraft position ETMS DSR, CTAS, CP  

OCR for page 70
The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation Cognitive Function/Task Currently Implemented In Development Future Concepts Predict violation of conformance criteria   CTAS, CP   Predict violation of flow restrictions ETMS CTAS, CP   Predict MSAW violation   CP   Predict deviation   CTAS, CP   Predict special-use airspace violations   SAMS/MAMS, CP   Predict traffic sequences for arrival/ departure flows ETMS CTAS, CP   Predict weather Various services   WARP Predict capacity and use ETMS, ERM CTAS   Predict clearance slots ETMS, ERM CTAS   COMPARE, PREDICT VERY SHORT TERM Determine violation of separation standards RDP PRI/SEC RADAR, TCAS (for pilots) DSR, CTAS, CP GPS/ADS Determine violation of conformance criteria PRI/SEC RADAR, RDP CTAS, CP   Determine violation of flow restrictions ETMS CTAS, CP   Determine MSAW violation RDP   GPS/ADS Determine violation of special-use airspace PRI/SEC RADAR, RDP SAMS/MAMS GPS/ADS Determine deviation PRI/SEC RADAR, RDP CTAS, CP GPS/ADS Determine equipment and system problems MCC, NMCC   OCC, NOCC Compare use vs. capacity ETMS CTAS   Compare reported vs. actual position of aircraft PRI/SEC RADAR, RDP   GPS/ADS Predict weather MWP, CWSU, TDWR WARP, ITWS  

OCR for page 71
The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation Cognitive Function/Task Currently Implemented In Development Future Concepts Compare information from multiple sensors ETMS, NMCC, RDP, MCC WARP, ITWS GPS/ADS, OCC, NOCC TRANSMIT INFORMATION Receive clearance requests and generate clearances FDP, ETMS CTAS Data Link Receive/send traffic management restrictions ETMS CTAS, CP Data Link Receive flight plan information FDP, DUATS CP Data Link, OASIS Input/send flight plan information FDP   Data Link Instruct pilots: heading, speed, altitude     Data Link Instruct pilots: flight paths     Data Link Receive/send conflict information to pilots and/or controllers TCAS (to pilots), RDP (to controllers) CTAS, CP Data Link Receive/send MSAW alert RDP   Data Link Inform pilots of unsafe condition advisories     Data Link Inform pilots of deviations     Data Link Inform pilots of airspace restrictions   SAMS/MAMS Data Link Receive/send information about aircraft emergency     Data Link Receive/send information about system degradations MCC, NMCC   Data Link, OCC, NOCC Update flight plan information FDP, DUATS   Data Link, OASIS Receive/send handoff FDP, RDP     Receive/send weather information ACARS, MWP, CWSU WARP, ITWS Data Link, OASIS

OCR for page 72
The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation Cognitive Function/Task Currently Implemented In Development Future Concepts REMEMBER Remember history of aircraft position RDP   GPS/ADS Remember flight plans and updates DUATS, FDP, ETMS   OASIS Record conflict situations RDP     Remember noncontrolled objects RDP     Remember assigned aircraft FDP, RDP     Remember weather information MWP, CWSU WARP OASIS Remember clearances FDP, ETMS     Remember aircraft sequences FDP, ETMS     Remember special-use airspace restrictions ETMS SAMS/MAMS   Remember traffic management constraints ETMS     Remember sectorization VSCS, RDP, FDP     Remember aircraft capabilities/ characteristics FDP, ETMS     IDENTIFY Identify navigation fixes FDP     Identify weather features RADAR, ACARS, NEXRAD WARP   Identify borders of special-use airspace FDP SAMS/MAMS   Identify aircraft air speed, ground speed PRI/SEC RADAR, RDP   GPS/ADS Identify aircraft type/designation SEC RADAR, FDP, RDP   ADS Identify aircraft position (altitude, plan position) PRI/SEC RADAR, RDP   GPS/ADS Identify noncontrolled objects PRI RADAR, RDP     NOTE: See Appendix A for a glossary of acronyms.

OCR for page 73
The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation TABLE II.2 Automated Features: TRACON Environment (highly automated features are in bold) Cognitive Function/Task Currently Implemented In Development Future Concepts PLAN/RESOLVE Plan/resolve traffic management constraints ETMS CTAS, CP CR Plan clearances ETMS CTAS, CP CR Resolve tactical conflicts TCAS (for pilots) CTAS CR Resolve strategic conflicts ETMS CTAS, CP CR Resolve MSAW condition     CR Plan special-use airspace activities   CTAS, CP, SAMS/MAMS CR Resolve special-use airspace violations   CTAS, CP, SAMS/MAMS CR Resolve consequences of deviation   CTAS, CP CR Plan departure and arrival flows ETMS CTAS, CP CR Plan response to weather ETMS CTAS, CP ITWS, CR Plan emergency response ETMS, MCC, NMCC CTAS, CP CR, OCC, NOCC Plan search for lost or overdue aircraft       Respond to system failures ETMS, MCC, NMCC CTAS, CP OCC, NOCC, CR Plan resectorization     CR PREDICT LONGER TERM Predict violation of separation standards   CTAS, CP   Predict aircraft trajectory ETMS CTAS, CP   Predict aircraft heading and speed ETMS CTAS, CP   Predict aircraft position ETMS CTAS, CP   Predict violation of conformance criteria   CTAS, CP   Predict violation of flow restrictions ETMS CTAS, CP  

OCR for page 74
The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation Cognitive Function/Task Currently Implemented In Development Future Concepts Predict MSAW violation       Predict deviation   CTAS, CP   Predict special-use airspace violations   SAMS/MAMS, CP   Predict traffic sequences for arrival/departure flows ETMS CTAS, CP   Predict weather Various services   ITWS Predict capacity and use ETMS CTAS   Predict clearance slots ETMS CTAS   COMPARE, PREDICT VERY SHORT TERM Determine violation of separation standards ARTS, FMA/PRM, CRDA PRI/SEC RADAR, TCAS (for pilots) CTAS, CP GPS/ADS Determine violation of conformance criteria PRI/SEC RADAR, ARTS CTAS, CP   Determine violation of flow restrictions ETMS CTAS, CP   Determine MSAW violation ARTS   GPS/ADS Determine violation of special-use airspace PRI/SEC RADAR, ARTS SAMS/MAMS GPS/ADS Determine deviation FMA, PRM PRI/SEC RADAR, ARTS CTAS, CP GPS/ADS Determine equipment and system problems MCC, NMCC   OCC, NOCC Compare use vs. capacity ETMS CTAS   Compare reported vs. actual position of aircraft PRI/SEC RADAR, RDP   GPS/ADS Predict weather TDWR ITWS   Compare information from multiple sensors ETMS, NMCC, ARTS, MCC STARS GPS/ADS, ITWS, OCC, NOCC

OCR for page 75
The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation Cognitive Function/Task Currently Implemented In Development Future Concepts TRANSMIT INFORMATION Receive clearance requests and generate clearances FDIO, ETMS CTAS Data Link Receive/send traffic management restrictions ETMS CTAS, CP Data Link Receive flight plan information FDIO, ARTS, DUATS CP Data Link Input/send flight plan information FDIO, ARTS   Data Link Instruct pilots: heading, speed, altitude     Data Link Instruct pilots: flight paths     Data Link Receive/send conflict information to pilots and/or controllers TCAS (to pilots), ARTS (to controllers) CTAS, CP Data Link Receive/send MSAW alert ARTS   Data Link Inform pilots of unsafe condition advisories     Data Link Inform pilots of deviations     Data Link Inform pilots of airspace restrictions   SAMS/MAMS Data Link Receive/send information about aircraft emergency     Data Link Receive/send information about system degradations MCC, NMCC   Data Link, OCC, NOCC Update flight plan information DUATS FDIO   Data Link, OASIS Receive/send handoff ARTS     Receive/send weather information TDWR, ACARS ITWS, TWIP Data Link, OASIS

OCR for page 76
The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation Cognitive Function/Task Currently Implemented In Development Future Concepts REMEMBER Remember history of aircraft position ARTS   GPS/ADS Remember flight plans and updates DUATS, FDIO, ARTS, ETMS   OASIS Record conflict situations ARTS     Remember noncontrolled objects ARTS     Remember assigned aircraft ARTS     Remember weather information TDWR ITWS OASIS Remember clearances ARTS, ETMS     Remember aircraft sequences ARTS, ETMS     Remember special-use airspace restrictions ETMS SAMS/MAMS   Remember traffic management constraints ETMS     Remember sectorization ARTS TVSR   Remember aircraft capabilities/ characteristics ARTS, ETMS     IDENTIFY Identify navigation fixes ARTS     Identify weather features RADAR, ACARS, TDWR ITWS   Identify borders of special-use airspace ARTS SAMS/MAMS   Identify aircraft air speed, ground speed PRI/SEC RADAR, ARTS   GPS/ADS Identify aircraft type/designation SEC RADAR, FDP, ARTS   ADS Identify aircraft position (altitude, plan position) PRI/SEC RADAR, ARTS   GPS/ADS Identify noncontrolled objects PRI RADAR, ARTS     NOTE: See Appendix A for a glossary of acronyms.

OCR for page 77
The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation TABLE II.3 Automated Features: Tower Environment (high automated features are in bold) Cognitive Function/Task Currently Implemented In Development Future Concepts PLAN/RESOLVE Plan/resolve traffic management constraints ETMS   SMA Plan clearances ETMS   SMA Resolve tactical conflicts TCAS (for pilots) AMASS SMA Resolve strategic conflicts ETMS   SMA Resolve MSAW condition       Plan special-use airspace activities       Resolve special-use airspace violations       Resolve consequences of deviation       Plan departure and arrival flows ETMS   SMA Plan response to weather ETMS   SMA, WSP Plan emergency response ETMS, MCC, NMCC   SMA, OCC NOCC Plan search for lost or overdue aircraft       Respond to system failures ETMS, MCC, NMCC   SMA, OCC NOCC PREDICT LONGER TERM Predict violation of separation standards TCAS (for pilots) AMASS SMA Predict aircraft trajectory       Predict aircraft heading and speed       Predict aircraft position   AMASS SMA Predict violation of conformance criteria       Predict violation of flow restrictions ETMS   SMA Predict MSAW violation      

OCR for page 78
The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation Cognitive Function/Task Currently Implemented In Development Future Concepts Predict deviation       Predict special-use airspace violations       Predict traffic sequences for arrival/departure flows ETMS   SMA Predict weather Various services   WSP Predict capacity and use ETMS   SMA Predict clearance slots ETMS   SMA COMPARE, PREDICT VERY SHORT TERM Determine violation of separation standards PRI RADAR, DBRITE, ASDE AMASS SMA GPS/ADS Determine violation of conformance criteria PRI RADAR, RDP   GPS/ADS Determine violation of flow restrictions ETMS   SMA Determine MSAW violation DBRITE   GPS/ADS Determine violation of special-use airspace PRI RADAR, DBRITE SAMS/MAMS GPS/ADS Determine deviation PRI RADAR, DBRITE   GPS/ADS Determine equipment and system problems MCC, NMCC   OCC, NOCC Compare use vs. capacity ETMS   SMA Compare reported vs. actual position of aircraft PRI RADAR, ASDE, DBRITE AMASS SMA GPS/ADS Predict weather ASOS, TDWR WSP   Compare information from multiple sensors ETMS, NMCC, MCC WSP GPS, ADS, OCC, NOCC TRANSMIT INFORMATION Receive clearance requests and generate clearances FDIO, ACARS   Data Link, SMA

OCR for page 79
The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation Cognitive Function/Task Currently Implemented In Development Future Concepts Receive/send traffic management restrictions     Data Link, SMA Receive flight plan information FDIO, DUATS   Data Link, SMA, OASIS Input/send flight plan information FDIO   Data Link, SMA Instruct pilots: heading, speed, altitude     Data Link Instruct pilots: flight paths     Data Link Receive/send conflict information to pilots and/or controllers TCAS (to pilots), RDP (to controllers) AMASS Data Link Receive/send MSAW alert DBRITE   Data Link Inform pilots of unsafe condition advisories ACARS   Data Link Inform pilots of deviations     Data Link Inform pilots of airspace restrictions ACARS SAMS/MAMS Data Link Receive/send information about aircraft emergency     Data Link Receive/send information about system degradations MCC, NMCC   Data Link, OCC, NOC Update flight plan information FDIO, DUATS   Data Link, OASIS Receive/send handoff ARTS     Receive/send weather information AWOS, ASOS, LLWAS, TDWR WSP, TWIP Data Link, OASIS REMEMBER Remember history of aircraft position ASDE, DBRITE   GPS/ADS, SMA Remember flight plans and updates DUATS, FDIO ETMS   OASIS, SMA

OCR for page 80
The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation Cognitive Function/Task Currently Implemented In Development Future Concepts Record conflict situations     SMA Remember noncontrolled objects ASDE, DBRITE     Remember assigned aircraft FDIO     Remember weather information ASOS, LLWAS, TDWR WSP OASIS Remember clearances ETMS, FDIO   SMA Remember aircraft sequences FDIO, ETMS   SMA Remember special-use airspace restrictions DBRITE ETMS SAMS/MAMS   Remember traffic management constraints ETMS   SMA Remember aircraft capabilities/characteristics FDIO, ETMS   SMA IDENTIFY Identify navigation fixes DBRITE     Identify weather features TDWR, ASOS, LLWAS WSP   Identify borders of special-use airspace DBRITE SAMS/MAMS   Identify aircraft air speed, ground speed PRI RADAR, DBRITE   GPS/ADS, SMA Identify aircraft type/designation DBRITE, FDIO   ADS, SMA Identify aircraft position (altitude, plan position) ASDE, DBRITE, PRI RADAR   GPS/ADS, SMA Identify noncontrolled objects ASDE, DBRITE, PRI RADAR   GPS/ADS, SMA Identify ground hazards ASDE, PRI RADAR   SMA NOTE: See Appendix A for a glossary of acronyms.

OCR for page 81
The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation TABLE II.4 Automated Features: Oceanic Environment (highly automated features are in bold) Cognitive Function/Task Currently Implemented In Development Future Concepts PLAN/RESOLVE Plan/resolve traffic management constraints     AOAS Plan clearances     AOAS Resolve tactical conflicts TCAS (for pilots)   AOAS Resolve strategic conflicts     AOAS Resolve MSAW condition       Plan special-use airspace activities       Resolve special-use airspace violations       Resolve consequences of deviation     AOAS Plan departure and arrival flows     AOAS Plan response to weather     AOAS Plan emergency response MCC, NMCC   AOAS, OCC, NOCC Plan search for lost or overdue aircraft       Respond to system failures MCC, NMCC   AOAS, OCC, NOCC Plan resectorization       PREDICT LONGER TERM Predict violation of separation standards DOTS   AOAS, OAP Predict aircraft trajectory DOTS   AOAS, OAP Predict aircraft heading and speed DOTS   AOAS, OAP Predict aircraft position DOTS   AOAS, OAP Predict violation of conformance criteria DOTS   AOAS, OAP Predict violation of flow restrictions DOTS   AOAS, OAP Predict MSAW violation     GPS/ADS

OCR for page 82
The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation Cognitive Function/Task Currently Implemented In Development Future Concepts Predict deviation     AOAS, OAP Predict special-use airspace violations       Predict traffic sequences for arrival/departure flows     AOAS Predict weather       Predict capacity and use DOTS   AOAS Predict clearance slots DOTS   AOAS COMPARE, PREDICT VERY SHORT TERM Determine violation of separation standards TCAS (for pilots), DOTS ADS GPS, OAP Determine violation of conformance criteria   ADS GPS, OAP Determine violation of flow restrictions DOTS ADS GPS, OAP Determine MSAW violation   ADS GPS Determine violation of special-use airspace   ADS GPS Determine deviation   ADS GPS, OAP Determine equipment and system problems MCC, NMCC   OCC, NOCC Compare use vs. capacity     AIDC Compare reported vs. actual position of aircraft DOTS, ODAPS ADS AIDC, GPS, OAP Predict weather       Compare information from multiple sensors   ADS AIDC, GPS, OCC, NOCC TRANSMIT INFORMATION Receive clearance requests and generate clearances       Receive/send traffic management restrictions     AIDC, CPDL

OCR for page 83
The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation Cognitive Function/Task Currently Implemented In Development Future Concepts Receive flight plan information TP ODL AIDC, CPDL Input/send flight plan information TP ODL AIDC, CPDL Instruct pilots: heading, speed, altitude     CPDL Instruct pilots: flight paths     CPDL Receive/send conflict information to pilots and/or controllers TCAS (to pilots)   AIDC, CPDL Receive/send MSAW alert     CPDL Inform pilots of unsafe condition advisories     CPDL Inform pilots of deviations     CPDL Inform pilots of airspace restrictions     CPDL Receive/send information about aircraft emergency     CPDL Receive/send information about system degradations MCC, NMCC   OCC, NOCC Update flight plan information TP ODL AIDC, CPDL Receive/send handoff     AIDC, CPDL Receive/send weather information     AIDC, CPDL REMEMBER Remember history of aircraft position ODAPS ADS GPS, OAP Remember flight plans and updates ODAPS, TP   AIDC, OAP Record conflict situations     AIDC, OAP Remember noncontrolled objects       Remember assigned aircraft ODAPS   AIDC, OAP

OCR for page 84
The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Operators and Automation Cognitive Function/Task Currently Implemented In Development Future Concepts Remember weather information       Remember clearances DOTS   AIDC, OAP Remember aircraft sequences DOTS   AIDC, OAP Remember special-use airspace restrictions       Remember traffic management constraints     AIDC Remember sectorization ODAPS   AIDC Remember aircraft capabilities/characteristics     AIDC IDENTIFY Identify navigation fixes ODAPS     Identify weather features       Identify borders of special-use airspace       Identify aircraft air speed, ground speed ODAPS ODL, ADS GPS, OAP Identify aircraft type/designation TP, ODAPS ODL, ADS OAP Identify aircraft position (altitude, plan position) ODAPS ODL, ADS GPS, OAP Identify noncontrolled objects       NOTE: See Appendix A for a glossary of acronyms.

Representative terms from entire chapter:

automated features