Questions? Call 800-624-6242
|
|
|
|
|
The following HTML text is provided to enhance online
readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML.
Please use the page image
as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy.
Page 325
REFERENCES
Aber, J.D., K.J. Nadelhoffer, P. Steudler,
and J.M. Melillo. 1989. Nitrogen saturation in northern forest
ecosystems. BioScience 39, 378-386.
Albritton, D., F.C. Fehsenfeld, and A.F.
Tuck. 1990. Instrumentation requirements for global atmospheric
chemistry. Science 250, 75-81.
Alley, R.B., D.A. Meese, C.A. Shuman, A.J.
Gow, K.C. Taylor, P.M. Grootes, J.W.C. White, M. Ram, E.D.
Waddington, P.A. Mayewski, and G.A. Zielinski. 1993. Abrupt
increase in snow accumulation at the end of the Younger Dryas
event. Nature 362, 527-529.
American Thoracic Society. 1996a. Health
effects of outdoor air pollution, Part 1. J. Am. Respir. Crit.
Care. Med. 153, 3-50.
American Thoracic Society. 1996b. Health
effects of outdoor air pollution, Part II. J. Am. Respir. Crit.
Care. Med. 153, 477-498.
AMS (American Meteorological Society).
1987. The bachelor's degree in meteorology or atmospheric science.
Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 68, 1570.
AMS. 1993. Policy statement: Hurricane
detection, tracking and forecasting. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 74,
1377-1380.
AMS. 1995. Statement: The bachelor's
degree in atmospheric science or meteorology. Bull. Am. Meteorol.
Soc. 76, 552.
Anfossi, D., S. Sandroni, and S. Viarengo.
1991. Tropospheric ozone in the nineteenth century: The Montalieri
series. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 17349-17352.
Atlas, R., A.J. Busalacchi, M. Ghil, S.
Bloom, and E. Kalnay. 1987. Global surface wind and flux fields
from model assimilation of SEASAT data. J. Geophys.
Res.—Oceans 92, 6477-6487.
Auciello, E.P., and R.L. Lavoie. 1993.
Collaborative research activities between National Weather Service
operational offices and universities. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 74,
625-629.
Baker, W.E., G.D. Emmitt, F. Robertson,
R.M. Atlas, J.E. Molinari, D.E. Bowdle, J. Paegle, R.M. Hardesty,
R.T. Menzies, T.N. Krishnamurti, R.A. Brown, M.J. Post, J.R.
Anderson, A.C. Lorenc, and J. McElroy. 1995. Lidar-measured winds
from space: A key component for weather and climate prediction.
Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 76, 869-888.
|
|
|
|
|
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 325
Page 325
REFERENCES
Aber, J.D., K.J. Nadelhoffer, P. Steudler,
and J.M. Melillo. 1989. Nitrogen saturation in northern forest
ecosystems. BioScience 39, 378-386.
Albritton, D., F.C. Fehsenfeld, and A.F.
Tuck. 1990. Instrumentation requirements for global atmospheric
chemistry. Science 250, 75-81.
Alley, R.B., D.A. Meese, C.A. Shuman, A.J.
Gow, K.C. Taylor, P.M. Grootes, J.W.C. White, M. Ram, E.D.
Waddington, P.A. Mayewski, and G.A. Zielinski. 1993. Abrupt
increase in snow accumulation at the end of the Younger Dryas
event. Nature 362, 527-529.
American Thoracic Society. 1996a. Health
effects of outdoor air pollution, Part 1. J. Am. Respir. Crit.
Care. Med. 153, 3-50.
American Thoracic Society. 1996b. Health
effects of outdoor air pollution, Part II. J. Am. Respir. Crit.
Care. Med. 153, 477-498.
AMS (American Meteorological Society).
1987. The bachelor's degree in meteorology or atmospheric science.
Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 68, 1570.
AMS. 1993. Policy statement: Hurricane
detection, tracking and forecasting. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 74,
1377-1380.
AMS. 1995. Statement: The bachelor's
degree in atmospheric science or meteorology. Bull. Am. Meteorol.
Soc. 76, 552.
Anfossi, D., S. Sandroni, and S. Viarengo.
1991. Tropospheric ozone in the nineteenth century: The Montalieri
series. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 17349-17352.
Atlas, R., A.J. Busalacchi, M. Ghil, S.
Bloom, and E. Kalnay. 1987. Global surface wind and flux fields
from model assimilation of SEASAT data. J. Geophys.
Res.—Oceans 92, 6477-6487.
Auciello, E.P., and R.L. Lavoie. 1993.
Collaborative research activities between National Weather Service
operational offices and universities. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 74,
625-629.
Baker, W.E., G.D. Emmitt, F. Robertson,
R.M. Atlas, J.E. Molinari, D.E. Bowdle, J. Paegle, R.M. Hardesty,
R.T. Menzies, T.N. Krishnamurti, R.A. Brown, M.J. Post, J.R.
Anderson, A.C. Lorenc, and J. McElroy. 1995. Lidar-measured winds
from space: A key component for weather and climate prediction.
Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 76, 869-888.
OCR for page 326
Page 326
Baldocchi. D., R. Valenti, S. Running, W.
Oechel, and R. Dahlman. 1996. Strategies for measuring and
modelling carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes over terrestrial
ecosystems. Global Change Biology 2, 159-168.
Battisti, D.S., and E S. Sarachik. 1995.
Understanding and predicting ENSO. For the IUGG Quadriennal Report,
Contributions in Oceanography, Revs. Geophys. (Supp.),
1367-1376.
Bekki, S., and J.A. Pyle. 1993. 2-D
assessment of the impact of aircraft sulphur emissions on the
stratospheric sulphate aerosol layer. J. Geophys. Res. 97,
15839-15847.
Beljaars, A.C.M., P. Viterbo, M.J. Miller,
and A.K. Betts. 1996. The anomalous rainfall over the United States
during July 1993—Sensitivity to land-surface parameterization
and soil-moisture. Monthly Weather Rev. 124, 362-383.
Bender, M.A., I. Ginis, and Y. Kurihara.
1993. Numerical simulation of tropical-cyclone ocean interaction
with a high resolution coupled model. J. Geophys. Res. 98,
23245-23268.
Benjamin, M.M., and B.D. Honeyman. 1992.
Trace metals. In Global Biogeochemical Cycles, S.S. Butcher et al.
(eds.). Academic Press, New York.
Berger, U., and M. Dameris. 1993. Cooling
of the upper atmosphere due to CO2
increases: A model study. Ann. Geophysicae 11,809-819.
Berz. G.A. 1998. Annual Review of Natural
Catastrophes 1997. Münchener Rück Munich Re Topics,
D-80791, Munich, Germany. 20 pp.
Bilitza, D. 1991. History and uses of the
ionospheric, thermospheric, and atmospheric data base. J. Geomag.
Geoelectr. 43, 901-909.
Brasseur. G.P., and C. Granier. 1992. Mt.
Pinatubo aerosol, chlorofluorocarbons, and ozone depletion. Science
257. 1239-1242.
Brickhouse, N.W., C.S. Carter, and K.C.
Scantlebury. 1990. Women and chemistry: Shifting the equilibrium
toward success. J. Chem. Educ. 67, 116-118.
Bruce, J.P. 1994. Natural disaster
reduction and global change. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 75,
1831-1835.
Burpee. R.W., J.L. Franklin, S.J. Lord,
R.E. Tuleya, and S.D. Aberson. 1996. The impact of Omega
dropwindsondes on operational hurricane track forecast models. Bull
Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77, 925-933.
Businger, J.A., and S.P. Oncley. 1990.
Flux measurement with conditional sampling. J. Atmos. Ocean.
Technol. 7, 349-352.
Businger, S., S.R. Chiswell, M. Bevis, J.
Duan, R.A. Anthes, C. Rocken, R.H. Ware, M. Exner, T. VanHove, and
F.S. Solheim. 1996. The promise of GPS in atmospheric profiling.
Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77, 5-18.
Cane, M., and S.E. Zebiak. 1987.
Predictability of El Niño events using a physical model. Pp.
153-182 in Atmospheric and Oceanic Variability, H. Cattle (ed.).
Royal Meteorological Society Press, London, U.K.
Cardelino, C.A., and W.L. Chameides. 1995.
An observation-based model for analyzing ozone precursor
relationships in the urban atmosphere. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc.
45, 161-180.
Chahine, M.T. 1992. The hydrological cycle
and its influence on climate. Nature 359, 373-380.
Chameides, W.L., and D.D. Davis. 1982.
Global tropospheric chemistry, Special report. Chem. Eng. News 60,
38-52.
Chameides, W.L., R.W. Lindsay, J.L.
Richardson, and C.S. Kiang. 1988. The role of biogenic hydrocarbons
in urban photochemical smog: Atlanta as a case study. Science 241,
1473-1475.
Changnon, S.A., D. Changnon, E.R. Fosse,
D.C. Hoganson, R.J. Roth, Sr., and J.M. Totsch, 1997: Effects of
recent weather extremes on the insurance industry: major
implications for the atmospheric sciences. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc.,
vol. 78, pp 42.
Chapman, R.E. 1992. Benefit-Cost Analysis
for the Modernization and Associated Restructuring of the National
Weather Service. National Institute of Standards and Technology,
NISTIR 4867. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.
OCR for page 327
Page 327
Charlson, R.E, J.E. Lovelock, M.O.
Andreae, and S.G. Warren. 1987. Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric
sulfur, cloud albedo and climate. Nature 326, 655-661.
Charlson, R.J., J. Langner, and H. Rodhe.
1990. Sulphate aerosol and climate. Nature 348, 22.
Charlson, R.J., J. Langner, H. Rodhe, C.B.
Leovy, and S.G. Warren. 1991. Perturbation of the Northern
Hemispheric radiative balance by backscattering from anthropogenic
sulfate aerosols. Tellus 43AB, 152-163.
Charlson, R.J., S.E. Schwartz, J.M. Hales,
R.D. Cess, J.A. Coakley, Jr., J.E. Hansen. and D.J. Hofmann. 1992.
Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols. Science 255,
423-430.
Chen, M.W, M. Schulz, L.R. Lyons, and D.J.
Gorney. 1993. Stormtime transport of ring current and radiation
belt ions. J. Geophys. Res.-Space Physics 98, 3835-3849.
China MAP Project. 1997. The Yangtze Delta
of China as an Evolving Metro-Agro-Plex, China-MAP. China-MAP
Project Office-USA, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta. 15 pp.
Cicerone, R.J., S. Stolarski, and S.
Walters. 1974. Stratospheric ozone destruction by man-made
chlorofluoromethanes. Science 185, 1165-1167.
Clemesha, B.R., C.M. Simonich, and P.P.
Batista. 1992. A long-term trend in the height of the atmospheric
sodium layer: Possible evidence for global change. Geophys. Res.
Lett. 19, 457-460.
Colwell, R.R., and A. Huq. 1994.
Environmental reservoir of Vibrio cholerae: The causative
agent of cholera. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 740, 44-54.
COMET. 1995. Announcing short-term rental
of the COMET forecaster's multimedia library. Bull. Am. Meteorol.
Soc. 76, 1964.
Cooper, K.D., L. Oberhelman, T.A.
Hamilton, O. Baadsgaard, M. Terhune, G. LeVee, T. Anderson, and H.
Koren. 1992. UV exposure reduces immunization rates and promotes
tolerance to epicutaneous antigens in humans: Relationship to dose,
CDla-DR+ epidermal macrophage induction, and Langerhans cell
depletion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 8497-8501.
Crutzen, P.J. 1974. Estimates of possible
future ozone reductions from continued use of fluorochloromethanes
(CF2C12, CFC13).
Geophys. Res. Lett. 1,205-208.
Delecluse, P., M. Davey, Y. Kitamura,
S.G.H. Philander, M. Suarez, and L. Bengtsson. 1998. Coupled
general circulation modeling of the tropical Pacific. J. Geophys.
Res. (in press).
Draxler, R.R., and J.L. Hefter. 1989.
Across North American Tracer Experiment (ANATEX). Vol. I.
Description, Ground Level Sampling at Primary Sites, and
Meteorology. NOAA Technical Memorandum, ERL ARL-167. NOAA,
Washington, D.C.
Duce, R.A. 1986. The impact of atmospheric
nitrogen, phosphorous, and iron species on marine biological
productivity. Pp. 497-530 in The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in
Geochemical Cycling, P. Buat-Ménard (ed.). Published in
cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division. D. Reidel
Publishing Co., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, Mass. 537+
pp.
Duce, R.A, P.S. Liss, J.T. Merrill, E.L.
Atlas, P. Buat-Ménard, B.B. Hicks, J.M. Miller, J.P.
Prospero. R. Arimoto, T.M. Church, W. Ellis, J.N. Galloway, L.
Hansen, T.D. Jickells, A.H. Knap, K.H. Reinhardt, B. Schneider, A.
Soudine, J.J. Tokos, S. Tsunogai, R. Wollast, and M. Zhou. 1991.
The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean. Global
Biogeochemical Cycles 5, 193-259.
Dutton, J.A. 1992. The atmospheric
sciences in the 1990s: Accomplishments, challenges, and
imperatives. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 73, 1549-1562.
Eddy, J. 1976. Maunder Minimum. Science
192, 1189-1202.
Emanuel, K., D. Raymond, A. Betts, L.
Bosart, C. Bretherton, K. Droegemeir, B. Farrell, J.M. Fritsch, R.
Houze, M. LeMone, D. Lilly, R. Rotunno, M. Shapiro, R. Smith, and
A. Thorpe. 1995. Report of the first Prospectus Development Team of
the U.S. Weather Research Program to NOAA and the NSF. Bull. Am.
Meteorol. Soc. 76, 1194-1208.
OCR for page 328
Page 328
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency).
1995. National Air Quality and Emission Trends Report,
1994—Annual Report. Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C. 101 pp.
Epstein, P.R. 1995. Emerging diseases and
ecosystem instability: New threats to public health. Am. J. Public
Health 85, 168-172.
Farber, E. (ed.). 1961. Great Chemists.
Interscience Publishers, New York. 1642 pp.
Farrell, W.M., T.L. Aggson, E.B. Rodgers,
and W.B. Hanson. 1994. Observations of ionospheric electric fields
above atmospheric weather systems. J. Geophys. Res. 99,
19475-19483.
Fels, S.B., J.D. Mahlman, M.D.
Schwarzkopf, and R.W. Sinclair. 1980. Stratospheric sensitivity to
perturbations in ozone and carbon dioxide: Radiative and dynamical
response. J. Atmos. Sci. 37, 2265-2297.
Fishman, J., C.E. Watson, J.C. Larsen, and
J.A. Logan. 1990. Distribution of tropospheric ozone determined
from satellite data. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 3599-3617.
Fishman, J., K. Fakhruzzaman, B. Cros, and
D. Nganga. 1991. Identification of widespread pollution in the
Southern Hemisphere deduced from satellite analyses. Science 252,
1693-1696.
Fleming, J.R. 1990. Meteorology in
America, 1800-1870. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore,
Md. 264 pp.
Fleming, J.R. 1998. History, Climate and
Culture. Oxford University Press, New York.
Fleming, R.J. 1996. The use of commercial
aircraft as platforms for environmental measurements. Bull. Am.
Meteorol. Soc. 77, 1548-1562.
Foukal, P., and J. Lean. 1990. An
empirical model of total solar irradiance variation between 1874
and 1988. Science 247, 556-558.
Fritsch, J.M. 1992. Operational
meteorological education and training: Some considerations for the
future, (correspondence) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 73,
1843-1846.
Gadsden, M. 1990. A secular change in
noctilucent cloud occurrence. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 52,
247-251.
Gates, W.L., A. Henderson-Sellers, G.J.
Boer, C.K. Folland, A. Kitoh, B.J. McAvaney, F. Semazzi, N. Smith,
A.J. Weaver, and Q.-C. Zeng. 1996. Climate models—Evaluation.
Pp. 229-284 in Climate Change 1995—The Science of Climate
Change, J.T. Houghton, L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris,
A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell (eds.). Contribution of Working Group
I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 572
pp.
Giorgi, F., and R. Avissar. 1997.
Representation of heterogeneity effects in Earth system modeling:
Experience from land surface modeling. Rev. Geophys.
35,413-438.
Giorgi, F., and L.O. Mearns. 1991.
Approaches to the simulation of regional climate change: A review.
Rev. Geophys. 29, 191-216.
Gleckler, P.J., D.A. Randall. G. Boer, R.
Colman, M. Dix, V. Galin, M. Helfand, J. Kiehl, A. Kitoh, W. Lau,
X.Y. Liang, V. Lykossov, B. Mcavaney, K. Miyakoda, S. Planton, and
W. Stern. 1995. Cloud-radiative effects on implied oceanic energy
transports as simulated by atmospheric general-circulation models.
Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 791-794.
Godbold, D.L., E. Fritz, and A. Hutterman.
1988. Aluminum toxicity and forest decline. Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sciences USA 85, 388-3892.
Haagen-Smit, A.J. 1952. Chemistry and
physiology of Los Angeles smog. Ind. Eng. Chem. 44, 1362.
Hack, J.J. 1998. Analysis of the
improvement in implied meridional ocean energy transport as
simulated by the NCAR CCM3. J. Climate 11 (in press).
Halpert, M.S., and C.F. Ropelewski. 1992.
Surface temperature patterns associated with the Southern
Oscillation. J. Climate 5, 577-593.
Hamilton, K., and R.R. Garcia. 1984.
Long-period variations in the solar semidiurnal atmospheric tide.
J. Geophys. Res. 89, 11705-11710.
OCR for page 329
Page 329
Han, Y., and E.R. Westwater. 1995. Remote
sensing of tropospheric water vapor and cloud liquid water by
integrated cloud-based sensors. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. 12,
1050-1059.
Hansen, J.E., and A.A. Lacis. 1990. Sun
and dust versus greenhouse gases: An assessment of their relative
roles in global climate change. Nature 346, 713-719.
Hansen, J.E., A. Lacis, R. Ruedy, M. Sato,
and H. Wilson. 1993a. How sensitive is the world's climate?
National Geographic Research and Exploration 9, 142-158.
Hansen, J., W. Rossow, and I. Fung (eds.).
1993b. Long-Term Monitoring of Global Climate Forcings and
Feedbacks. NASA Conference Publication 3234, available from NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
Harrison, E.F., P. Minnis, B.R. Barkstrom,
V. Ramanathan, R.D. Cess, and G.G. Gibson. 1990. Seasonal variation
of cloud radiative forcing derived from the Earth Radiation Budget
Experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 18687-18703.
Hebert, P., J.D. Jarrell, and M. Mayfield.
1996. The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States
Hurricanes of This Century. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS TPC-1,
National Hurricane Center, Miami, Fla.
Herman, J.R., P.K. Bharta, J. Ziemke, Z.
Ahmad, and D. Larko. 1996. UV-B increases (1979-1992) from
decreases in total ozone. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 2117-2120.
Holland, G.J., T. McGeer, and H. Youngren.
1992. Autonomous aerosondes for economical atmospheric soundings
anywhere on the globe. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 73, 1987-1998.
Holton, J.R., P.H. Haynes, M.E. Mcintyre,
A.R. Douglass, R.B. Rood, and L. Pfister. 1995.
Stratosphere-troposphere exchange. Rev. Geophys. 33,403-439.
Houghton, D.D., T.S. Glickman, J.
Dannenberg, and S.L. Marsh. 1996. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77,
325-333.
Hoyt, D.V., K.H. Schatten, and E.
Nesme-Ribes. 1994. A new reconstruction of solar activity,
1610-1993. Pp. 71-98 in The Solar Engine and Its Influence on
Terrestrial Atmosphere and Climate, E. Nesme-Ribes (ed.).
Springer-Verlag, New York. Published in cooperation with NATO
Scientific Affairs Division. 549+ pp.
Huebert, B.N. 1993. Marine aerosol and gas
exchange and global atmospheric effects. First IGAC Scientific
Conference, Eilat, Israel.
Hurrel, J.W. and K.E. Trenberth. 1998. J.
Climate 11, 945-967.
IARC (International Agency for Research on
Cancer) 1992. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic
Risks to Humans: Solar and Ultraviolet Radiation. Monograph 55.
IARC, Lyon, France.
IGAC (International Global Atmospheric
Chemistry Project). 1995. Southern Hemisphere Marine Aerosol
Characterization Experiment (ACE-1). Radiative Effects of Aerosols
in the Remote Marine Atmosphere. Final Science and Implementation
Plan. Available from T. Bates, NOAA/PMEL, 7600 Sandpoint Way NE,
Seattle, WA 98115 (bates@pmel.noaa.gov).
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change). 1990. Climate Change—The IPCC Scientific Assessment,
J.T. Houghton, G.J. Jenkins, and J.J. Ephraums (eds.). Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 365 pp.
IPCC. 1995. Climate Change
1994—Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and an Evaluation of
the IPCC IS92 Emission Scenarios, J.T. Houghton, L.G. Meira Filho,
J. Bruce, Hoesung Lee, B.A. Callander, E. Haites, N. Harris, and K.
Maskell (eds.). Reports of Working Groups I and II of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, forming part of the IPCC
Special Report to the first session of the Conference of the
Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 339 pp.
IPCC. 1996. Climate Change 1995—The
Science of Climate Change: Contribution of Working Group I to the
Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change, J.T. Houghton, L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris,
A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell (eds.). Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, U.K. 572 pp.
OCR for page 330
Page 330
Ji, M., A. Leetmaa, and V.E. Kousky. 1996.
Coupled model predictions of ENSO during the 1980s and the 1990s at
the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. J. Climate 9,
3105-3120.
Johnson, G.J., and S. Tinning. 1995.
Effects of UVB radiation on the human eye. In Proceedings of
Conference on Human Health and Global Climate Change. National
Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
Johnson, S.R., and M.T. Holt. 1997. The
values of weather information, Chapter 3 in Economic Value of
Weather and Climate Forecasts, R.W. Katz and A.H. Murphy
(eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Joselyn, J.A., and E.C. Whipple. 1990.
Effects of the space environment on space science. American
Scientist 78, 126-133.
Kalkstein, L.S. 1995. Lessons from a very
hot summer. Lancet 346, 857-859.
Karl, T.R., C.N. Williams, P J. Young, and
W.M. Wendland. 1986. A model to estimate the time of observation
bias associated with monthly mean maximum, minimum and mean
temperatures for the United States. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 25,
145-160.
Karl, T.R., G. Quayle, and P.Y. Groisman.
1993. Detecting climate variations and change: New challenges for
observing and data management systems. J. Climate 6, 1481-1494.
Katz, R.W., and A.H. Murphy. 1997.
Economic Value of Weather and Climate Forecasts. Cambridge
University Press. Cambridge, U.K. 222 pp.
Keckhut, P., A. Hauchecorne, and M.L.
Chanin. 1995. Midlatitude long-term variability of the middle
atmosphere: Trends and cyclic and episodic changes. J. Geophys.
Res. 100, 18887-18897.
Kellogg, W. 1977. Results of the AMS
Questionnaire of 1975. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 58, 39-44.
Kerr, R.B., and X. He. 1994. Global change
in the exosphere: Evidence from Arecibo Balmer-alpha and radar
observations. EOS, 1994 American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting
Supplement, 491, November 1.
Kiehl, J.T., and B.P. Briegleb. 1993. The
relative roles of sulfate aerosols and greenhouse gases in climate
forcing. Science 260, 311-314.
Kiemle, C., M. Kastner, and G. Ehret.
1995. The convective boundary layer structure from lidar and
radiosonde measurements during the EFEDA '91 campaign. J. Atmos.
Oceanogr. Tech. 12, 771-782.
Kleeman, R., A.M. Moore, and N.R. Smith.
1995. Assimilation of subsurface thermal data into a simple ocean
model for the initialization of an intermediate tropical coupled
ocean-atmosphere forecast model. Monthly Weather Rev. 123,
3103-3113.
Klein, S.A., and D.L. Hartmann. 1993.
Spurious trends in International Satellite Cloud Climatology
Project (ISCCP) C2 data set. Geophys. Res. Lett., pp. 455-458.
Kogan, F.N. 1995. Droughts of the late
1980s in the United States as derived from NOAA polarorbiting
satellite data. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 76, 655-668.
Kunst, A.E., C.W.N. Looman, and J.P.
Mackenbach. 1993. Air pollution, lagged effects of temperature and
mortality: The Netherlands 1979-81. J. Epidemiology and Community
Health 47, 121-126.
Kuo, Y.-H., R.J. Reed, and S. Low-Nam.
1991. Effects of surface energy fluxes during the early development
and rapid intensification stages of seven explosive cyclones in the
western Atlantic. Monthly Weather Rev. 119, 457-476.
Kuo, Y.-H., Y.-R. Guo. and E.R. Westwater.
1993. Assimilation of precipitable water measurements into a
mesoscale numerical model. Monthly Weather Rev. 121, 1215-1238.
Lacis, A.A., D.J. Wuebbles, and J.A.
Logan. 1990. Radiative forcing of climate by changes in the
vertical distribution of ozone. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 9971-9982.
Landsberg, H.E. 1969. Weather and Health:
An Introduction to Biometeorology. Doubleday and Company, New York.
148 pp.
Latif, M., T.P. Barnett, M.A. Cane, M.
Flugel, N.E. Graham. H. yon Storch, J.-S. Xu, and S.E. Zebiak.
1994. A review of ENSO prediction studies. Climate Dyn. 9,
167-179.
OCR for page 331
Page 331
Latif, M., D. Anderson, T. Barnett, M.
Cane, R. Kleeman, A. Leetmaa, J.J. O'Brien, A. Rosati, and E.
Schneider. 1998. A review of predictability and prediction of ENSO.
J. Geophys. Res. (in press).
Lau, N.-C., and M.J. Nath. 1994. A
modeling study of the relative roles of the tropical and
extra-tropical SST anomalies in the variability of the global
atmosphere-ocean system. J. Climate 7, 1184-1207.
Lefohn, A.S. (ed.). 1992. Surface Level
Ozone Exposures and Their Effects on Vegetation. Lewis Publishers,
Chelsea, Mich. 366 pp.
LeMone, M.A., and P.L. Waukau. 1982. Women
in meteorology. Bull. Am. Meteorok Soc. 63, 1266-1276.
Lilly, D., and D.J. Perkey. 1976.
Sensitivity of mesoscale predictions to mesoscale initial data.
Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 57, 171.
Lindquist, O., K. Johansson, M. Aastrup,
A. Andersson, L. Bringmark, G. Hovsenius, L. Hakanson, A.
Iverfeldt, M. Meili, and B. Timm. 1991. Mercury in the Swedish
environment—Recent research on causes. consequences and
corrective methods. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 55, 1-261.
Logan, J.A. 1994. Trends in the vertical
distribution of ozone: An analysis of ozonesonde data. J. Geophys.
Res. 99, 25553-25585.
Lorenz, E.N. 1963. The predictability of
hydrodynamic flow. Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 25, 409-432.
Lyons, W.A. 1994. Low-light video
observations of frequent luminous structures in the stratosphere
above thunderstorms. Monthly Weather Rev. 122, 1940-1946.
Marenco, A., H. Gouget, P. Nedelec, J.-P.
Pages, and F. Karcher. 1994. Evidence of a long-term increase in
tropospheric ozone from Pic du Midi data series—Consequences:
Positive radiative forcing. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 16617-16632.
Mass, C.F. 1996. Are we graduating too
many atmospheric scientists? Bull. Am. Meteorok Soc. 77,
1255-1267.
Mayr, E. 1982. The Evolution of Biological
Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance. Belknap
Press/Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London. 974 pp.
McCormick, M.P., R.E. Veiga, and W.P. Chu.
1992. Stratospheric ozone profile and total ozone trends derived
from the SAGE I and SAGE II data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 19,
269-272.
McCormick, M.P., E.W. Chiou, L.R.
McMaster, W.P. Chu, J.C. Larsen, D. Rind, and S. Oltmans. 1993.
Annual variations of water vapor in the stratosphere and upper
troposphere observed by the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas
Experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 4867-4875.
McPhaden, M.J., A.J. Busalacchi, R.
Cheyney, J.-R. Donguy, K.S. Gage, D. Halpern, M. Ji, P. Julian, G.
Meyers, G.T. Mitchum, P.P. Niiler, J. Picaut, R.W. Reynolds, N.
Smith, and K. Takeuchi. 1998. The Tropical Pacific Global
Atmosphere (TOGA) observing system: A decade of progress. J.
Geophys. Res. (in press).
Melfi, S.H., and D.N. Whiteman. 1985.
Observation of lower atmospheric moisture structure and evolution
using a Raman lidar. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 66, 1288-1292.
Menzel, W.P., and J.F.W. Purdom. 1994.
Introducing GOES-I: The first of a new generation of operational
environmental satellites. Bull. Am. Meteorok Soc. 75, 757-781.
Minnis, P. 1994. Radiative forcing by the
1991 Mr. Pinatubo eruption. Sixth Conference on Climate Variations,
American Meteorological Society, Nashville, Tenn.
Minnis, P., E.F. Harrison, L.L. Stowe,
G.G. Gibson, F.M. Denn, D.R. Doelling, and W.L. Smith, Jr. 1993.
Radiative climate forcing by the Mount Pinatubo eruption. Science
259, 1411-1415.
Molina, M.J., and F.S. Rowland. 1974.
Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine atom
catalyzed destruction of stratospheric ozone. Nature 249,
820-812.
Morse, S. 1995. Factors in the emergence
of infectious diseases. Emerging Infec. Dis. 1, 7-15.
Moura, A.D. 1994. Prospects for
seasonal-to-interannual climate prediction and applications for
sustainable development. World Meteorological Society Bulletin 43,
207-215.
Murphy, A.H. 1994. Assessing the economic
value of weather forecasts: An overview of methods, results, and
issues. Meteorological Applications 1, 69-73.
OCR for page 332
Page 332
NCTM (National Council of Teachers of
Mathematics). 1989. Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School
Mathematics. Commission on Standards for School Mathematics. The
Council, Reston, Va. 258 pp.
Neelin, J.D., D.S. Battisti, A.C. Hirst,
F.F. Jin, Y. Wakata, T. Yamagata, and S. Zebiak. 1998. ENSO theory.
J. Geophys. Res. (in press).
Nicholls, N., G.V. Gruza, J. Jouzel. T.R.
Karl, L.A. Ogallo, and D.E. Parker. 1995. Observed climate
variability and change. Pp. 133-192 in Climate Change 1995—The
Science of Climate Change, J.T. Houghton, L.G. Meira Filho, B.A.
Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell (eds.).
Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, U.K. 572 pp.
NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration). 1996. North American Atmospheric Observing System
Program Plan. NOAA, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.
NRC (National Research Council). 1984.
Global Tropospheric Chemistry: A Plan for Action. National Academy
Press, Washington, D.C. 194 pp.
NRC. 1986. Studies in Geophysics—The
Earth's Electrical Environment. Geophysics Study Committee. NTIS
Order No. PB86-241874. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 264
pp.
NRC. 1990. TOGA: A Review of Progress and
Future Opportunities. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 66
pp.
NRC. 1991. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in
Urban and Regional Air Pollution. National Academy Press,
Washington, D.C. 489 pp.
NRC. 1992. A Decade of International
Climate Research: The First Ten Years of the World Climate Research
Programme. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 59 pp.
NRC. 1993. Understanding and Predicting
Atmospheric Chemical Change, An Imperative for the U.S. Global
Change Research Program. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
31 pp.
NRC. 1994a. A Space Physics
Paradox—Why Has Increased Funding Been Accompanied by
Decreased Effectiveness in the Conduct of Space Physics Research.
National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 96 pp.
NRC. 1994b. Toward a New National Weather
Service—Weather for Those Who Fly. Committee on National
Weather Service Modernization. National Academy Press, Washington,
D.C. 100 pp.
NRC. 1994c. GOALS (Global
Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System) for Predicting
Seasonal-to-Interannual Climate—A Program of Observation,
Modeling, and Analysis. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
103 pp.
NRC. 1994d. Ocean-Atmosphere Observations
Supporting Short-Term Climate Predictions. National Academy Press,
Washington, D.C. 51 pp.
NRC. 1995a. Bits of Power—On the Full
and Open Exchange of Scientific Data. Committee on Geophysical and
Environmental Data. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 21
pp.
NRC. 1995b. A Science Strategy for Space
Physics. Space Studies Board. National Academy Press, Washington,
D.C. 81 pp.
NRC. 1995c. Natural Climate Variability on
Decade-to-Century Time Scales. National Academy Press, Washington,
D.C. 630 pp.
NRC. 1996a. A Plan for a Research Program
on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change. National Academy
Press, Washington, D.C. 161 pp.
NRC. 1996b. National Science Education
Standards. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 262 pp.
NRC. 1996c. Learning to Predict Climate
Variations Associated with El Niño and the Southern
Oscillation—Accomplishments and Legacies of the TOGA Program.
National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 171 pp.
NSF (National Science Foundation). 1986.
Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions
''CEDAR.'' CEDAR Science Steering Committee, April 1986 (revised
April 1987). NSF, Arlington, Va. 40 pp.
OCR for page 333
Page 333
NSF. 1988. GEM (Geospace Environment
Modeling)—A Program of Solar-Terrestrial Research in Global
Geosciences. GEM Steering Committee, May 1988. NSF, Arlington. Va.
33 pp.
NSF. 1990. RISE (Radiative Inputs of the
Sun to Earth—A Research Plan for the 1990s on Solar Irradiance
Variation. RISE Science Steering Committee, February 1990. NSF,
Arlington. Va. 31 pp.
NWS (National Weather Service). 1992.
Natural Disaster Survey Report, Hurricane Andrew: South Florida and
Louisiana, August 23-26, 1992. NWS, Silver Spring, Md.
OFCM (Office of the Federal Coordinator
for Meteorology). 1995. The National Space Weather Program—The
Strategic Plan. August 1995, FCM-P30-1995. Office of the Federal
Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research,
Silver Spring, Md. 25 pp.
OFCM. 1997. The National Space Weather
Program—The Implementation Plan, January 1997, FCM-P31-1997.
Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and
Supporting Research, Silver Spring, Md. 93 pp.
Oltmans, S.J., and D.J. Hofmann. 1995.
Increase in lower stratospheric water vapour at a midlatitude
Northern Hemisphere site from 1981 to 1994. Nature 374,
146-149.
Oltmans, S.J., and H. Levy II. 1994.
Surface ozone measurements from a global network. Atmos. Environ.
28, 9-24.
Oltmans, S.J., A.S. Lefohn, H.E. Scheel,
J.A. Harris, H. Levy, II, I.E. Galbally, E.-G. Brunke. C.P. Meyer,
J.A. Lathtop, B.J. Johnson, D.S. Shadwick, E. Cuevas, F.J.
Schmidlin, D.W. Tarasik, H. Claude, J.B. Kerr, and O. Uchino. 1997.
Trends in ozone in the troposphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. (in
press).
Patz, J.A., P.R. Epstein, T.A. Burke, and
J.M. Balbus. 1996. Global climate change and emerging infectious
diseases. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 275, 217-223.
Pielke, R.A., Jr. 1995. Hurricane Andrew
in South Florida: Mesoscale Weather and Societal Responses,
Environmental and Societal Impacts Group. National Center for
Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo.
Pielke, R.A., Jr., and J. Kimple. 1997.
Societal aspects of weather. Report of the Sixth Prospectus
Development Team of the U.S. Weather Research Program to NOAA and
NSF. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 78, 867-876.
Pielke, R.A., T.J. Lee, J.H. Copeland,
J.L. Eastman, C.L. Ziegler, and C.A. Finley. 1997. Use of
USGS-provided data to improve weather and climate simulations.
Ecological Applications (in press).
Prather, M.J. 1985. Continental sources of
halocarbons and nitrous oxide. Nature 317, 221-225.
Prather, M.J. 1988. European sources of
halocarbons and nitrous oxide: Update 1986. J. Atmos. Chem. 6,
375-406.
Prather, M.J., M.B. McElroy, S.C. Wofsy,
G. Russell, and D. Rind. 1987. Chemistry of the global troposphere:
Fluorocarbons as tracers of air motion. J. Geophys. Res. 92,
6579-6613.
Price, C. 1993. Global surface
temperatures and the atmospheric electrical circuit. Geophys. Res.
Lett. 20, 1363-1366.
Quayle, R.G., D.R. Easterling, T.R. Karl,
and P.Y. Hughes. 1991. Effects of recent thermometer changes in the
cooperative station network. Bull. Am. Meterol. Soc. 72,
1718-1723.
Ramaswamy, V., R.J. Charlson, J.A.
Coakley, J.L. Gras, Harshvardhan, G. Kukla, M.O. McCormick, D.
Möller, E. Roeckner, L.L. Stowe, and J. Taylor. 1995. What are
the observed and anticipated meteorological and climatic responses
to aerosol forcing? Pp. 384-399 in Aerosol Forcing of Climate, R.J.
Charlson and J. Heintzenberg (eds.). Wiley and Sons, Chichester,
U.K.
Raval, A., and V. Ramanathan. 1989.
Observational determination of the greenhouse effect. Nature 342,
758-761.
Reid, G.C. 1991. Solar total irradiance
variations and the global sea-surface temperature record. J.
Geophys. Res.—Atmospheres 96, 2835-2844.
Ridley, W.P., L.J. Dizikes, and J.M. Wood.
1977. Biomethylation of toxic elements in the environment. Science
197, 329-332.
OCR for page 334
Page 334
Rind, D., R. Suozzo, N.K. Balachandran,
and M.J. Prather. 1990. Climate change and the middle atmosphere.
Part I: The doubled CO2 climate. J.
Atmos. Sci. 47,475-494.
Rind, D., W.D. Chiou, S. Oltmans, J.
Lerner, M.P. McCormick, and L.R. McMaster. 1993. Overview of the
Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 98,
4835-4857.
Roble, R.G., and R.E. Dickinson. 1989. How
will changes in carbon dioxide and methane modify the mean
structure of the mesosphere and thermosphere? Geophys. Res. Lett.
16, 1441-1444.
Ropelewski, C.F., and M.S. Halpert. 1986.
North American precipitation and temperature patterns associated
with the E1 Niño/Southern Oscillation. Monthly Weather Rev.
114, 2352-2362.
Ropelewski, C.F., and M.S. Halpert. 1987.
Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with
the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Monthly Weather Rev. 115,
1606-1626.
Rosati, A., K. Miyakoda, and R. Gudgel.
1997. The impact of ocean initial conditions on ENSO forecasting
with a coupled model. Monthly Weather Rev. 125, 754-772.
Sandroni, D., D. Anfossi, and S. Viarengo.
1992. Surface ozone levels at the end of the nineteenth century in
South America. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2535-2540.
Schimel, D. D. Alves, I. Enting, M.
Heimann, F. Joos, D. Raynaud, T. Wigley; M. Prather, R. Derwent, D.
Ehhalt, P. Fraser, E. Sanhueza, X. Zhou; P. Jonas, R. Charlson, H.
Rodhe, S. Sadasivan; K.P. Shine, Y. Fouquart, V. Ramaswamy, S.
Solomon, J. Srinivasan; D. Albritton, R. Derwent, I. Isaksen, M.
Lal, and D. Wuebbles. 1996. Radiative forcing of climate change.
Pp. 65-131 in Climate Change 1995—The Science of Climate
Change, J.T. Houghton, L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris,
A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell (eds.). Contribution of Working Group
I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 572
pp.
Schulze, E.-D. 1989. Air pollution and
forest decline in a spruce (Picea abies) forest. Science
244, 776-783.
Sentman, D.D., and E.M. Wescott. 1993.
Observations of upper atmospheric optical flashes recorded from an
aircraft. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 2857-2860.
Serafin, R. 1991. Study on observational
systems—A review of meteorological and oceanographic education
in observational techniques and the relationship to national
facilities and needs. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 72, 815-826.
Serafin, R., B. Heikes, D. Sargeant, W.
Smith, E. Takle, D. Thomson, and R. Wakimoto. 1991. Study of
observational systems: A review of meteorological and oceanographic
observational techniques and the relationship to national
facilities and needs. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 72, 815-826.
Shannon, J.D., and E.C. Voldner. 1995.
Modeling atmospheric concentrations of mercury and deposition to
the Great Lakes. Atmos. Environ. 29, 1649-1661.
Shay, L.K., P.G. Black, A.J. Mariano, J.D.
Hawkins, and R.L. Elsberry. 1992. Upper ocean response to Hurricane
Gilbert. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 20227-20248.
Shepard, L.J. 1993. Lifting the Veil: The
Female Face of Science. Shambala Press, Boston and London. 329
pp.
Shine, K.P., Y. Fouquart, V. Ramaswamy, S.
Solomon, and J. Srinivasan. 1995. Radiative forcing. Pp. 163-203 in
Climate Change 1994—Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and an
Evaluation of the IPCC IS92 Emission Scenarios, J.T. Houghton, L.G.
Meira Filho, J. Bruce, Hoesung Lee, B.A. Callander, E. Haites, N.
Harris, and K. Maskell (eds.). Reports of Working Groups I and II
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, forming part of
the IPCC Special Report to the first session of the Conference of
the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 339 pp.
Shine, K.P., Y. Fouquart, V. Ramaswamy. S.
Solomon, and J. Srinivasan. 1996. Radiative forcing of climate
change. Pp. 65-131 in Climate Change 1995—The Science of
Climate Change, J.T. Houghton, L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N.
Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell (eds.). Contribution of
Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, U.K. 572 pp.
OCR for page 335
Page 335
Shope, R.E. 1991. Global climate change
and infectious diseases. Environ. Health Perspect. 96, 171-174.
Silverman, S.M. 1992. Secular variation of
the aurora for the past 500 years. Rev. Geophys. 30, 333-351.
Simpson, J., and M.A. LeMone. 1974. Women
in meteorology. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 55, 122-131.
Skoog, B.G., J.I.H. Askne, and G. Elgered.
1982. Experimental determination of water vapor profiles from
ground-based radiometers at 12.0 and 31.4 GHz. J. Appl. Meteorol.
21,394-400.
Smith, W.L., H.E. Revercomb, H.B. Howell,
H.M. Woolf, R.O. Knuteson, R.G. Decker, M.J. Lynch, E.R. Westwater,
R.G. Strauch, K.P. Moran, B. Stankov, M.J. Falls, J. Jordan, M.
Jacobsen, W.F. Dabberdt, R. McBeth, G. Albright, C. Paneitz, G.
Wright, P.T. May, and M.T. Decker. 1990. GAPEX: A ground-based
atmospheric profiling experiment. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 71,
310-318.
Solomon, S., R.R. Garcia, F.S. Rowland,
and D.J. Wuebbles. 1986. On the depletion of Antarctic ozone.
Nature 321, 755-758.
Solomon, S., R.W. Sanders, R.R. Garcia,
and J.G. Keys. 1993. Increased chlorine dioxide over Antarctica
caused by volcanic aerosols from Mount Pinatubo. Nature 363,
245-248.
Soon, W.H., S.L. Baliunas, and Q. Zhang.
1994. A technique for estimating long-term variations of solar
total irradiance: Preliminary estimates based on observations of
the Sun and solar-type stars. Pp. 133-144 in The Solar Engine and
Its Influence on Terrestrial Atmosphere and Climate, E. Nesme-Ribes
(ed.). Springer-Verlag, New York. Published in cooperation with
NATO Scientific Affairs Division.
Staehelin, J., and W. Schmid. 1991. Trend
analysis of tropospheric ozone concentrations utilizing the 20-year
data set of ozone balloon soundings over Payerne. Atmos. Environ.
9, 1739-1749.
Staehelin, J., J. Thudium, R. Buehler, A.
Volz-Thomas, and W. Graber. 1994. Trends in surface ozone
concentrations at Arosa (Switzerland). Atmos. Environ. 28,
75-87.
Stephens, G.L. 1990. On the relationship
between water vapor over the oceans and sea surface temperature. J.
Climate 3, 634-645.
Stephens, P.L., and C. Kazarosian. 1992.
Results of the AMS membership survey. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.
73,486-495.
Stowe, L.L., R.M. Carey, and P.P.
Pellegrino. 1992. Monitoring the Mt. Pinatubo aerosol layer with
NOAA-11 AVHRR data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 159-162.
Tans, P.P., P.S. Bakwin, and D.W.
Guenther. 1996. A feasible Global Carbon Cycle Observing System: A
plan to decipher today's carbon cycle based on observations. Global
Change Biology 2, 309-318.
Tarasick, D.W., D.I. Wardle, J.B. Kerr,
J.J. Bellefleur, and J. Davies. 1994. Tropospheric ozone trends
over Canada: 1980-1993. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 409-412.
Taubenheim, J., G. yon Kossart, and G.
Entzian. 1990. Evidence of CO2-induced progressive cooling of the
middle atmosphere derived from radio observations. Adv. Space Res.
10, 171-174.
Taylor, F.W., C. Fröhlich, J.
Lecolle, M. Strecker. 1987. Analysis of partially emerged corals
and reef terraces in the central Vanuatu arc—Comparison of
contemporary coseismic and nonseismic with quaternary vertical
movements. J. Geophys. Res.—Solid Earth and Planets 92,
4905-4933.
Taylor, H.R., S.K. West, F.S. Rosenthal,
B. Munoz, H.S. Newland, H. Abbey, and E.A. Emmett. 1988. Effect of
ultraviolet radiation on cataract formation. N. Engl. J. Med. 319,
1429-1433.
Theon, J.S. 1994. The Tropical Rainfall
Measuring Mission (TRMM). Advances in Space Research 14,
159-165.
Thomas, G.E. 1991. Mesospheric clouds and
the physics of the mesopause region. Rev. Geophys. 29, 553-575.
Trenberth, K.E., G.W. Branstator, D.
Karoly, A. Kumar, N.-C. Lau, and C. Ropelewski. 1998. Global
atmospheric diagnostics and modeling for TOGA. J. Geophys. Res. (in
press).
OCR for page 336
Page 336
U.S. Department of Commerce. 1990. Fifty
Years of Population Change Along the Nation's Coasts, 1960-2010.
National Ocean Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Department of Commerce. 1992. Natural
Disaster Survey Report, Hurricane Andrew: South Florida and
Louisiana, August 23-26, 1992. National Weather Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Md.
U.S. Department of Commerce. 1994. Natural
Disaster Survey Report, Superstorm of March 1993. National Weather
Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver
Spring, Md.
USGCRP (U.S. Global Change Research
Program). 1996. Our Changing Planet: The FY 1997 U.S. Global Change
Research Program: A Report. A Supplement to the President's Fiscal
Year 1997 Budget. U.S. National Science and Technology Council,
Subcommittee on Global Change Research. Available from Global
Change Research Information Offices, Washington, D.C. 162 pp.
USGCRP. 1997. Our Changing Planet: The FY
1998 U.S. Global Change Research Program: A Report. A Supplement to
the President's Fiscal Year 1998 Budget. U.S. National Science and
Technology Council, Subcommittee on Global Change Research.
Available from Global Change Research Information Offices,
Washington, D.C. 118 pp.
Van Dijk, H.F.H., M.H.J. deLouw, J.G.M.
Roelofs, and J.J. Verburgh. 1990. Impact of artificial,
ammonium-enriched rainwater on soils and young coniferous trees in
a greenhouse, Part II: Effects on the trees. Environ. Pollut. 63,
41-59.
Vitousek, P.M., L.R. Walker, L.D.
Whiteaker. and P.A. Matson. 1993. Nutrient limitations to plant
growth during primary succession in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.
Biogeochemistry 23, 197-215.
Volz-Thomas, A., and D. Kley. 1988.
Evaluation of the Montsouris series of ozone measurements in the
nineteenth century. Nature 332, 240-242.
Vong, R.J., J.T. Sogmon, and S.F. Mueller.
1991. Cloud water deposition to Appalachian forests. Environ. Sci.
Technol. 25, 1014-1021.
Wang, W.C., and N.D. Sze. 1980. Coupled
effects of atmospheric N2O and
O3 on the Earth's climate. Nature
286, 589-590.
Wang, W.C., M.P. Budek, X.Z. Liang, and
J.T. Hiehl. 1991. Inadequacy of effective CO2 as a proxy in simulating the greenhouse
effect of other radiatively active gases. Nature 350, 573-577.
Ware, M., M. Exner, D. Feng, M. Gorbunov,
K. Hardy, B. Herman, Y. Kuo, T. Meehan, W. Melbourne, C. Rocken, W.
Schreiner. S. Sokolovskiy, F. Solheim, X. Zou, R. Anthes, S.
Businger, and K. Trenberth. 1996. GPS sounding of the atmosphere
from low Earth orbit: Preliminary results. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.
77, 19-40.
Webster, P.J., and R. Lukas. 1992. TOGA
COARE: The Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment. Bull. Am.
Meteorol. Soc. 73, 1377-1416.
Weeks, M.E. 1968. Discovery of the
Elements. Journal of Chemical Education, Easton, Pa. 896 pp.
Weinberg, A.M. 1963. Criteria for
scientific choice. Minerva 1, 159-171.
Wennberg, P.O., R.C. Cohen, R.M. Stimpfle,
J.P. Koplow, J.G. Anderson, R.J. Salawitch, D.W. Fahey, E.L.
Woodbridge, E.R. Keim, R.S. Gao. C.R. Webster, R.D. May, D.W.
Toohey, L.M. Avallone, M.W. Proffitt, M. Loewenstein. J.R.
Podolske, K.R. Chan, and S.C. Wofsy. 1994. Removal of stratospheric
O3 by radicals: In situ measurements
of OH, HO2, NO, NO2, CIO, BrO. Science 266, 398-404.
WHO (World Health Organization). 1992.
Global Health Situations and Projections, Estimates. WHO. Geneva,
Switzerland.
WHO. 1996. Climate Change and Human
Health. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
Williams, E.R. 1992. The Schumann
resonance: A global tropical thermometer. Science 256,
1184-1187.
OCR for page 337
Page 337
WMO (World Meteorological Organization).
1989. Fourteenth Status Report on Implementation. Publication 714.
WMO, Geneva, Switzerland.
WMO. 1995. Scientific Assessment of Ozone
Depletion, 1994. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project.
Report No. 37. WMO, Geneva, Switzerland.
Zebiak, S.E., and M.A. Cane. 1987. A model
E1 Niño/Southern Oscillation. Monthly Weather Rev. 115,
2262-2278.
Zevin, S.F., and K.L. Seitter. 1994.
Results of survey of society membership: Demographics. Bull. Am.
Meteorol. Soc. 75, 1855-1866.
OCR for page 338
Representative terms from entire chapter:
radiative forcing
