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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6022.
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Index

A

Abortions, spontaneous, 193

Activated carbon.

See Granular activated carbon (GAC)

Activated sludge process, 21, 25, 91-92, 104

Acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI), reports of, 77, 83

Adenovirus, 80-81, 85

Adsorption/desorption processes, 61-63

Advanced wastewater treatment (AWT) plants, 25, 30, 47-50, 53, 68, 241

See also Wastewater;

Water treatment;

Water treatment facilities

emergency response plans at, 52

Advanced-oxidation processes.

See Oxidation processes

Aerated lagoons, 91, 97

Aeromonas, 87-88

Agencies.

See Regulatory issues;

Water agencies

Agricultural chemicals, 4-5

AIDS patients, chronic diarrhea in, 87

Air stripping processes, 49, 236

Algae control, 25

Alkylphenol ethoxylate, 180

Alkylphenoxy ethoxycarboxylates (APDCs), 64

Alkylphenoxypoly ethoxylates (APnEOs), 64-67

Alkylphenylpoly ethoxycarboxylates (APnECs), 66-67

Alternative disposal routes.

See Water disposal

Ambient water

microbial contaminants in, 92-93

mixing reclaimed water with, 2

Amebic dysentery, 79

American Public Health Association, 229

American Water Works Association, 209

Ames test, 138, 165, 169-172

Analytical tools, developing new, 61-63

Anthropogenic contaminants, 4, 17-19, 227

Aquatic humus, 4

Aquifers, injecting wastewater into, 2, 4, 22, 24

Arizona.

See also Salt River Valley

Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ), 41-42

Department of Water Resources (ADWR), 41-42

water reuse regulations in, 31, 41-42, 96-97, 120

Artificial recharge.

See Ground water

Assessment.

See Health and safety testing;

Risk assessment

Astrovirus, 80-81, 84-85

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6022.
×

Authorities, 12.

See also Public health concerns;

Regulatory issues;

Water agencies

AWT.

See Advanced wastewater treatment

B

Bacterial pathogens, 6.

See also individual bacteria

aquatic, possible concern about, 87-88

culturing, 77, 122

detecting, 121, 124-125

enteric, 77-79

list of, 75

markers for, 6

microscopy for, 123

Barriers

defined, 208

independence of, evaluating, 12, 110-111, 209-211, 236

providing multiple, 12, 208-213, 236

securing data about, 6-7

Baseline testing, 183-187

Basin overdraft, 25

Bias, sources of, 149, 152-154

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 21

carbonaceous (CBOD), 39

Biological agents.

See Microbial contaminants in reuse systems

Biomarkers, 149-150

Biomolecular assessment, 7, 129-131, 154

Birth defects, 16

Blue Plains Wastewater Treatment Plant, 27, 165

Blue-green algae, 88

Breakthroughs.

See Contaminant breakthroughs

Bromates, removing, 54

Buffers.

See Environmental buffers

C

Calcivirus, 80-81, 84

California.

See also Los Angeles County;

Orange County;

Palo Alto treatment system;

San Diego's Total Resources Recovery Project

Department of Health Services, 38, 234-235

viral studies in, 100

wastewater reclamation criteria, 31, 36-38, 218

Campylobacter, 6, 78, 108

culturing for, 77

Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD), monitoring, 39

Carcinogenicity, 16, 136, 141-142, 154, 185, 198-199

of chlorinated water, 11, 150, 173

Case-control studies, 147, 152-153

Causal relationships.

See Etiological agents, detecting

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 77, 232-233

Certifying operators for water treatment facilities, 13, 235-236, 238

Chemical contaminants, 3-6, 45-71.

See also Organic compounds

evaluating, 135-145, 156-157

managing input to reuse systems, 5, 50-53

recognized, 20, 46-50

Chemical disinfection processes, 107-108

See also Chlorination processes;

Coagulation processes;

Oxidation processes;

Ozone processes

using along with physical treatment, 6

Chemical evaluation, ix, 3-4, 9, 68-69

Chemical oxygen demand (COD), reducing, 53

Chlorination processes, 5, 25, 70, 97

See also Disinfection by-products (DBPs)

link to cancer, 11, 150, 173

Cholera outbreaks, 76, 214

Chromatography, 61, 63

Chromosomal abnormalities, 16

Clarification.

See Lime clarification

Clastogenicity, 16

Clean Water Act, 51

Clostridilum perfringens, 7, 90, 95

as indicator bacterium, 127-128, 155

Coagulation processes, 17, 22, 236

with ferric chloride, 29

Coastal aquifers, injecting wastewater into, 22, 24-25

Cohort studies, 147-148, 153, 204

Coliform bacteria, 20

monitoring, 39, 89-90, 108-109, 118-119

standards for, 83

Coliphage virus, 128

F-specific, 7, 155

Colorado.

See Denver's Direct Potable Water Reuse Demonstration Project

Composites, flow-proportioned, 224

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6022.
×

Concentrating trace organic compounds, 61-63

uncertainties introduced by, 179-180

Confounding bias, 154

Consequence-frequency assessment, 219-222

of advanced wastewater treatment (AWT) facilities, 241-247

Consumer groups, involving, 13

Contaminant breakthroughs, 12, 223

preventing, 237

Contaminants.

See also Anthropogenic contaminants;

Chemical contaminants;

Contaminant breakthroughs;

Heavy metals;

Microbial contaminants;

Monitoring programs;

and individual contaminants

characterizing, 10-11, 59, 156, 203

mixtures of, 7, 45-46, 59-63

reduced through natural processes, 17-18, 92-93, 214-217

unidentified, 58-69, 182, 227-229

Continuous monitoring, 8-9

Continuous toxicological testing, 9-10

Control of Communicable Diseases Manual, 229

Co-precipitation, 62

Cost considerations, 10, 138, 180-181, 202, 224

Cryptosporidium, 77, 79, 82-86, 90, 96-99, 109-111, 119-120, 149, 210, 232-234

infectivity of, 131-134

need for data on, 96

reporting, 232-233, 235

testing for, 77

Cyanobacteria, 88

Cyclospora cayetanensis, 82-83, 86-87

Cytopathic effect (CPE), 119, 127

D

Data.

See Microbial data

DBPs.

See Disinfection by-products

Decision paths, 10, 202

Decision-making.

See Water agencies

Degradation of samples over time, 179

Degraded water supplies.

See Water supplies

Demand.

See Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD);

Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD);

Chemical oxygen demand (COD);

Water demand

Denver's Direct Potable Water Reuse Demonstration Project, 9, 26-27, 48-50, 102-103, 166, 169-170, 178-180

Detection

of emerging pathogens, 7

of etiological agents, 84

microbial methods of, 120-129

Detergent breakdown products, 64-67

Diarrhea, 82, 191-192, 232-233

"Brainerd diarrhea," 84

chronic, in AIDS patients, 87

Die-off rate, 93, 134-135

Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, 125

Dilution, 215

providing for, 4-5, 17, 30

Dioxin, 179

Direct potable water reuse, 1, 21

Direct Potable Water Reuse Demonstration Project.

See Denver's Direct Potable Water Reuse Demonstration Project

Discharges.

See Wastewater

Diseases, 150.

See also Microbial contaminants in reuse systems;

Waterborne diseases;

and individual diseases and pathogens

measuring incidence of, 151

outbreaks of, 82, 86-87, 95, 208-210, 230

Disinfection by-products (DBPs)

managing in reuse systems, 53-58

potential dangers from, 5

Disinfection processes, 17, 236.

See also Chlorination processes;

Oxidation processes;

Ozone processes;

Ultraviolet light (UV) processes

Disposal.

See Water disposal

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 58

Distribution.

See Water distribution

District of Columbia.

See Potomic Estuary Experimental Wastewater Treatment Plant

Documenting chemical inputs, 4-5, 69

Dose-response curves, 130-131, 197

Drinking water.

See also Water standards

sources of, 17-18

judging new, 182-183

searching out, 3

selecting, 16-18

Drinking Water National Contaminant Occurrence Data Base, 7-8, 155

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6022.
×

E

Early warning provisions, 13, 230

Ecologic studies.

See Epidemiological evaluation

Effluent, primary and secondary, microbial contaminants in, 90-92

Elderly.

See Sensitive populations

Emergencies.

See also Response measures

short-term, providing for, 16, 52

Emerging microbial contaminants, 6, 84-87, 110

detecting, 7

list of, 80-83

Endocrine disrupters, 68-69, 180, 187

Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, 119

Entamoeba histolytica, 79

Enteric pathogens, 74-77

bacterial, 77-79

list of, 75

protozoan, 79-82

viral, 80-83, 85, 96-99, 109-111

Enterococci, 89

as indicator bacterium, 127-128

Enterocytozoon bieneusi, 87

Enteroviruses.

See Enteric pathogens, viral

Environmental buffers, in reuse systems, 12, 211, 214-217, 237

health benefits of, 219

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 7, 27, 51, 77, 129

providing guidelines, 5, 31-35, 56, 227, 237

Epidemiological evaluation, 3-4

methods, 145-154, 157

recommendations concerning, 203-204

studies using, 11-12, 146-148, 190

Error, sources of, 152-154

Escherichia coli, 77-78, 128, 232

pathogenic, 6, 78, 108

reporting, 234-235

Estrogenic response, 184-186

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 59, 64

Etiological agents, detecting, 84, 148, 157

Evaluation, of contaminants, 118-157

Evaporation, low temperature, 61-62

Event chain analysis, 220-222

Excreta, human, 19

See also Coliform bacteria

Experimentation.

See Evaluation;

Health and safety testing;

Pilot plant studies

Exposure assessment, 148-149

biomarkers of, 149-150

Exposure characterization, 131-135, 146

Extrapolating test results to human risks, 143-145

F

False negatives, 8, 126, 203-204

False positives, 126

Fecal coliform bacteria.

See Coliform bacteria;

Escherichia coli

Fecal-oral route of infection, 74

Federal guidelines, 18, 31-35

absence of enforceable, 42

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 140

Filtration.

See also Membrane filtration processes;

Sand filtration processes;

Trickling filtration process;

Ultrafiltration

mixed media, 22, 25, 28, 165

sentinel parameters for, 222

Fish test, 9-10, 157, 182-189, 202

disadvantages of, 184

operational considerations, 10, 187-189

Flocculation, organic, 126

Florida.

See also St. Petersburg reclamation facility;

Tampa Water Resource Recovery Project

Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), 41

water reuse requirements, 31, 38-41

Flow-proportioned composites, 224

Fluorescence.

See Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) assessment

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 140

Fred Hervey Water Reclamation Plant, 28

Free chlorine.

See Chlorination processes

G

GAC.

See Granular activated carbon

Genetic polymorphisms, 150

Genotoxicity, 156

Giardia, 76-77, 79, 82, 86, 90, 93, 96-99, 109-111, 119-120

infectivity of, 131-134

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6022.
×

 

need for data on, 96

reporting, 235

testing for, 77

Glutathione S-transferase theta 1

(GSTT1) gene, 150

Granular activated carbon (GAC), 22, 25, 30, 172, 236

residue analyses of, 60-61

Grit removal, 21

Ground water, 7, 214

recharging, 27, 32-33

Ground Water Recharge Using Waters of Impaired Quality, 118

Guidelines.

See Drinking water;

Federal guidelines;

and individual guidelines and states

H

Haloacetic acids (HAAs), removing, 53-57

Haloacetonitriles, removing, 54

Hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) methods, 222

Health and safety testing, 3, 7-9, 118-157.

See also Fish test

biomolecular methods, 8

chemical methods, 8-9

comparative approach to, 16, 63-64

consequence-frequency approach to, 219-222, 241-247

difficulties with, 8-9, 67-69

extrapolating results to human risks, 143-145

false negatives in, 8, 126, 203-204

integrated approach to, 176-180

microbiological methods, 7-8

new approaches to, 182-183

Health maintenance organizations, data from, 232, 234

Health risks, 3-4, 15

See also Health and safety testing

controlling adequately, 4

and population mobility, 199-200

studies of, 9-11, 15, 164-204

Heavy metals, removing, 21-22, 47

Helicobacter pylori, 80-81, 85-87

Helminths, 79

list of, 75

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), 77-78

Hepatitis A virus, 83, 192

Hepatitis E virus, 84

Hospitals, data from, 234

Household chemicals, 4-5, 66

Human calcivirus, 80-81, 84

Human epidemiologic studies, 145

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 87

Human risks.

See also Sensitive populations

extrapolating test results to, 135, 143-145

Humus.

See Aquatic humus

Hyacinths.

See Water hyacinths

I

Identification studies, 9, 173-174

Identifying health risks, ix.

See also Health and safety testing

Identity, loss of, 8, 218-219

Immune systems, people with suppressed.

See Sensitive populations

Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) techniques, 126

In vitro testing

appropriate uses of, 10, 137-138, 141

limitations of, 8-9, 142-143, 201-202

In vivo testing, 9, 141

advantages of, 10

limitations of, 8-9

Indian Health Service, 234

Indicator microorganisms, 7, 90, 127-129

in fresh waters, 95

in secondary effluent, 94

Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) assessment, 125-126

Indirect potable water reuse, 20-21

planned, 2, 3, 15

unplanned, 17-18

Industrial chemicals, 4

dealing with spills of, 52

quantifying, 5, 20

Industrial pretreatment programs, 5

Infectious disease agents.

See Microbial contaminants in reuse systems;

and individual pathogens

Infiltration of water, rapid, 39-40

Information Collection Rule (ICR) of the EPA, 7, 96, 120

Injected water, 32-33, 40.

See also Ground water

fate of, 25

Inorganic chemical contaminants, 4

salts, 136

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6022.
×

Instability, biological.

See Wastewater

Integrated toxicological testing, 9-10

Intrusion of seawater, 25, 27-28

Ion exchange processes, 236

Isolating trace organic compounds, 61-63

Isospora belli, 87

L

Labeling, 119, 126

Lag time following upstream wastewater discharges, 12, 217-218

Lagoons, 91, 97

Lake storage, 2

Latency, prolonged, 151-152, 200

Legionella, 76

Lime clarification, 25, 104

sentinel parameters for, 222

Live animal test systems, 9, 144.

See also Fish test

Longitudinal studies, 147-148

Long-term health risks.

See Health risks

Los Angeles County.

See also Montebello Forebay project;

Whittier Narrows Water Reclamation Plant (WRP)

County Sanitation Districts (CSDLACs) of, 51

epidemiological studies in, 164-166, 169, 174-175, 192-200

generalizability of findings, 11

organic contaminants analyzed, 50-52, 58

Loss of identity of upstream wastewater discharges, 8, 218-219

M

Macroreticular resins, 61-63

Mammalian cell transformation assay, 165, 170-171

Management.

See Water management;

Water treatment facilities

Manufacturing water, 9, 157

See also Water storage;

Water treatment

Markers.

See also Biomarkers

for bacterial pathogens, 6

for wastewaters, 64

Mass spectrometry, 61, 63

Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), 50, 129

See also National Primary Drinking Water Maximum Contaminant Levels

Maximum tolerated dose (MTD), 179, 181

Measuring outcomes, 10-11, 150-152, 195-196

Medaka (fish), 184

Membrane filtration processes, x, 17, 61-62, 236

more research needed on, 8, 156

using chemical disinfectants along with, 6

Metals.

See Heavy metals

Methods for assessing health risks.

See Health risks

Microbial assessment, 3-4, 7, 129-131

improved, 76

studies using, 100-101

Microbial contaminants in reuse systems, 3-4, 6-7, 74-112

See also individual pathogens

in ambient waters, 92-93

emerging, 6, 84-87, 110

evaluating, 118-135, 154-156

in primary and secondary effluent, 90-92

protecting public from, 12, 236

unidentified, 84-87

in untreated wastewater, 89-90

Microbial data, 93-108

needed from reuse project managers, 6

from non-potable applications, 96-101

from potable applications, 101-108

Microbial detection methods, 120-129

Micronucleus test, 170-171

Microscopy, 123

differential interference contrast (DIC), 125

Microsporidia, 87

Misclassification bias, 153, 200

Mobility of populations, 199-200

Molecular techniques, 124

Monitoring programs, 3-4

comprehensive, 26, 39

continuous, 8-9

in conventional water systems, 6

routine, 223-224

strategies for, 224

for treatment effectiveness, 5-6, 70, 222-227

Montebello Forebay project, 165-166, 192-194

Mortality and morbidity data, 195-197

MTD.

See Maximum tolerated dose

Mutagenicity, 9-10, 16, 141-143, 169, 174-176

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6022.
×

N

National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations, 17

National Primary Drinking Water Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs), 41-42

National Research Council (NRC), 1, 11, 15-16, 118, 129, 136, 140-141, 178

protocols from, 9, 182

Natural inactivation, 93

Natural organic matter (NOM), 4, 59, 227-228.

decomposibility of, 21

difficulty analyzing, 4, 58-59

dissolved, 22, 91

hydrophilic fraction of, 63

metabolic pathways for degradation of, 63

Natural processes, reducing contaminants through, 17-18, 92-93, 214-217

Natural surface water, 7

New York Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), 233

Nitrogen, removing, 46-47

Nonionic detergents, risks in reuse systems, 64-67

Nonpotable water reuse, 3, 14, 96-101

Norwalk virus, 83-84, 127

O

Obligate human pathogens.

See Viral pathogens

Occupational exposures, 147, 152

Operators, training and certifying.

See Water treatment facilities

Orange County.

See also Water Factory 21

health-effect studies in, 52-54, 164-165, 169, 174-175, 192-200

Orange County Water District (OCWD), 25, 101

Organic compounds, trace, 49

See also Dissolved organic carbon (DOC)

Natural organic matter (NOM)

Synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs)

Total organic carbon (TOC)

concentrating, 61-63

lists of, 60, 65-66

measuring, 4-5, 58-59

mixtures of, 7, 45-46, 59-63

reducing, 5, 36, 70

unidentified, 4, 5, 9, 55, 58-70, 135-136

Organic flocculation, 126

Osmosis.

See Reverse osmosis (RO) processes

Outcomes measurement, 10-11, 150-152, 195-196

Overdrafting, 25

Oxidation processes, 21, 53

advanced, 236

Ozone processes, 6, 30, 53, 177, 236

effectiveness for protozoa removal, 108

sentinel parameters for, 222

P

Palo Alto treatment system, 52, 54

Parameters.

See Sentinel parameters

Parasites.

See Protozoan parasites

Pathogens.

See Microbial contaminants;

and individual pathogens

Percolation processes, 37-38

maintaining proper conditions for, 28

surface, 27

Pestivirus, 80-81, 85

Phosphates, removing, 46-47

Physical treatment.

See Primary water treatment

Picornavirus, 80-81, 85

Pilot plant studies.

See Denver's Direct Potable Water Reuse Demonstration Project;

San Diego's Total Resources Recovery Project

Pollutant source control programs, 5, 50-51

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 179

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 123-124

Populations

mobility of, 199-200

sensitive. See Sensitive populations

Potable water reuse.

See Direct potable water reuse;

Indirect potable water reuse;

Nonpotable water reuse

advanced treatment for, 101-108

and current drinking water standards, 18-20

planning for.

See Proposed potable reuse projects

safeguards needed, 14

Potomic Estuary Experimental Wastewater Treatment Plant, 16, 26-27, 53-54, 102-103, 164-165, 168, 176

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6022.
×

Precipitation.

See Co-precipitation

Preliminary screening, 21

Pretreatment programs, 5, 21, 30

Primary and secondary effluent, microbial contaminants in, 90-92

Primary water treatment, 21

Process trains.

See Treatment trains

Proposed potable reuse projects, 4-5, 111-112

managing, 6

plant-by-plant reviews, 9

Protozoan parasites, 6.

See also individual parasites

detecting, 121, 125-126

enteric, diseases from, 79-82

increased danger from, 6

list of, 75

microscopy for, 123

need for data about, 7

rate of removal by natural processes, 8, 155

Public health concerns over reclaiming water, 1, 3-4, 12

evolving over time, 179

importance of considering, 1, 6, 16

surveillance programs addressing, 12-13, 145, 229-238

Q

Quality assurance issues.

See Water quality

Quality Criteria for Water Reuse, 1, 11, 16, 136, 141, 178

Quality spectrum, 19

R

Raw water supplies, quality spectrum of, 19

Recall bias, 153-154

Recharging.

See Ground water

Reclaimed water, 14-71

See also Potable water reuse;

Reuse systems;

Water reclamation projects

defining, 15

history of, 15, 25-31, 42

objections to use of, 18

public health implications of, 1

safety evaluations of, 135-136

solution of last resort, 3, 15

types of, 20-25

unidentified organic compounds in, 58-69

Recommendations, 4-13, 69-71, 109-112, 154-157, 201-204, 236-238

major, 3-4

Regulatory issues, 9

See also Drinking water;

Federal guidelines;

Water standards;

and individual regulations

Rejection of water

See Water disposal

Reliability issues, 3-4, 12-13, 15, 208-238, 243

importance of, 135

and performance evaluation, 3-4, 222-227

securing data about, 6

Reproductive outcomes, 16, 193, 200-201

Research needed, 4, 7-8, 55, 110

Reservoirs for storage, 2

Resins.

See Macroreticular resins

Response measures, 52, 225-226

Reuse systems.

See also Nonpotable water reuse;

Potable water reuse;

Proposed potable reuse projects;

Water reclamation projects;

Water treatment facilities

chemical contaminants in, 45-71

environmental buffers in, 211, 214-217

health-effect studies of, 164-204

microbial contaminants in, 74-112

reliability and quality in, 208-238

Reused water.

See Reclaimed water

Reverse osmosis (RO) processes, 22, 25, 30, 49, 62, 104, 107, 137, 236

sentinel parameters for, 222

Risk assessment, 3-4, 144

See also Contaminants;

Health and safety testing;

Health risks;

Human risks;

Sensitive populations;

Water quality

microbial, 129-131

steps in performing, 130

for unidentified trace organic compounds, 5, 227-229

Risk characterization, 10-11, 131-135, 176

Rotating biological contactors, 91

Rotavirus, 83

group B, 84

testing for, 77

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6022.
×

S

Safe Drinking Water Act, 2, 5, 14, 31, 129

amendments to, 51

latest reauthorization of, 180

Safety evaluations.

See also Health and safety testing

future of, 180-182

inadequacy of current approaches, 9

progression in, 139-140

of reclaimed water, 135-136

Salmonella, 93, 174

culturing for, 77

infectivity of, 131-134

low levels of, 125

nontyphoid, 6, 78, 108

reporting, 235

S. typhi, 76

Salt River Valley, 28-29

Salt water.

See Seawater intrusion

Samples.

See Water samples

San Diego's Total Resources Recovery Project, 29, 47-49, 104-106, 164, 167, 170-172

conceptual design diagram of, 226

feasibility study for, 200-201

microbiological findings in, 126

Sand filtration processes, 97-100, 107, 214

Screening, physical.

See Preliminary screening

Screening studies, 141-143, 173-174

Seawater intrusion, 25, 27-28

Secondary effluent

microbial contaminants in, 90-92, 94, 98

nitrification of, 27

Secondary infections, 133

Secondary water treatment, 5, 21, 241

water hyacinths in, 29, 86

Selection bias, 152-153

Sensitive populations, 8, 82, 133, 144, 155-156

Sensitivities, varying, 150, 196

Sentinel parameters, 12, 151, 222-223

Seroprevalence survey, 85

Settling out, 91

Sewage contamination, exposures to, 3, 17.

See also Excreta, human

Shigella

culturing for, 77

reporting, 235

Short-circuiting, 12, 215-216, 237

Short-term emergencies.

See Emergencies

Silica, precipitation of, 62

SOCs.

See Synthetic organic chemicals

Soil aquifer treatment (SAT), 29, 219

Soil interaction effects, 4

Source control.

See Pollutant source control programs

Spikes, 50

See also Contaminant breakthroughs

Spiking trials, 105

Spreading, 28

St. Petersburg (Florida) reclamation facility, 99-101

Stabilization ponds, 91

Standards.

See Water standards

State guidelines, 14

See also individual states

Storage.

See Water storage

Streptococci, as indicator bacteria, 127

Subchronic toxicity, 16

Surface percolation.

See Percolation

Surface Water Treatment Rule, 95-96, 119, 129, 209

Surrogate parameters, 67-69

Surveillance programs

strengths and limitations of, 234-235

uses of, 77, 230-232

and water reclamation, 12-13, 232-234

Susceptibility, biomarkers for, 149-150

Synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs), 5, 69, 117, 227-228, 237

T

Tampa Water Resource Recovery Project, 9, 29-30, 47-52, 102-105, 164, 167, 172-180

Technology.

See Water treatment

Teratogenicity, 16, 170

Tertiary water treatment, 5, 21-25, 29, 58, 96

Testing water.

See Health and safety testing

Texas.

See Fred Hervey Water Reclamation Plant

Timing problems in safety testing, 181

Torovirus, 80-81, 85

Total organic carbon (TOC), 41, 67-68, 227-229

Total organic halogen (TOX), 41, 55-58

Total Resource Recovery Project.

See San Diego

Total suspended solids (TSS), monitoring, 39

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6022.
×

Toxic Substances Control Act, 140

Toxicological evaluation, 3-5.

See also Genotoxicity

central role in reclamation projects, 20, 140-142, 156-157

continuous, 10

information incomplete, 4, 135

integrated, 9-10

qualitative, 10

recommendations concerning, 201-203

reliable method needed, 67-69, 182

studies using, 9-11, 165-189

subchronic, 16

tiered tests, 16

Trace contaminants.

See Contaminants;

Organic compounds

Training operators for water treatment facilities, 13, 235-236, 238

Transformation probability distributions, 244

Treatment.

See Water standards;

Water treatment

Treatment trains, 99, 111, 170-172, 211-213

conceptual diagram of, 243

Trickling filtration process, 21, 53, 91, 104

Trihalomethanes (THMs), removing, 50, 53-57

Trout, 184

Typhoid fever, 76, 214

U

Ultrafiltration, 30

Ultraviolet light (UV) processes, 53, 97, 236

Unidentified contaminants.

See Contaminants;

Microbial contaminants;

Organic compounds

Upper Occoquan Sewage Authority (UOSA) reclamation project, 30-31, 104-107

Upstream discharges.

See Wastewater

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 26, 164

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, xi

U.S. Geological Survey, 62

Utility companies.

See Water utilities

V

Vadose zones, 37-38

Variability, 219-220

securing data about, 6

Viability decisions.

See Water agencies

Vibrio cholerae O139, 84

Viral pathogens, 6.

See also individual viruses

culturing, 122, 127

detecting, 119, 121, 126-127

enteric, diseases from, 82-83

increased danger from, 6

list of, 75

need for data about, 7

studies of, 100

Virginia.

See Upper Occoquan Sewage Authority (UOSA) reclamation project

W

Washington, D.C.

See Potomic Estuary Experimental Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater.

See also Advanced wastewater treatment (AWT);

Reclaimed water;

Water treatment;

Water treatment facilities

chemicals found in, 46

compared to natural water, 63-64

microbial contaminants in untreated, 89-90

municipal, reusing, 2

quality spectrum of, 19

research needed on, 4, 69

upstream discharges of, 2, 15, 217-219

Water agencies, 3-4

decision-making by, 4, 16, 42-43, 88-89

Water conservation, 3

Water courses for storage, 2

Water disposal, providing for, 12, 30, 237

Water distribution.

See Reliability issues;

Water utilities

Water Factory 21, 22, 25, 27-28, 50, 53-54, 101-104

flow schematic for, 24

transformation probability distributions for, 244-245

Water hyacinths, in secondary water treatment, 29, 86

Water management, 1.

See also Drinking water;

Reclaimed water

of chemical inputs to reuse systems, 50-53

of disinfection by-products to reuse systems, 53-58

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6022.
×

Water quality issues, 12-13, 208-238.

See also Water standards

Water reclamation projects.

See Proposed potable reuse projects;

Water treatment facilities;

and individual reclamation projects

chemical contaminants in, 45-71

microbial contaminants in, 74-112

monitoring, 223-224

role of toxicological testing in, 140-141

surveillance programs in, 232-234

Water Resource Development Act of 1974, 26

Water safety.

See Health and safety testing

Water samples, preparing, 180

flow-proportioned composites, 224

Water sources.

See Drinking water

Water standards, 18-20.

See also Drinking water;

Health and safety testing

current, 3, 7, 70

developing more appropriate, 7, 9, 16, 109-110

Water storage, environmental, 1-2, 4, 214-217

amount needed, 225

protection provided by, 2, 9, 20-21

Water supplies

augmenting, 34-35, 39

chemicals naturally present in, 4

degraded, 19

discharging wastewater into, 217-219

pristine, 74, 76

Water testing.

See Health and safety testing

Water treatment, 1, 3-4, 4, 21.

See also Advanced wastewater treatment (AWT);

Pretreatment programs;

Water storage;

Water treatment facilities;

and individual processes

advanced technologies for, 1, 21-29, 101-109

chemicals added or generated during, 4

conventional, 92

effectiveness of various levels of, 8

failures of, 208-209

modifying processes, 5

processes listed, 22-23

secondary or tertiary, 5, 21-22

using chemical with physical processes, 6, 109

Water treatment facilities.

See also Response measures

managing, 2

plant-by-plant reviews, 9

reclamation within, 2

training and certifying operators for, 13, 235-236, 238

Water utilities.

See also Water agencies

conventional, 2, 6, 17, 92

need for greater knowledgeability by, 20

using water with major wastewater components, 2, 18

Waterborne diseases, 74-88, 150

designating coordinator for, 233-234

dramatic decline in, 6

emerging, 80-83

link to infectious agents, 11

need for better data on, 7

Western Consortium for Public Health, xi

Whittier Narrows Water Reclamation Plant (WRP), 27

Whole-animal testing.

See In vivo testing

Windhoek (South Africa) Direct Water Reclamation System, 25-26, 104-105, 164, 168, 190-192

Y

Yersinia, 77, 125

Youths.

See Sensitive populations

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6022.
×
Page 253
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6022.
×
Page 254
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6022.
×
Page 255
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6022.
×
Page 256
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6022.
×
Page 257
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6022.
×
Page 258
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6022.
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Page 259
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6022.
×
Page 260
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6022.
×
Page 261
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6022.
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Page 262
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6022.
×
Page 263
Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water Get This Book
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A small but growing number of municipalities are augmenting their drinking water supplies with highly treated wastewater. But some professionals in the field argue that only the purest sources should be used for drinking water.

Is potable reuse a viable application of reclaimed water? How can individual communities effectively evaluate potable reuse programs? How certain must "certain" be when it comes to drinking water safety? Issues in Potable Reuse provides the best available answers to these questions.

Useful to scientists yet accessible to concerned lay readers, this book defines important terms in the debate and provides data, analysis, and examples of the experience of municipalities from San Diego to Tampa. The committee explores in detail the two major types of contaminants:

Chemical contaminants. The committee discusses how to assess toxicity, reduce the input of contaminants, evaluate treatment options, manage the byproducts of disinfection and other issues.

Microbial contaminants, including newly emerging waterborne pathogens. The book covers methods of detection, health consequences, treatment, and more.

Issues in Potable Reuse reviews the results of six health effects studies at operational or proposed reuse projects. The committee discusses the utility of fish versus mammals in toxicology testing and covers issues in quality assurance.

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