National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: E Committee and Staff Biographies
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6034.
×

Index

A

Aflatoxin, 31

African Americans, 12, 13, 15, 20-21, 27, 29

Age factors, 12, 35, 41

see also Children

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 3, 16, 35

Agricultural areas, 5, 13, 34

Air pollutants, 19, 54, 56, 95

allergies and allergens, 28

asbestos, 19, 27, 31

asthma and, 19, 20-21, 27, 28, 29, 33, 57, 83, 86, 95

EPA data, 25

EPA standards, 19

lung diseases, 19, 29, 33

ozone, 19, 86

particulate matter, 19, 20, 29

residential (indoor) exposures, 17, 19, 21, 28, 29, 80

Alaskan Natives, 13-14, 17, 37, 39

Alcohol use and abuse, 18

Allergies and allergens, 28

see also Asthma

Allied health sciences, see Nursing and allied health sciences

American Anthropological Association, 35, 36

American Chemical Society, 54

American Indians, 12, 13, 16, 39, 117

Alaskan Natives, 13-14, 17, 37, 39

Animal studies, 31

Area data, see Small-area analysis

Aromatic amines, 31

Asbestos, 19, 27, 31

Asians/Pacific Islanders, 12, 13, 14

Asthma, 19, 20-21, 27, 28, 29, 33, 57, 83, 86, 95

B

Baselines, 11-21, 41

Behavioral factors, vii, 12, 17, 18, 80

alcohol use and abuse, 18

nutrition and diet, 6, 12, 21, 27, 37, 39, 64;

see also Food contamination

smoking, 13, 27, 89

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 80

Biological markers, viii, 4, 27, 29-33, 35, 42

defined, 29-30, 32

Biostatistics, viii, 33

Birth weight, 13

C

Cancer and carcinogens, 12, 13-14, 29, 56, 80-81, 83, 95

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6034.
×

biomarkers, 31, 33

children, 29, 80-81

Case studies, 4, 20-21, 29, 38, 39, 56

Cell occupancy approach, 89

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ix, 3, 35, 80

Chemical Manufacturers Association, 53

Children

birth weight, 13

cancer, 29, 80-81

education of, 53-57

hazardous waste site proximity, 18

infant mortality, 13, 29

lead poisoning, 17

Civil Rights Act, 119

Clean Air Act, 120

Clinton, William, 1, 111-120

Commission for Racial Justice, see United Church of Christ

Communities of concern, 9

baseline data, 11

characteristics of, 6

committee approach, 4

economic development vs health protection, 8, 9, 68, 113, 115

educational efforts, 7-8, 52-57, 59

defined, 2

multiple exposure, 28, 29

participatory research, 1, 5, 7, 23, 26, 34, 36-40, 41, 42, 43, 50, 52, 55-57, 65, 68

political disenfranchisement, 2, 6, 9, 36, 45, 64

sources of environmental health hazards, 14

stakeholder collaboration, 5, 7, 42, 43, 65, 68;

see also ''participatory research" supra

susceptibility, 26-27

Community Outreach and Education Program (COEP), 52, 53-54, 56-57

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, 18

Cost and cost-benefit factors, 65, 95-96, 117

committee approach, 4

Cultural factors, 12, 117

researchers vs subjects, 6, 37, 39, 40, 68

subsistence consumption of food, 17, 37, 39, 59, 115

D

Databases, 24-26, 28, 41

Death rates, 5, 12, 13, 56

asthma, 21

Deep South Center for Environmental Justice, 54

Department of Energy, ix, 4, 112

Department of Health and Human Services, 112

databases, 25

Departments of federal government, other, 112

see also Federal government

Diet, see Nutrition and diet

Dimethylformamide, 18

Disease cluster analysis, 34-35, 56, 81-82, 84-94

Disease prevention, general, 4, 9, 23, 51

Diseases and disorders, general, 29, 62

biomarkers, 29-30, 32, 42

birth weight, 13

death rates, 5, 12, 13, 21, 56

infant mortality, 13, 29

lead poisoning, 17, 19, 27, 29, 37

susceptibility, 2, 7, 26-27, 30, 31-32, 33, 42, 62-63, 64-65, 80;

see also Behavioral factors;

Genetic factors

see also Cancer and carcinogens;

Etiology;

Occupational exposures and injuries;

specific diseases and disorders

DNA adducts, 30, 32

E

Ecologic studies, 18

Economic factors, 16

cost and cost-benefit factors, 4, 65, 95-96, 117

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6034.
×

employment and unemployment, 3, 16, 41, 64

health protection vs development, 8, 9, 68, 113, 115

see also Poverty;

Socioeconomic status

Ederer-Myers-Mantel, 91

Education, 3, 45-59

children, 53-57

professional, viii, 4, 7-8, 9, 46-52, 57-58

public, viii, 7-8, 9, 42, 43, 46, 52-58, 59, 68, 116;

see also Participatory research;

Stakeholders

Educational attainment, 1, 3, 12, 13, 41

Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, 115, 120

Employment and unemployment, 3, 16, 41, 64

recruitment of health specialists, 51-52, 58, 59

see also Occupational exposures and injuries

Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Center, 54

Environmental and occupational medicine

air quality standards, 19

data and site visits, 5

defined, 2

see also Occupational exposures and injuries

Environmental justice, defined, 1

Environmental Protection Agency, ix, 3, 4, 24, 29, 65, 119-120

databases, 25-26

environmental justice defined, 1

Executive Order 12898, 3, 111, 112

Epidemiology, general, viii, 11-21, 34-37

barriers to, 79-97

biostatistics, viii, 33

conventional, 6

death rates, 5, 12, 13, 21, 56

disease cluster analysis, 34-35, 56, 81-82, 84-94

health professionals, education, 49

life expectancy, 11-12, 21

methodologies, 23-43, 56, 79, 81-97

preepidemiologic methods, 34-35, 56, 79, 81-97

sampling, 33, 34, 62, 79, 80-81, 85

small-area analysis, 81, 82, 92-93

see also Biological markers

Ethical issues, 4, 51

Ethylene oxide, 31

Etiology, 7, 27, 28, 43, 93

asthma, 21, 28, 29

biomarkers, 29-30, 31, 32, 33

health professionals, education, 46-49

Executive Order 12250, 116

Executive Order 12856, 115

Executive Order 12875, 116

Executive Order 12898, 3, 111-120

Exposure, viii, 7, 41, 64-65, 80, 95-96

biomarkers, 30-31, 32-33, 42

databases, 24-26, 28-29, 41

disparities in, 11, 14-17

food contamination, 17, 37, 39, 59, 115

health status, links to, 18-21

multiple hazards, 18, 21, 27, 28, 62, 64, 80

public education, 53

research methodologies, 24-26, 28-31, 32-33, 41, 42, 80

see also Behavioral factors;

Biological markers;

Occupational exposures and injuries

F

Federal government, ix, 3, 6-7

databases, 24-26, 28, 41

Executive Order 12250, 116

Executive Order 12856, 115

Executive Order 12875, 116

Executive Order 12898, 3, 111-120

interagency strategies, 4, 111-112, 115, 116

state/local coordination with, ix, 6, 41

see also Funding;

Legislation;

Regulatory issues;

specific departments and agencies

Food contamination, 17, 37, 39, 59, 115

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6034.
×

Freedom of Information Act, 129

Funding

health professionals, education, 47, 49, 58

research, viii, 40-41, 49-50, 62

G

Gender factors, 41

General Accounting Office, 3

Genetic factors, 21, 27, 35, 36, 42

biomarkers, 30-31, 32

DNA adducts, 30, 32

Geographic barriers, neighborhoods, 6

Geographic information systems, 35

Government role, see Federal government;

Local government;

State government

H

Health policy, see Public health approach

Health professionals

education of, viii, 4, 7-8, 9, 46-52, 57-58

links to, 41

nursing and allied health sciences, 50-51

physicians, 1, 47, 48, 49, 50, 58

recruitment of specialists, 51-52, 58, 59

Health status, general, 24

access to health care, 2, 6, 9, 12, 21, 49, 58

defined, 2

disparities in, general, 11-14

exposure, disparities in, 11, 14-17

exposure, links to, 18-21, 27

sentinel health conditions, 47-48

see also Diseases and disorders, general;

Genetic factors;

Public health approach

Health Surveillance and Communities of Color, 35

Hispanics, 12, 13, 15-16, 20

I

Income, see Poverty;

Socioeconomic status

Infant mortality, 13, 29

see also Birth weight

Interactions of Drugs, Biologics, and Chemicals in U.S. Military Forces, 28

Interagency Environmental Health Information Program, 25

Inventory of Exposure-Related Data Systems Sponsored by Federal Agencies, 24

L

Landfills, see Treatment, storage, and disposal facilities

Lead poisoning, 17, 19, 27, 29, 37

Legislation, general

environmental justice defined, 1

professional education on, 51

Legislation, specific

Civil Rights Act, 119

Clean Air Act, 120

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, 18

Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, 115, 120

Freedom of Information Act, 129

National Environmental Policy Act, 119-120

Privacy Act, 114

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 18

Sunshine Act, 120

Life expectancy, 11-12, 21

Liver disease, 18

see also Lead poisoning

Living Is for Everyone, 56

Local government

committee approach, 5

federal coordination, ix, 6, 41

public education, 55

public health education, professional, 50, 58

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6034.
×

Low income, see Poverty

Lung diseases, 19, 29, 33

M

Managed care, 49, 58

Medicaid, 49

Medical science, see Environmental and occupational medicine;

Health professionals;

Health status, general

Medicare, 49

Methodology, see Research methodologies

Minority groups, 1, 2, 3, 6, 27, 30, 62

African Americans, 12, 13, 15, 20-21, 27, 29

Alaskan Natives, 13-14, 17, 37, 39

American Indians, 12, 13, 16, 39, 117

Asians/Pacific Islanders, 12, 13, 14

asthma, 20-21

classification of, 35-36, 41

committee approach, 4, 5

educational efforts, 46, 51-52, 56-57, 68

epidemiological studies, general, 28, 34-36, 79

Executive Order 12898, 3, 111-120 (passim)

exposure and susceptibility factors, 7, 14-17, 20-21, 26-27, 29, 31, 34-36, 62

health professionals, minority group recruitment, 51-52, 59

health professionals serving, education of, 46, 56-57

health status, general, 11, 12-14, 27, 29, 62

Hispanics, 12, 13, 15-16, 20

occupational exposures, 34

participatory research, 39, 41

sampling, 80-81;

see also "classification of" supra

Model Plan for Public Participation, 65

N

National Cancer Institute, 26

National Environmental Justice Advisory Council, 65, 68

National Environmental Policy Act, 119-120

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 26

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, ix, 3-4, 26

Community Outreach and Education Program, 52, 53-54, 56-57

National Institutes of Health, 3

National Library of Medicine, 26

National Minority Health Conference:

Focus on Environmental Contamination , 3

Native Americans, see American Indians

Nitrosamines, 31

Nursing and allied health sciences, 50-51

Nutrition and diet, 6, 12, 21, 27, 37, 39, 64

food contamination, 17, 37, 39, 59, 115

subsistence consumption of food, 17, 37, 39, 59, 115

O

Occupational exposures and injuries, 2, 18, 27, 62, 64

asbestos, biomarkers, 31

committee approach, 4

data on, 5, 20

health professionals, education, 46-49

monitoring systems, 17

multiple exposures, 28, 62

socioeconomic factors, 34

Office of Management and Budget, 36

Ohio Outreach Strategy for Equity in Environmental Issues, 52-53

Ozone, 19, 86

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6034.
×

P

Participatory research, 1, 5, 7, 23, 26, 34, 36-40, 41, 42, 43, 50 , 52, 55-57, 65

cultural factors, researchers vs subjects, 6, 37, 39, 40, 68

defined, 37

Particulate matter, 19, 20, 29

Physicians, 1, 47, 48, 49, 50, 58

Political factors, 8, 63-64, 68

disenfranchisement, 2, 6, 9, 36, 45, 64

poverty, attitudes toward, 63-64

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 31

Poverty, 1, 3, 21, 36, 68

as risk factor, viii, 2, 6, 7, 12

asthma, 20

committee approach, 4, 5

epidemiological studies, general, 28, 34-35, 38, 69

Executive Order 12898, 3, 111-120 (passim)

exposure and susceptibility factors, 7, 15, 16

health professionals serving, education of, 46

health status, general, 11-12

sampling, 80-81

sociopolitical attitudes toward, 63-64

Privacy Act, 114

Professional education, viii, 4, 7-8, 9, 46-52, 57-58

funding, 47, 49, 58

Professional organizations

American Anthropological Association, 35, 36

American Chemical Society, 54

Chemical Manufacturers Association, 53

Professionals, see Health professionals;

Public health approach

Public education, viii, 7-8, 9, 42, 43, 46, 52-58, 59, 68, 116

see also Participatory research;

Stakeholders

Public health approach, 6-9, 23, 61-68

education of professionals, 8, 49-50

funding, 49-50

see also Epidemiology, general

R

Race/ethnicity, see Minority groups

Radiation hazards, 16, 39

Regulatory issues, vii-viii

environmental justice defined, 1

interagency strategies, 4, 111-112, 115, 116

professional education on, 51

see also Legislation;

Standards;

terms beginning "Executive Order"

Research methodologies, viii, 23-43

biostatistics, viii, 33

case studies, 4, 20-21, 29, 38, 39, 56

databases, 24-26, 28, 41

ecologic studies, 18

exposure, 14-17

public policy, general, 68

report at hand, approach, 3-5

researchers vs subjects, cultural factors, 6, 37, 39, 40, 68

sampling, 33, 34, 62, 79, 80-81, 85

uncertainties, general, 62, 63

see also Biological markers;

Epidemiology, general;

Etiology;

Participatory research;

Surveillance systems, general

Research recommendations, viii-ix, 3, 4, 6-9, 33-42, 94-97

biomarkers, 32-32

Executive Order 12898, 113, 114-115

funding, viii, 40-41, 49-50, 62

public health education, 49-50

Residential (indoor) exposures, 17, 19, 21, 28, 29, 80

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 18

Responsible Care:

A Public Commitment, 53

Rural areas, see Agricultural areas

S

Sampling, 33, 34, 62, 79, 80-81, 85

Sentinel health conditions, 47-48

Small-area analysis, 81, 82, 92-93

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6034.
×

Smoking, 13, 27, 89

Social factors, general, 113

contamination stigma, 8

research context, viii

risk factors, viii, 6

see also Behavioral factors;

Cultural factors

Socioeconomic status, 41

committee approach, 4, 5

communities of concern, 6

educational attainment, 1, 3, 12, 13, 41

environmental justice defined, 1

epidemiologic studies, general, 34-35

health status, general, 11-12, 20, 27

see also Minority groups;

Poverty

Stakeholders, 5, 7, 42, 43, 65, 68

see also Participatory research

Standards

air quality, EPA, 19

databases, 25, 26, 42

participatory research, 40

State government

cancer studies, 80

committee approach, 5

federal coordination, ix, 6, 41

public health education, 50, 58

Subsistence consumption of food, 17, 37, 39, 59, 115

Sunshine Act, 120

Superfund, see Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act

Surveillance systems, general, 4, 41

radiation hazards, 16

see also Epidemiology, general

Susceptibility, 2, 7, 26-27, 30, 31-32, 33, 42, 62-63, 64-65, 80

Symposium on Health Research and Needs to Ensure Environmental Justice , 3

T

Tobacco, see Smoking

Toxic Chemical Release Inventory, 25-26

Toxic materials, general, 14, 17

pathways of migration, 16-17

siting of facilities, 5

see also Exposure;

Treatment, storage, and disposal facilities;

specific chemicals

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program, 26

ToxRAP, 54

Treatment, storage, and disposal facilities, 5, 14-16, 18, 29, 81

EPA data, 25

Trichloroethylene, 38

U

United Church of Christ, 14, 16

Urban areas, 5, 13, 18, 20-21, 29, 34, 52, 56-57

W

Waste, see Toxic materials, general;

Treatment, storage, and disposal facilities

Water pollutants, 29, 38, 83

EPA data, 25

World Health Organization, 2, 17

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6034.
×
Page 131
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6034.
×
Page 132
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6034.
×
Page 133
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6034.
×
Page 134
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6034.
×
Page 135
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6034.
×
Page 136
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1999. Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6034.
×
Page 137
Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs Get This Book
×
Buy Hardback | $52.00 Buy Ebook | $41.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Driven by community-based organizations and supported by a growing body of literature, the environmental justice movement contends that poor and minority populations are burdened with more than their share of toxic waste, pesticide runoff, and other hazardous byproducts of our modern economic life.

Is environmental degradation worse in poor and minority communities? Do these communities suffer more adverse health effects as a result? The committee addresses these questions and explores how current fragmentation in health policy could be replaced with greater coordination among federal, state, and local parties.

The book is highlighted with case studies from five locations where the committee traveled to hear citizen and researcher testimony. It offers detailed examinations in these areas:

  • Identifying environmental hazards and assessing risk for populations of varying ethnic, social, and economic backgrounds, and the need for methodologies that uniquely suit the populations at risk.
  • Identifying basic, clinical, and occupational research needs and meeting challenges to research on minorities.
  • Expanding environmental education from an ecological focus to a public health focus for all levels of health professionals.
  • Legal and ethical aspects of environmental health issues.

The book makes recommendations to decision-makers in the areas of public health, research, and education of health professionals and outlines health policy considerations.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!